基于智能反射表面辅助的MIMO无线通信密钥快速生成

近来,结合智能反射表面(IRS)辅助无线通信的密钥生成技术引发了学界的兴趣。然而目前的工作仅针对在单天线收发(SISO)系统中引入IRS辅助密钥生成,其IRS对密钥生成速率的提升效率不够高。针对此问题,该文研究了基于IRS结合MIMO系统的无线密钥快速生成方案,通过控制IRS反射合法双发与IRS之间的MIMO信号来构建等效的快速信道,可更显著地提升密钥生成速率(KGR)。该文首先从信息论角度对所提方案的密钥速率和安全性进行了分析与证明,推导了密钥速率性能上界的表达式。基于此,从不同的窃听场景出发,分析窃听者分别靠近合法收发方和IRS进行窃听时,其靠近的距离对密钥生成速率性能的影响,发现所提方案在密钥速率和安全性能上均得到显著提升。最后,通过仿真验证了所提方案的有效性和理论分析的正确性。     

Cooperative Distributed MIMO Channels in Wireless Sensor Networks

The large number of network nodes and the energy constraints make Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) one of the most important application fields for Cooperative Diversity. Node cooperation increases the spatial diversity of wireless channels and, thus, reduces the transmitted power. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop WSN with nodes grouped in cooperative clusters that exploits transmit and receive cooperation among cluster nodes. Multi-hop transmission is carried out by concatenating single cluster-to-cluster hops, where every cluster-to-cluster link is defined as a cooperative distributed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel. Transmit diversity is exploited through a time-division, decoder-and-forward, relaying scheme based upon two time slots: the Intracluster Slot, used for data sharing within the cluster, and the Intercluster Slot, used for transmission between clusters. At the receiver side, a distributed reception protocol is devised based upon a Selection Diversity algorithm. The proposed multi-hop cooperative WSN is optimally designed for minimum end-to-end outage probability by deriving the optimum time and power allocated on the intracluster and intercluster slots of every single hop, given a per-link energy constraint. A simplified suboptimum resource allocation is also proposed, which performs close to the optimal policy. Results show that the proposed scheme achieves diversity equal to the equivalent MIMO system and significantly reduces energy consumption with respect to. the non-cooperative channel     

MIMO-OFDM系统无线衰落信道容量分析

推导了MIMO-OFDM系统在衰落信道下的各态历经容量、最优发送策略、使用等功率分配时的容量上界以及相对于单天线OFDM系统的容量增益。结果表明：天线数和平均接收信噪比是决定MIMO-OFDM系统信道容量的关键因素。天线数越多或者接收信噪比越大,信道的容量越大,信道容量几乎不受多径时延扩展的影响。慢衰落信道下的最大信道容量可以使用空-频两维注水算法得到,当接收信噪比足够大时,最大信道容量也可以用平均分配发送功率的方法逼近。     

基于完全层次树的无线传感器网络密钥共享方案研究

无线传感器网络由于其自身的特性，如计算资源、能量、存储资源以及带宽的局限性从而面临巨大的安全问题，较普通网络更易受到外界的攻击。研究了一种在无线传感器网络中使用的完全层次树的节点密钥共享方案，该方案使任意两个节点之间共享若干密钥。理论和应用分析显示所提出的方案具有有效性和安全性的特点。同时，通过相关方案比较表明该方案较其它方案更适合无线传感器网络，可以有效的抵御一类Rushing引起的网络DoS攻击。     

无线信道密钥生成技术综述

无线信道密钥生成技术作为物理层安全领域的关键技术之一,不需要密钥分发设施,而是利用无线信道的性质在合法通信双方之间共享相同的密钥,用于后续加密手段中,达到信息论意义上的安全.针对无线信道密钥生成技术,从评价标准、步骤、不同条件和场景下的无线信道密钥生成技术进行了综述,并对无线信道密钥生成的应用实现以及未来研究方向进行了...     

