Diffuse like and cross-polarized fields scattered from irregularlayered structures-full-wave analysis

The full-wave solution for scattering from two-dimensional (2-D) irregular layered structures is expressed as a sum of radiation fields, the lateral waves and the surface waves. Only the radiation far fields are considered in this work. The lateral waves and surface waves are ignored since excitations of plane waves are considered and the observation points are in the far fields. The scattering coefficients appearing in the full-wave generalized telegraphists' equations for irregular layered structures are proportional to the derivatives of the surface heights at each interface. Using a first-order iterative procedure to solve the generalized telegraphists' equations, the diffusely scattered fields from irregular layered structures are expressed as a sum of first-order fields scattered at each rough interface. In this paper, the like and cross-polarized diffuse scattered fields are derived for three medium irregular structures with 2-D rough interfaces. The thickness of the coating material or thin film between the two interfaces is arbitrary, however, in this work it is assumed to be constant. Thus, in this case, both interfaces are rough and there are five different scattering processes identified in the full-wave results. A physical interpretation is given to the five different scattering mechanisms that contribute to the diffusely scattered fields. This work can be used to provide realistic analytical models of propagation across irregular stratified media such as ice or snow covered terrain, remote sensing of coated rough surfaces, or the detection of buried objects in the presence of signal clutter from the rough interfaces     

Synthesis of the primary fields of a transmitting feed for a circular reflector

A two-dimensional electromagnetic boundary-value problem consisting in the synthesis of the primary fields of a transmitting feed antenna for a circular-cylindrical reflector is considered. A primary field that corrects for the phase aberration of the reflector is synthesized as a sum of circular waves whose common origin is displaced from the center of curvature of the reflector. Limitations on the gain of the feed-reflector combination as a function of the number of waves and the displacement are discussed. The synthesized fields are compared with those obtained from geometrical optics.     

The theory of functionals of stochastic backscattered fields

The theory of wave scattering by anisotropic statistically rough surfaces, which is an important part of statistical radiophysics, is considered. A new analytic method is developed and generalized for solving problems of radar imaging. The method involves analytic determination of the functionals of stochastic backscattered fields and can be applied to solve a wide class of physical problems with allowance for the finite width of an antenna’s pattern. The unified approach based on this method is used to analyze the generalized frequency response of a scattering radio channel, a generalized correlator of scattered fields, spatial correlation functions of stochastic backscattered fields, frequency coherence functions of stochastic backscattered fields, the coherence band of a spatial-temporal scattering radar channel, the kernel of the generalized uncertainty function, and the measure of noise immunity characterizing radar probing of the Earth’s surface or extended targets. The introduced frequency coherence functions are applied for thorough and consistent study of techniques for measuring the characteristics of a rough surface, aircraft altitude, and distortions observed when radar signals are scattered by statistically rough, including fractal, surfaces. To exemplify urgent applications, radiophysical synthesis of detailed digital reference radar terrain maps and microwave radar images that was proposed earlier is considered and improved with the use of the theory of fractals.     

三维MIMO信道物理模型的统计特征

提出以散射矩阵来概括并简化电波传播过程中散射体对电磁波的影响,并对传统的距离分集和极化分集多入多出（MIMO）信道模型进行扩展,建立了一种可以应用于各种分集情况的三维通用MIMO物理信道模型。再以此模型为基础,对三维环境中的MIMO信道统计特征进行了研究,推导出任意情况下交叉极化鉴别度（XPD）和子信道间相关性的计算方法,并进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明从文中所提出信道模型提取得到的统计特征与理论分析的结果是相符的。     

亚微米、深亚微米LDD MOSFET的衬底电流模型中特征长度改进的描述

建立了衬底电流模型中特征长度参数的改进描述,该参数的引入使衬底电流模型能够有效地适用于从微米尺寸到亚微米、深亚微米尺寸的LDD MOSFET.在以双曲正切函数描述的I-V特性基础上,该解析模型的运算量远低于基于数值分析的物理模型,其中提取参数的运用也大大提高了模型的精度,模拟结果与实验数据有很好的一致性.     

