金属/复合材料柱壳胶接头扭转声发射行为

采用声发射技术对扭转加载作用下金属/玻璃纤维复合材料柱壳试件的破坏损伤全过程进行实时监测,通过实验方法与数值分析共同研究螺栓以及壳体尺寸对柱壳试件胶接接头损伤破坏的扭转特性及其声发射响应特征的影响。结果表明,柱壳试件的扭转加载曲线基本表现为线性,主要的失效模式为内聚破坏且伴随着纤维断裂和基体开裂。增大螺栓直径,能有效增强金属/玻璃纤维复合材料柱壳的抗扭性能。柱壳试件的损伤破坏与其声发射信号的相关参数相对应,较大螺栓直径的柱壳试件损伤破坏对应着较高的声发射幅度、相对能量、持续时间和较多的撞击累计数。因此,可将声发射信号的动态变化特征作为风电叶片叶根结构安全评估的重要依据。     

风电叶片复合材料层间剪切破坏声发射监测

采用声发射技术对含分层缺陷风电叶片多轴向复合材料的层间剪切破坏实验进行实时监测,研究分层缺陷对复合材料层间力学性能的影响规律及其损伤破坏过程的声发射响应特征.结果表明,具有不同分层面积的两类复合材料试样破坏载荷相近,当分层缺陷位于剪切面中间位置时,分层缺陷大小对界面承载能力影响不大,损伤演化主要集中在剪切面上偏离中心两...     

风电叶片复合材料在三点弯曲过程中的声发射研究

为研究风电叶片复合材料损伤破坏的声发射特性以及复合材料的力学性能,对含有纤维预断试件和无纤维预断的完好试件分别进行了三点弯曲力学性能试验,并在加载过程中采用声发射检测仪实时监测整个损伤破坏过程。对采集到的声发射信号处理分析,便可获得风电叶片复合材料的弯曲力学性能和损伤破坏的声发射特性。试验结果表明:玻璃纤维复合材料在弯曲载荷作用下出现典型的破坏特征包括纤维断裂、纤维/基体脱胶和纤维分层。纤维预断试件的声发射信号波形最高幅度达到2.5 V,频带分布在20~300 k Hz范围;无纤维预断试件的声发射信号波形最高幅度为0.07 V,频带分布在10~180 k Hz之间。     

三维编织复合材料拉伸损伤声发射监测与显微CT表征

为了准确评估碳纤维三维编织复合材料力学行为及损伤特性,利用声发射技术对复合材料的拉伸损伤过程展开实时监测,并基于概率熵统计分析方法研究材料损伤演化所产生声发射信号的动态响应行为。此外,采用显微CT扫描技术对复合材料的内部损伤状态进行可视化表征。结果表明,声发射信号的特征能够很好地反映复合材料的破坏过程,声发射信号概率熵的演变描述了复合材料内部不可逆的损伤与失效机制。声发射结合显微CT技术能够有效地获取三维编织复合材料内部不同截面上的微观结构及其损伤特征,为该类复合材料的无损检测与寿命评估提供技术支撑。     

复合材料胶接头Ⅱ型加载损伤破坏声发射监测

利用声发射技术实时监测复合材料胶接头Ⅱ型加载损伤破坏的全过程,研究了不同胶接长度的复合材料胶接头破坏的力学性能以及声发射信号响应特征。结果表明,界面破坏是复合材料胶接头的主要破坏模式,胶层边缘的应力集中导致整个胶层的破坏。缺胶缺陷降低了复合材料胶接头的承载能力。声发射信号的相对能量、幅度和撞击累计数与试件损伤破坏的过程相对应,因此,声发射信号的动态特征可为风电叶片胶接头的无损检测和健康监测提供依据。     

碳纤维编织复合材料拉伸变形测量及声发射监测

采用声发射和数字图像相关互补技术,结合破坏断口微结构特征,研究碳纤维编织复合材料的损伤变形与失效机理。在复合材料试件拉伸加载的同时,实时获取变形特征和损伤声发射信号,分析复合材料力学响应与位移场、声发射特征的关系。结果表明,复合材料试件实时拉伸位移场、损伤破坏过程的声发射相对能量、撞击累积数及幅度等特征参数反映了复合材料表面变形与内部损伤演化过程。复合材料试件断裂时出现较多高持续时间、高幅度、高相对能量的声发射信号,宏观断口平齐,表现为脆性断裂。     

复合材料Ⅱ型分层损伤演化声发射监测

通过风电叶片复合材料Ⅱ型分层扩展力学性能实验,并借助声发射技术手段,研究复合材料[0/0]、[0/45]和[+45/-45]层间界面损伤演化特性。复合材料试件弯曲加载时,采用声发射实时监测整个分层损伤过程。结果表明,[0/0]复合材料分层试件裂纹扩展快、分层面积大、前沿平齐,不稳定扩展对应较多高幅值、长持续时间的声发射信号;受±45°方向纤维作用,[0/45]和[+45/-45]复合材料试件不稳定分层扩展前声发射撞击累积数较高,裂纹扩展相对缓慢,分层面积小,前沿不齐。复合材料分层损伤演化可分为预分层裂纹尖端区域微损伤累积和分层不稳定扩展两个基本的过程。     