面向物联网准静态信道的中继协作密钥生成方法

针对物联网准静态信道下密钥生成速率低的问题,该文提出一种基于中继节点协作的密钥生成方法。首先,通信双方通过信道估计获得直达信道和部分中继信道信息;然后,中继节点采用网络编码技术参与协作,使得通信双方获取全部中继信道信息;最后,通信双方在直达信道上进行密钥协商,利用直达信道信息、中继信道信息与协商信息共同生成相同的密钥。安全性分析表明该方法能够提高可达密钥速率,并且随着信噪比的提高,可达密钥速率呈线性增长,趋于最优值。蒙特卡洛仿真验证了理论分析的结果,并得出了增加中继节点数量、选取信道变化幅度大的中继节点,可以进一步提高可达密钥速率。     

Outage Capacity of MIMO Poisson Fading Channels

The information outage probability of a shot-noise limited direct detection multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) optical channel subject to block fading is considered. Information is transmitted over this channel by modulating the intensity of a number of optical signals, one corresponding to each transmit aperture, and individual photon arrivals are observed at multiple receive photodetector apertures. The transmitted signals undergo multiplicative fading. The fading occurs in coherence intervals of fixed duration in each of which the channel fade matrix remains constant, and changes across successive such intervals in an independent and identically distributed fashion. The transmitter and the receiver are assumed to be provided with perfect channel state information (CSI). An optimization formulation for the outage probability problem is outlined and an exact characterization of the optimal average conditional duty cycles is provided.      

慢衰落信道下的自适应MIMO检测算法

针对现有V-BLAST检测算法复杂度高的问题,本文提出了一种适用于慢衰落信道环境下的自适应MIMO检测算法。该算法首先利用基于最小均方误差准则的排序干扰抵消算法获得信号检测顺序和初始滤波器系数;利用信道之间的相关性,应用最小均方误差（LMS）算法到判决反馈均衡（DFE）结构中,完成滤波器系数的更新,从而避免了大量的矩阵求逆操作。仿真结果表明,与传统的MMSE-OSIC算法相比,本文算法在检测性能上略有下降,但具有更低的计算复杂度和更高的处理效率。      

Pre-Coding for MIMO Systems in Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems showed good utilization of channel characteristics. In MIMO systems multiple signals are transmitted using multiple antenna system. This provides each receiver the combined signals and hence, array processing techniques helps in reducing the effects of interference among them. In this paper we devise the use of pre-coded MIMO system to reduce the effects of frequency selectivity and hence, enhance the systems capacity and/or reduce the bit error rate. In this technique we introduce a temporal pre-coder on each antenna signal; this creates a deterministic multi-path signals similar to signals received when the channel is multi-path fading channel. The same antenna signal will arrive at each receiver forming orthogonal sub-space and the receiver will be simple add and delay of the received signals. Ant colony optimization is used in this paper to select the best pre-code. Results showed that we can diagonalize the channel matrix and practically eliminate the interference for frequency selective fading channel. Simulation of two transmitting two receiving antennas pre-coded MIMO system showed that the capacity can be doubled.     

衰落信道空间相关对MIMO系统容量的影响

在理想多输入多输出(MIMO)系统容量的基础上,推导了衰落信道空间相关性对MIMO系统容量的影响,并通过MATLAB仿真进行了验证,最后给出了结论。     

High-Rate Uncorrelated Bit Extraction for Shared Secret Key Generation from Channel Measurements

Secret keys can be generated and shared between two wireless nodes by measuring and encoding radio channel characteristics without ever revealing the secret key to an eavesdropper at a third location. This paper addresses bit extraction, i.e., the extraction of secret key bits from noisy radio channel measurements at two nodes such that the two secret keys reliably agree. Problems include 1) nonsimultaneous directional measurements, 2) correlated bit streams, and 3) low bit rate of secret key generation. This paper introduces high-rate uncorrelated bit extraction (HRUBE), a framework for interpolating, transforming for decorrelation, and encoding channel measurements using a multibit adaptive quantization scheme which allows multiple bits per component. We present an analysis of the probability of bit disagreement in generated secret keys, and we use experimental data to demonstrate the HRUBE scheme and to quantify its experimental performance. As two examples, the implemented HRUBE system can achieve 22 bits per second at a bit disagreement rate of 2.2 percent, or 10 bits per second at a bit disagreement rate of 0.54 percent.     

