Cooperative Distributed MIMO Channels in Wireless Sensor Networks

The large number of network nodes and the energy constraints make Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) one of the most important application fields for Cooperative Diversity. Node cooperation increases the spatial diversity of wireless channels and, thus, reduces the transmitted power. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop WSN with nodes grouped in cooperative clusters that exploits transmit and receive cooperation among cluster nodes. Multi-hop transmission is carried out by concatenating single cluster-to-cluster hops, where every cluster-to-cluster link is defined as a cooperative distributed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel. Transmit diversity is exploited through a time-division, decoder-and-forward, relaying scheme based upon two time slots: the Intracluster Slot, used for data sharing within the cluster, and the Intercluster Slot, used for transmission between clusters. At the receiver side, a distributed reception protocol is devised based upon a Selection Diversity algorithm. The proposed multi-hop cooperative WSN is optimally designed for minimum end-to-end outage probability by deriving the optimum time and power allocated on the intracluster and intercluster slots of every single hop, given a per-link energy constraint. A simplified suboptimum resource allocation is also proposed, which performs close to the optimal policy. Results show that the proposed scheme achieves diversity equal to the equivalent MIMO system and significantly reduces energy consumption with respect to. the non-cooperative channel     

MIMO-OFDM系统无线衰落信道容量分析

推导了MIMO-OFDM系统在衰落信道下的各态历经容量、最优发送策略、使用等功率分配时的容量上界以及相对于单天线OFDM系统的容量增益。结果表明：天线数和平均接收信噪比是决定MIMO-OFDM系统信道容量的关键因素。天线数越多或者接收信噪比越大,信道的容量越大,信道容量几乎不受多径时延扩展的影响。慢衰落信道下的最大信道容量可以使用空-频两维注水算法得到,当接收信噪比足够大时,最大信道容量也可以用平均分配发送功率的方法逼近。     

无线信道密钥生成技术综述

无线信道密钥生成技术作为物理层安全领域的关键技术之一,不需要密钥分发设施,而是利用无线信道的性质在合法通信双方之间共享相同的密钥,用于后续加密手段中,达到信息论意义上的安全.针对无线信道密钥生成技术,从评价标准、步骤、不同条件和场景下的无线信道密钥生成技术进行了综述,并对无线信道密钥生成的应用实现以及未来研究方向进行了...     

Outage Capacity of MIMO Poisson Fading Channels

The information outage probability of a shot-noise limited direct detection multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) optical channel subject to block fading is considered. Information is transmitted over this channel by modulating the intensity of a number of optical signals, one corresponding to each transmit aperture, and individual photon arrivals are observed at multiple receive photodetector apertures. The transmitted signals undergo multiplicative fading. The fading occurs in coherence intervals of fixed duration in each of which the channel fade matrix remains constant, and changes across successive such intervals in an independent and identically distributed fashion. The transmitter and the receiver are assumed to be provided with perfect channel state information (CSI). An optimization formulation for the outage probability problem is outlined and an exact characterization of the optimal average conditional duty cycles is provided.      

Pre-Coding for MIMO Systems in Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems showed good utilization of channel characteristics. In MIMO systems multiple signals are transmitted using multiple antenna system. This provides each receiver the combined signals and hence, array processing techniques helps in reducing the effects of interference among them. In this paper we devise the use of pre-coded MIMO system to reduce the effects of frequency selectivity and hence, enhance the systems capacity and/or reduce the bit error rate. In this technique we introduce a temporal pre-coder on each antenna signal; this creates a deterministic multi-path signals similar to signals received when the channel is multi-path fading channel. The same antenna signal will arrive at each receiver forming orthogonal sub-space and the receiver will be simple add and delay of the received signals. Ant colony optimization is used in this paper to select the best pre-code. Results showed that we can diagonalize the channel matrix and practically eliminate the interference for frequency selective fading channel. Simulation of two transmitting two receiving antennas pre-coded MIMO system showed that the capacity can be doubled.     

High-Rate Uncorrelated Bit Extraction for Shared Secret Key Generation from Channel Measurements

Secret keys can be generated and shared between two wireless nodes by measuring and encoding radio channel characteristics without ever revealing the secret key to an eavesdropper at a third location. This paper addresses bit extraction, i.e., the extraction of secret key bits from noisy radio channel measurements at two nodes such that the two secret keys reliably agree. Problems include 1) nonsimultaneous directional measurements, 2) correlated bit streams, and 3) low bit rate of secret key generation. This paper introduces high-rate uncorrelated bit extraction (HRUBE), a framework for interpolating, transforming for decorrelation, and encoding channel measurements using a multibit adaptive quantization scheme which allows multiple bits per component. We present an analysis of the probability of bit disagreement in generated secret keys, and we use experimental data to demonstrate the HRUBE scheme and to quantify its experimental performance. As two examples, the implemented HRUBE system can achieve 22 bits per second at a bit disagreement rate of 2.2 percent, or 10 bits per second at a bit disagreement rate of 0.54 percent.     