A Method for the Multicriteria Synthesis of Antenna Arrays on the Basis of a Functional of the Energy Optimization and Control of a Set of Partial Beams

A method for the multicriteria synthesis of antenna arrays taking into account requirements on the shape of the radiation pattern, the envelope of the pattern sidelobes, and the directivity factor in the form of a compromise between a set of partial solutions is proposed. The set of partial solutions is obtained by means of simultaneous application of the matrix synthesis method taking into account requirements on the envelope of the pattern sidelobes and a method controlling the set of partial beams. The resulting solution is formed as a sum of partial solutions to the synthesis problem with a regularizing factor.     

一种分布式多入多出(MIMO)信道的容量研究

分布式MIMO系统结合了点对点MIMO信道与分布式天线系统两者的特点，能改善链路的质量，提高覆盖面积。本文提出了一种包含路径损耗、阴影衰落与小尺度衰落的分布式MIMO信道模型，分析推导了采用该模型时的分布式MIMO信道容量。通过计算机仿真，研究分析了阴影衰落、Rice信道因子K等因素对分布式MIMO上行信道容量的影响，得出了分布式MIMO信道容量空间分布的特点。     

To the Theory of Ultrawideband Antenna Arrays of TEM Horns

The paper presents a numerical and numerico–analytical models of the radiation of an infinite cophased antenna array of TEM horns, including the model with metallization of the space between neighboring (in the E-plane) horns. The numerical model is based on the finite-element method, and the numerical model, on the integral equation, Galerkin, scattering matrix, and coupled-wave methods. The numericoanalytical modeling has shown that, in such arrays, an anomalously high backward radiation is observed and that the proposed numerico–analytical model can describe this effect both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

3×3多天线系统衰落相关与信道容量研究

为分析天线间距和散射角等信道物理参数对多输入多输出系统信道容量的影响,提出了一种相关衰落环境中信道容量的分析方法。该方法基于接收均匀圆阵构建了蕴含信道物理参数的衰落相关矩阵。并由此详细推导了3×3多天线系统信道容量的闭式表达。结果表明,相关矩阵特征值的个数和大小决定了系统信道容量的大小。该方法回避了已有算法需求取相关衰落信道特征值概率密度函数的问题,降低了运算量,可以被推广到任意收发天线数的多输入多输出和多输入多输出-频分复用系统。仿真结果表明,天线间距增大,信道容量随之增大。但是当天线间距增大到衰落相关的第一个过零点时,信道容量达到最大值,再增大天线间距对信道容量影响很小。散射角越大,信道容量收敛到最大值速率越快。     

On antenna array receiver principles for space-time-selectiveRayleigh fading channels

Optimum (in the sense of minimum-error probability) single-symbol diversity detection for fading, noisy channels is too complex for practical implementation. A simplified, near-optimum array receiver is proposed, which is based on the statistics (i.e., the covariance-function matrix) of the fading channel. This detector is then analyzed by calculating the exact error probability. When there is a spread of the direction of arrival of the incident radio waves, the proposed detector significantly gains over an adaptive antenna array (which forms a weighted sum of the received antenna signals). Also, for this adaptive array, a fundamental difference between maximum-likelihood weights and least-mean-square weights is observed     