DSSS通信系统中干扰环境下码捕获 和阵列权值联合捕获

提出了空时相关器(STC)方法,同时实现干扰环境下使用自适应阵列的直接序列扩谱(DSSS)通信系统的码捕获和自适应阵列波束形成权值捕获,在码捕获时通过波束形成抑制干扰提高检测性能.对干扰环境下空域最优合并方式的检测性能进行了理论分析,仿真结果与理论预测一致,分析结果表明STC可同时有效的捕获码定时和自适应阵列权值,最优合并方式的虚警概率与干扰和背景噪声功率无关,可实现恒虚警检测.     

基于广义可验证秘密分享的分布式密钥生成

利用广义可验证秘密分享,提出了基于离散对数的公钥体制的密钥的分布式生成协议.该协议适用于任意的接入结构,具有需要各参与者保存的秘密信息的数据量小,能保证所生成的私钥的随机性和均匀分布性等特点.因而与通常的基于门限接入结构的分布式密钥生成协议相比能够更广泛的应用于群体密码学中的各种场合.     

基于多随机信号流的密钥生成方案

基于随机信号流的密钥生成方案会在合法发送方发送随机信号时泄露部分共享随机源信息导致密钥安全性和可达密钥速率较低。针对此问题,该文提出一种基于多随机信号流的密钥生成方案。首先,发送方利用信道互易性和上行导频估计下行信道,然后发送方在各天线上发送相互独立的随机信号流。由于窃听者难以准确估计所有随机信号流,因此难以窃取接收方每根天线接收到的叠加随机信号,而发送方则可根据估计的下行信道和自身发送的随机信号流计算出接收方各天线的接收信号。因此,可以将接收天线上的叠加随机信号作为共享随机源提取密钥。进一步地,该文还推导了该方案的可达密钥速率和共享随机源的互信息量表达式,并分析了两者间的关系以及对密钥安全性的影响。最后,通过仿真验证了该方案的有效性,仿真结果表明该方案能够有效降低窃听者观察到的共享随机源互信息,从而提升可达密钥速率及密钥安全性。     

一种轻量级的无线传感器网络密钥建立协议

该文提出了一种适用于无线传感器网络的轻量级密钥建立协议。该协议以预置的瞬时初始密钥为基础,通过优化密钥建立过程中的信息交互,能够获得更好的可扩展性和更低的能量开销。对该协议的完成时间和网络的连通概率的理论分析表明,该协议是可行的。从仿真结果可以看出,该协议在典型的网络规模下可以获得超过97%的连通概率。与同类协议相比,可以在保证足够的连通概率的情况下以更短的时间完成密钥建立。当网络密度为单跳30个节点时,建立时间小于5.2 s。此外,该协议的能量开销只有同类协议的25%,因此更适合应用于资源受限的无线传感器节点。     

Asymptotic Performance of Linear Receivers in MIMO Fading Channels

Linear receivers are an attractive low-complexity alternative to optimal processing for multiple-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications. In this paper, we characterize the information-theoretic performance of MIMO linear receivers in two different asymptotic regimes. For fixed number of antennas, we investigate the limit of error probability in the high-signal-to noise-ratio (SNR) regime in terms of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT). Following this, we characterize the error probability for fixed SNR in the regime of large (but finite) number of antennas.As far as the DMT is concerned, we report a negative result: we show that both linear zero-forcing (ZF) and linear minimum mean- square error (MMSE) receivers achieve the same DMT, which is largely suboptimal even in the case where outer coding and deAcircnot coding is performed across the antennas. We also provide an apAcircnot proximate quantitative analysis of the markedly different behavior of the MMSE and ZF receivers at finite rate and nonasymptotic SNR, and show that while the ZF receiver achieves poor diversity at any finite rate, the MMSE receiver error curve slope flattens out progressively, as the coding rate increases. When SNR is fixed and the number of antennas becomes large, we show that the mutual information at the output of an MMSE or ZF linear receiver has fluctuations that converge in distribution to a Gaussian random variable, whose mean and variance can be characterized in closed form. This analysis extends to the linear reAcircnot ceiver case a well-known result previously obtained for the optimal receiver. Simulations reveal that the asymptotic analysis captures accurately the outage behavior of systems even with a moderate number of antennas.     