风电叶片复合材料结构缺陷无损检测研究进展

主要介绍了超声波、声发射和红外热成像等无损检测技术在风电叶片复合材料结构检测中的应用,从而推动我国大型风电叶片全尺寸结构缺陷评价控制和认证体系的形成。     

基于小波分析的复合材料层间损伤声发射行为

通过实时监测含分层复合材料加载破坏下缺陷演化的声发射信号,应用VBScript将波形数据串联成数据流进行分析,获取复合材料层间破坏的声发射响应特征。结果表明,复合材料Ⅰ型层间开裂过程中伴随有纤维损伤,而Ⅱ型只有基体开裂,从而导致Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型分层扩展过程中的声发射能量有很大差异;频谱分布图中,Ⅰ型破坏过程出现了两个波峰,两峰所对应的频率值即为树脂和纤维受载破坏的主要频率,Ⅱ型只有一个峰值。可以利用该结论为风电叶片复合材料分层破坏形式的识别提供借鉴。     

碳纤维三维编织复合材料横向变形损伤声发射监测

利用声发射(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")技术和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")方法,结合破坏断口形貌,研究三维五向编织复合材料横向拉伸状态下的变形与损伤规律,分析横向拉伸力学响应、表层变形场及声发射信号特征。结果表明:三维五向编织复合材料的横向拉伸极限载荷较小,力学曲线分线性和非线性两个阶段,破坏曲线为非线性,与横向拉伸破坏机理有关。撞击累计数的递增趋势能较好地反映材料的损伤演化过程。三维编织复合材料横向拉伸破坏断口沿纤维编织方向呈非平齐状,失效模式主要为基体开裂和纤维脱粘以及少量的纤维断裂。表面全场信息很好地反映了材料横向拉伸损伤演化特征,为三维编织复合材料结构健康监测提供了依据。     

The compressive and tensile behavior of a 0/90 C fiber woven composite at high strain rates

An investigation into the compressive and tensile behavior of a carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite at high strain rates is carried out using a split Hopkinson bar. All the dynamic tests are performed under the condition of stress equilibrium and constant strain rate. The results of the compressive tests show that the failure strength and strain of the composite increase with the increase of strain rate. A plateau is observed in a typical stress–strain curve which prompts further study into the failure mechanism by monitoring the failure process with a high-speed camera. The three-phase failure mechanism of on-impact compression, crack-induced unloading, and crack deviation-caused further condensation, is found to have greatly increased the strength and toughness of the composite. In the tensile tests, an increase of strain rate produces a reduced fracture angle and extended crack path. In this process, more failure energy is absorbed, thus the failure strength and strain of the composite are improved. The Cowper–Symonds model of strain rate dependency indicates that the material has a higher tensile strength than compressive strength, and the strain rate sensitivity is more noticeable at high stain rates than quasi-static conditions.     

Mechanism of damage and failure in an orthotropic glass/polypropylene composite

The mechanism of damage accumulation and failure in thin sheets of an orthotropic long discontinued glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite was studied using optical and electron microscopy coupled with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The effect of strain rate (0.1 to 100 percent) was investigated, and a close correspondence was established between AE response and microscopic observations. Furthermore, simultaneous AE monitoring and optical microscopy performed during sample deformation substantiated the assignment of certain AE amplitude ranges with specific failure events in the composite. Specifically, the failure process was found to be very inhomogeneous in nature, and could be divided into three main stages of damage accumulation. Finally, cumulative AE energy curves were found to follow an interesting powerlaw behavior. Results based on the coupling of AE methods with optical and electron microscopy were found to be self consistent and in agreement with previous reports on thicker-section composites manufactured from the same materials.     

尾矿砂改性混凝土的强度与声发射损伤特征研究

为了研究尾矿砂改性混凝土的受压损伤特征,对4组不同磷矿尾矿砂取代率的混凝土进行了单轴压缩-声发射监测试验。根据混凝土受压损伤时所释放的声发射(AE)信号,定量探讨了材料的损伤程度,并以AE指标为基础分析了混凝土损伤演化特征。结果表明:混凝土的应力-应变曲线可分为弹性变形、塑性变形、断裂破坏和残余变形4个阶段;随着尾矿砂含量增加,混凝土的抗压强度先增加后保持稳定,尾矿砂取代率为30%(质量分数)的改性混凝土峰值抗压强度最大;由AE信号提出了损伤因子,损伤因子-应变曲线表明普通混凝土的结构损伤主要在塑性变形阶段,而尾矿砂改性混凝土的结构损伤集中在塑性变形和断裂破坏阶段;一定比例的磷矿尾矿砂有助于提高水泥砂浆的密实度,从而增强抗压强度和变形性能。这为尾矿砂改性混凝土的研究提供了重要参考。     