Deconstructing multiantenna fading channels

Accurate and tractable channel modeling is critical to realizing the full potential of antenna arrays in wireless communications. Current approaches represent two extremes: idealized statistical models representing a rich scattering environment and parameterized physical models that describe realistic scattering environments via the angles and gains associated with different propagation paths. However, simple rules that capture the effects of scattering characteristics on channel capacity and diversity are difficult to infer from existing models. We propose an intermediate virtual channel representation that captures the essence of physical modeling and provides a simple geometric interpretation of the scattering environment. The virtual representation corresponds to a fixed coordinate transformation via spatial basis functions defined by fixed virtual angles. We show that in an uncorrelated scattering environment, the elements of the channel matrix form a segment of a stationary process and that the virtual channel coefficients are approximately uncorrelated samples of the underlying spectral representation. For any scattering environment, the virtual channel matrix clearly reveals the two key factors affecting capacity: the number of parallel channels and the level of diversity. The concepts of spatial zooming and aliasing are introduced to provide a transparent interpretation of the effect of antenna spacing on channel statistics and capacity. Numerical results are presented to illustrate various aspects of the virtual framework.     

一种基于随机散射簇的非平稳3D空间信道模型

针对大规模MIMO信道的近场效应和非平稳特性,该文提出适用大规模MIMO信道的一种基于随机散射簇的非平稳3D空间信道模型。采用抛物波前代替球面波前建模近场效应,并分析抛物波前条件下该模型的信道容量。对于大规模MIMO信道的非平稳特性,提出基于散射簇的有效概率确定收发天线阵元的有效散射簇集合,从而建模散射簇沿天线阵列轴的随机演变来合理描述散射簇的出现和消失。仿真结果表明,用抛物波前和有效散射簇的随机演变来建模大规模MIMO信道特征是很好的候选方法。     

EM fields associated with lightning channels: on the effect oftortuosity and branching

Usually the electric and magnetic fields associated with lightning have been computed by assuming the lightning current to be contained in a straight vertical channel of negligible cross section above a flat perfectly conducting plane. Such a model, which does not take into account that real lightning is characterized by tortuosity and branching, is not able to justify the fine structure of the fields radiated by lightning discharges whose time-domain behavior exhibits a jagged shape with remarkable spectral content in several bands of practical interest. In this work the effect of channel tortuosity and branching is investigated by adopting a suitable numerical technique. The discharge channel has been regarded as a fractal antenna whose associated EM field has been evaluated by superimposing the contribution of the single line radiators composing the whole channel. Such a field has been compared with that generated by a simple dipole antenna in order to study the influence of the fractal nature of the channel on the generated EM fields. The relationship between the fractal dimension of the discharge channel and the fractal dimension of the generated time domain EM fields has been considered and the influence played on such a relationship by the distance between EM source and observation point has also been studied by analyzing the fields evaluated at far and close distances     

Renormalization of EM fields in application to large-angle scattering from randomly continuous media and sparse particle distributions

The conventional wave-integral equation in electromagnetic scattering, consisting of a sum of directly received vacuum field plus a scattered field that sums weighted vacuum spherical waves from each scatterer, is replaced by one in which renormalized fields containing part of the multiply scattered energy replace the vacuum fields. A first-order approximation in the renormalized equation is applied to bistatic (large-angle) scattering from weak random fluctuations of the permittivity in a distant volume, and to a sparse monodisperse distribution of isotropic particles to yield scattering cross sections with extended validity for the direct polarization. A similar correction is introduced for the cross polarization in the case of backscatter. Differences with other calculations are noted.     

A random matrix model of communication via antenna arrays

A random matrix model is introduced that probabilistically describes the spatial and temporal multipath propagation between a transmitting and receiving antenna array with a limited number of scatterers for mobile radio and indoor environments. The model characterizes the channel by its richness delay profile which gives the number of scattering objects as a function of the path delay. Each delay is assigned the eigenvalue distribution of a random matrix that depends on the number of scatterers, receiving antennas, and transmitting antennas. The model allows one to calculate signal-to-interference-and-noise ratios (SINRs) and channel capacities for large antenna arrays analytically and quantifies to what extent rich scattering improves performance.     