BER Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant Wireless Sensor Networks Under Various Fading Channels

This paper presents bit error rate (BER) analysis of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consisting of sensor nodes based on an IEEE 802.15.4 RF transceiver. Closed-form expressions for BER are obtained for WSNs operating over AWGN, Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels. For the purpose of analysis, we consider an IEEE 802.15.4 RF transceiver using direct sequence spread spectrum-offset quadrature phase shift keying (DSSS-OQPSK) modulation under 2.4 GHz frequency band in a WSN. Analytical expressions for BER are derived for a wireless link between sensor nodes that act as a transmitter unit and a base station without considering the effect of interferers in the wireless environment. Numerical results for BER are obtained by varying the IEEE 802.15.4 standard specific physical layer parameters, such as number of bits used to represent a Zigbee symbol, number of modulation levels used in an OQPSK modulator, and various values of Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading parameters, denoted as \(\alpha \) and \(m\) , respectively. Moreover, optimum values of physical layer parameters are identified for improved system performance. It is found that error performance analysis of WSN shows improvement when lower number of bits is used to represent a Zigbee symbol. Specifically, under a Rayleigh fading channel which reflects a real-time WSN environment, the network exhibits better performance only when it is operated at high SNR values, i.e., BER of order \(10^{-2}\) is achieved when SNR lies in the range 5–15 dB. Also, the effect of fading parameters on network performance shows that better results are obtained for higher values of \(\alpha \) and \(m\) for Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels, respectively.     

MIMO衰落信道上MR-MQAM性能分析

使用矩生成函数方法分别推导了Nakagami衰落信道上多分辨率M进制正交幅度调制(MR-MQAM)的平均误比特率(BER)闭合表达式,发送和接收分别采用选择合并/最大比合并(SC/MRC)和正交空时分组编码(OSTBC).数值计算结果表明在相同的天线设置条件下,SC/MRC方案的平均误比特率性能要优于OSTBC.     

Performance Analysis of MIMO Based CDMA Code Acquisition Over Rayleigh Fading Channels

This paper proposes a new MIMO based CDMA code acquisition scheme. The pilot codes consist of a number of short Gold code sequences which are transmitted in parallel using a group of transmit antennas. Reception diversity is performed by multiple receive antennas at the receiver. Three different acquisition detection techniques are proposed and compared. Corresponding threshold optimizations are investigated as well. Detection and false alarm probabilities are derived in closed form based on the outputs of non-coherent matched filters. The acquisition performance is evaluated in terms of mean acquisition time (MAT) in Rayleigh fading environment. It is shown that the proposed MIMO acquisition scheme exhibits a much better MAT performance than the conventional single-antenna acquisition scheme. The results reveal that multiple receive antennas can be utilized to significantly reduce the MAT at the expense of receiver complexity increase. On the other hand, increasing the number of transmit antennas makes the MAT performance more robust in the presence of strong interference.     

基于无线信道参数的物理层安全密钥容量

利用无线信道参数提取物理层安全密钥时,密钥容量受加性噪声、信道测量时差、终端移动速度、采样周期和采样点数等因素影响。针对这一问题,该文在均匀散射环境中利用单输入单输出无线信道定量分析密钥容量,推导了密钥容量的闭式解以确定最佳采样周期的约束条件。仿真分析表明该结论同样适用于非均匀散射环境,同时验证将物理层密钥提取技术应用于无线通信系统的可行性。