Compressive behavior of biaxial spacer weft knitted fabric reinforced composite at various strain rates

The in‐plane and out‐of‐plane compressive properties of biaxial weft knitted E‐glass fabric reinforced vinyl ester composite at quasi‐static strain rate of 0.001/s and high strain rates from 700/s to 2200/s were tested to investigate the strain rate effect on the compressive behavior. The compressive tests were conducted on split Hopkinson pressure bar at high strain rate and on MTS 810.23 system at quasi‐static state. The experimental results indicated the strain rate sensitivity of compressive stiffness, failure stress, and strain of the composite in both out‐of‐plane and in‐plane compressive direction. The compressive stiffness and failure stress linearly increased with the increase of strain rate. The failure strain linearly decreased with the increase of strain rate. As the strain rate increased, the main failure mode at out‐of‐plane compression is the interlaminar shear failure and at in‐plane direction is the delamination. At the high strain rate of 2200/s, the composite coupon was compressed into debris with the shear or delamination failure. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:224–232, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

In-situ acoustic emission monitoring during electron microscopy of a model composite system

Three-point-bend testing of a continuous unidirectional glass reinforced unsaturated polyester composite was chosen as a model to study the acoustic emission (AE) response and associated damage events in composite materials. Conventional three-point-bend samples were tested over a wide range of span-to-depth ratios, with failure modes established by post-failure scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. In addition, in-situ AE monitoring with simultaneous SEM recording was undertaken during three-point-bend testing inside an SEM vacuum chamber. These two test methods, using different equipment and sample geometry, were found to yield similar mechanical and AE results. The in-situ tests enabled the development of the various stages of damage to be observed while the AE response was simultaneously monitored. This enabled the AE signals to be unambiguously assigned to specific damage accumulation mechanisms. It was concluded that the AE amplitude distribution can be divided into three main ranges in this system: 60 to 65 dB, 75 to 85 dB, and larger than 90 dB corresponding to matrix damage, fiber-matrix debonding, and fiber breakage, respectively. It has been demonstrated that the coupling of AE monitoring with SEM recording of a composite system undergoing mechanical loading is a very powerful technique in the study of damage accumulation in advanced composite materials.     

A study on the compressive characteristics of co‐cured foam‐composite sandwich structures according to the crimp angle variations

A foam‐composite sandwich column composed of two‐ply carbon/epoxy fabric prepreg as a skin and PVC foam for a core material was investigated to determine the effect of crimp angle variations of the fabric prepreg on the compressive characteristics of the sandwich column. The crimp angle of the composite skin was observed and measured in terms of the forming pressure and the foam density as correlated with the foam deformation regimes. End compression tests for the foam‐composite sandwich columns were carried out to obtain the values of the compressive modulus and strength depending on the crimp angle variations. From the tests and observation results, it was found that the crimp angle and compressive strength were highly correlated; as the crimp angle increased, the compressive strength decreased as a large‐crimp angle caused the composite skin to fail due to simple microbuckling of the longitudinal tows. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Energy absorption behaviors of 3D braided composites under impact loadings with frequency domain analysis

This article presented the energy absorption behaviors and damage mechanisms of 3D braided composites under transverse impact and low‐velocity impact with frequency domain analysis method. The transverse impact tests were contracted by modified split Hopkinson pressure bar with the impact velocities of 13.6, 17.8, and 22.8 m/s. The low‐velocity impact tests were performed by Instron 9250 drop‐weight instrument with the impact velocities ranging from 1 to 6 m/s. The experimental results shown that the peak load, displacement to peak load, total energy absorption increased with the increase of impact velocity. The damage morphologies showed the failure mode of 3D braided composite. Increased with the impact velocity, the failure mode changed from resin crack to fiber breakage. The frequency domain analysis results showed that the amplitude of stress wave increased with the increase of impact velocity, but its corresponding frequency was irrelevant to impact velocity. The different amplitude regions corresponded to different failure mode. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1620–1627, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties of freeze dried SrTi0.75Fe0.25O3-δ for oxygen transport membrane substrates

Hierarchically porous SrTi_0.75Fe_0.25O_3-δ specimens were produced through a freeze drying procedure, which yielded a channel-like porosity, reaching a value of 32%. Compressive testing was used to determine apparent elastic modulus and fracture stresses in the transverse (out-of-plane) and longitudinal (in-plane) direction, revealing a strong dependence onto pore orientation. The lower mechanical stability in the in-plane direction appears to be associated with bending mode of the pore walls, being a result of a lower resistance to crack initiation. Acoustic emissions recorded during compressive tests indicated continuous damage of the pore walls before complete failure of the specimen, which could be also confirmed by complementary in-situ compressive tests in a scanning electronic microscope.