Innovative model for time-varying power line communication channel response evaluation

This work presents a channel model for the broadband characterization of power lines in presence of time variation of the loads. The model is characterized by taking into account both measured and geometrical channel characteristics and can easily be used to take into account also the presence of noise. The channel is described by a two-port equivalent described by a scattering matrix determined from a wavelet-based expansion of the input and output quantities. Upper and lower bounds for the response of the channel in presence of time-varying loads are determined in a fast and efficient way avoiding time consuming Monte Carlo simulations. The bounds determination allows the estimate of noteworthy quantities for the tuning of currently used modulation schemes for power lines communications such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing.     

An FDTD near- to far-zone transformation for scatterers buried instratified grounds

The finite-difference time-domain (EDTD) technique is being used with increasing frequency for modeling the scattering characteristics of buried objects. The FDTD has, for some time, been able to model the near-zone scattered fields of buried objects due to near-zone sources. This is adequate for modeling the scattered returns of ground-based ground-penetrating radar, but not for airborne radar. This paper describes an FDTD-compatible technique whereby far-zone scattered fields of objects buried in a stratified ground can be calculated. This technique uses the equivalence principle to model a buried object in terms of equivalent electric and magnetic currents. The fields radiated by these currents in the presence of a stratified ground are then calculated using the reciprocity theorem and the well-known field equations for plane waves in a stratified media. Numerical results are presented that show excellent agreement between this technique and both analytical and numerical results     

An implanted spherical head model exposed to electromagnetic fields at a mobile communication frequency

Can cellular phones and personal communication systems base station antennas affect the active or passive implantable medical devices adversely? Concerns over the possible harmful effects of nonionizing irradiaton upon implanted medical devices have been present for many years. Key issues to address are the questions of whether mobile phones have a detrimental effect on implants, and how the interaction of the handset with the body can be minimized in order to both alleviate public fears and improve handset antenna performance and new implant designs. This paper presents a thorough investigation of the scattering of an electromagnetic (EM) wave from a perfectly conducting implant (a cylindrical wire and a very thin cylindrical disk) of electrically small radius (of resonant length), embedded eccentrically into a dielectric spherical head model by a dipole antenna (0.4 wavelength) at 900 MHz. The dyadic Green's function (DGF) for spherical vector wave functions is employed. Analytical expressions for the scattered fields of an implant embedded head model is obtained. Numerical results from analytical expressions are computed for this problem and then compared with the results from the same model using the finite-difference time-domain, EMU-FDTD electromagnetic simulator. Good agreement is observed between the analytical results on the proposed method in comparison with the FDTD method.     

基于阵列流形分离的多输入多输出信道模型

基于三维阵列流形分离技术,建立了一种天线独立的随机多输入多输出(MIMO)信道模型。将天线阵列的导向矢量进行球谐基函数展开,实现了天线阵列和无线传播环境的分离。对分离出的无线传播环境部分单独进行基于空间相关性的统计建模,得到了一种天线独立的解析MIMO信道模型。所建模型可方便用于MI-MO系统性能评估与分析设计。以圆柱阵列和球阵列为例,仿真验证了新模型的正确性和有效性。     

Successive User Scheduling Schemes for a Multiuser MIMO System Employing Generalized Channel Inversion

Generalized channel inversion (GCI) is a precoding technique for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output system. While producing each user’s precoding matrix, GCI takes into account noise and thus it is more robust compared with alternative techniques such as block diagonalization technique in terms of sum rate capacity and frame error rate. In this paper, two suboptimal multiuser scheduling schemes for GCI are proposed that by scheduling a subset of mobile users nearly maximize the sum rate capacity. They employ an iterative approach involving a number of search steps. At each step, unselected mobile users are evaluated one by one, and only one of them is chosen according to given criteria. It is shown via computer simulations that the proposed schemes are capable of achieving a large portion of the sum rate capacity that is offered by an exhaustive search. The performance of the proposed multiuser scheduling schemes is evaluated when the antenna mutual coupling effects are taken into account at the mobile users’ sides. Numerical results reveal that the presence of antenna mutual coupling can result in an increased sum rate capacity when the array inter-element spacing is in the range of 0.3–0.4 wavelength.