低压铸造下凝固过程缩孔缩松的预测方法研究

基于铸件铸型的传热学基础,详细研究了低压铸造下铸件缩孔缩松缺陷的形态,考虑到低压铸造补缩具有重力补缩和压力补缩双重性质的规律,以及压力对临界固相率的影响,提出了一种新的预测低压铸造下缩孔缩松预测的方法,并建立了数学模型.该预测技术基于中北大学特种液态成形技术研究中心所开发的EasyCast软件进行研究,并集成到该软件中.最后将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比,显示该模型能够较好地表现低压铸件的缩孔缩松.     

铸件缩松缩孔判据G／的理论基础及应用

通过对铸件凝固过程数值模拟中缩孔、缩松判据的理论推导，得出判据的理论公式为或并对其物理意义进行了讨论，使该式两端满足了量纲上的要求，从理论上解决了由成分偏析的影响造成缩孔、缩松预测的偏差问题。如果结合偏析的数值模拟，用该理论公式可望精确预测铸件缩孔、缩松，为铸件缩孔、缩松完全定量化预测提供了理论基础。生产验证表明，用该判据公式预测缩孔、缩松，与实际铸件解剖分析结果吻合相当好。     

G/R~(1/2)法在球铁件缩孔缩松预测中的应用研究

浇注了一系列的球墨铸铁件,解剖铸件,测定铸件缩孔体积。对铸件开展了凝固过程三维温度场数值模拟,并应用Ｇ／Ｒ法对铸件进行了缩孔缩松预测。结果表明,空间步长、时间步长、计算Ｇ／Ｒ值的评价温度以及判断缩孔缩松的临界值均影响Ｇ／Ｒ值,从而影响缩孔缩松预测的准确程度,Ｇ／Ｒ法不适用于球墨铸铁件缩孔缩松的预测。     

模具镶块铸钢件缩孔缩松预测及铸造工艺优化

为预测模具镶块在铸造过程存在的缩孔、缩松缺陷,使用ProCAST软件对该铸件的凝固过程进行了模拟仿真,并与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,对于模具镶块铸件,三种常用缩孔、缩松预测方法均存在一定的局限性,而采用将定性方法和缩松临界值法相结合的方法可较准确地对铸件成形过程进行缩孔、缩松预测。在模拟仿真分析的基础上,对原铸造工艺进行了优化,有效减少了镶块铸件中的缩孔、缩松缺陷。     

铸件缩松缩孔判据G／√T的理论基础及应用

通过对铸件凝固过程数值模拟中缩孔，缩松判据的理论推导，得出判据的理论公式为Ｇ／√Ｔ〈Ａ．√ΔＴ／√ＤＬ或Ｇ／Ｒ〈Ｂ．ΔＴ／ＤＬ，并对其物理意义进行了讨论，使该式两端满足了量纲上的要求，从理论上解决了由成分偏析的影响造成缩孔、缩松预测的偏差问题。如果结合偏析的数值模拟，用该理论公式可望精确预测铸件缩孔、缩松、为铸件缩孔，缩松完全定量预测提供了理论基础，生产验证表明，用该判据公式预测缩孔、缩松，与实际     

精密铸造三级动叶片缩松和缩孔缺陷的预测

采用SolidEdge造型软件和SRIFCast网格剖分软件作为前处理平台 ,实现了三级动叶片三维实体造型及非均匀网格的自动剖分。开发了铸件三维充型过程流体流动与传热的耦合模拟计算机程序。利用XUE判据和Niyama判据对三级动叶片凝固过程中缩松和缩孔缺陷的出现位置进行了预测。结果表明 :XUE判据能够准确预测三级动叶片铸件中缩松和缩孔缺陷出现的位置 ,对实际生产有一定的指导意义。     

利用Niyama判据预测重力铸造铝合金摩托车车轮缺陷

利用Niyama判据对重力铸造铝合金摩托车车轮进行了缩孔、缩松预测.根据Niyama判据式G/√R探讨了影响缩孔、缩松的因素,并根据这些影响因素采取相应的工艺措施,消除或减轻了铸件的缩孔、缩松倾向.     

铸件凝固过程几何模拟的缩孔缩松预测方法

以预测缩孔缩松判据Ｇ／√Ｒ为基础，经过转换、推导，得出适合于几何模拟的新判据（ｄＭ／ｄＬ），√Ｍ，并编制了预测缩孔缩松的几何模拟软件，这种预测方法操作简单，计算迅速，可对铸件工艺图上指定部位进行预测，与模数法设计铸造工艺相辅相成。     

金属液压力对缩松预测的影响

铸件凝固过程数值模拟中通常用的缩松判据为Gl√R.将金属液的静压力P0引入到缩松的判据中,新的缩松判据为P0G1√R.通过实验证明,对于铸钢件来说,当P0G1√R≤3.0×104Pa(s@℃)1/2/cm时,将产生缩松,而对于低压铸造的铝合金来说,当P0G1R≤2.4×104Pa(s@℃)1/2/cm时,将产生缩松.同时说明以P0G/√R作为铸造中铸件凝固过程数值模拟的缩松判据比G/√R更加准确.     

镍基高温合金熔模铸件凝固过程宏/微观多尺度模拟

建立镍基高温合金熔模铸件凝固过程的宏/微观多尺度数理模型,基于射线追踪法处理热辐射,模拟铸件的温度分布,采用三维宏/微观网格嵌套和改进的CA方法模拟微观组织,并依据微观组织模拟结果处理结晶潜热,实现微观与宏观模拟的耦合.依据等效液面下降法、Niyama判据和Darcy定律预测铸件的宏观缩孔、宏观缩松和微观缩松缺陷分布位置,并浇注实际的高温合金叶轮铸件.结果表明:模拟获得的冷却曲线、微观组织及缺陷位置与实验结果吻合良好,模拟结果能够准确预测铸件中多种缺陷的分布.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。