Asymptotic Performance of Linear Receivers in MIMO Fading Channels

Linear receivers are an attractive low-complexity alternative to optimal processing for multiple-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications. In this paper, we characterize the information-theoretic performance of MIMO linear receivers in two different asymptotic regimes. For fixed number of antennas, we investigate the limit of error probability in the high-signal-to noise-ratio (SNR) regime in terms of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT). Following this, we characterize the error probability for fixed SNR in the regime of large (but finite) number of antennas.As far as the DMT is concerned, we report a negative result: we show that both linear zero-forcing (ZF) and linear minimum mean- square error (MMSE) receivers achieve the same DMT, which is largely suboptimal even in the case where outer coding and deAcircnot coding is performed across the antennas. We also provide an apAcircnot proximate quantitative analysis of the markedly different behavior of the MMSE and ZF receivers at finite rate and nonasymptotic SNR, and show that while the ZF receiver achieves poor diversity at any finite rate, the MMSE receiver error curve slope flattens out progressively, as the coding rate increases. When SNR is fixed and the number of antennas becomes large, we show that the mutual information at the output of an MMSE or ZF linear receiver has fluctuations that converge in distribution to a Gaussian random variable, whose mean and variance can be characterized in closed form. This analysis extends to the linear reAcircnot ceiver case a well-known result previously obtained for the optimal receiver. Simulations reveal that the asymptotic analysis captures accurately the outage behavior of systems even with a moderate number of antennas.     

MIMO衰落信道上MR-MQAM性能分析

使用矩生成函数方法分别推导了Nakagami衰落信道上多分辨率M进制正交幅度调制(MR-MQAM)的平均误比特率(BER)闭合表达式,发送和接收分别采用选择合并/最大比合并(SC/MRC)和正交空时分组编码(OSTBC).数值计算结果表明在相同的天线设置条件下,SC/MRC方案的平均误比特率性能要优于OSTBC.     

Performance Analysis of MIMO Based CDMA Code Acquisition Over Rayleigh Fading Channels

This paper proposes a new MIMO based CDMA code acquisition scheme. The pilot codes consist of a number of short Gold code sequences which are transmitted in parallel using a group of transmit antennas. Reception diversity is performed by multiple receive antennas at the receiver. Three different acquisition detection techniques are proposed and compared. Corresponding threshold optimizations are investigated as well. Detection and false alarm probabilities are derived in closed form based on the outputs of non-coherent matched filters. The acquisition performance is evaluated in terms of mean acquisition time (MAT) in Rayleigh fading environment. It is shown that the proposed MIMO acquisition scheme exhibits a much better MAT performance than the conventional single-antenna acquisition scheme. The results reveal that multiple receive antennas can be utilized to significantly reduce the MAT at the expense of receiver complexity increase. On the other hand, increasing the number of transmit antennas makes the MAT performance more robust in the presence of strong interference.     

BER Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant Wireless Sensor Networks Under Various Fading Channels

This paper presents bit error rate (BER) analysis of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consisting of sensor nodes based on an IEEE 802.15.4 RF transceiver. Closed-form expressions for BER are obtained for WSNs operating over AWGN, Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels. For the purpose of analysis, we consider an IEEE 802.15.4 RF transceiver using direct sequence spread spectrum-offset quadrature phase shift keying (DSSS-OQPSK) modulation under 2.4 GHz frequency band in a WSN. Analytical expressions for BER are derived for a wireless link between sensor nodes that act as a transmitter unit and a base station without considering the effect of interferers in the wireless environment. Numerical results for BER are obtained by varying the IEEE 802.15.4 standard specific physical layer parameters, such as number of bits used to represent a Zigbee symbol, number of modulation levels used in an OQPSK modulator, and various values of Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading parameters, denoted as \(\alpha \) and \(m\) , respectively. Moreover, optimum values of physical layer parameters are identified for improved system performance. It is found that error performance analysis of WSN shows improvement when lower number of bits is used to represent a Zigbee symbol. Specifically, under a Rayleigh fading channel which reflects a real-time WSN environment, the network exhibits better performance only when it is operated at high SNR values, i.e., BER of order \(10^{-2}\) is achieved when SNR lies in the range 5–15 dB. Also, the effect of fading parameters on network performance shows that better results are obtained for higher values of \(\alpha \) and \(m\) for Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels, respectively.     

Optimal Power Allocation for Distributed Detection Over MIMO Channels in Wireless Sensor Networks

In distributed detection systems with wireless sensor networks, the communication between sensors and a fusion center is not perfect due to interference and limited transmitter power at the sensors to combat noise at the fusion center's receiver. The problem of optimizing detection performance with such imperfect communication brings a new challenge to distributed detection. In this paper, sensors are assumed to have independent but nonidentically distributed observations, and a multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) channel model is included to account for imperfect communication between the sensors and the fusion center. The J-divergence between the distributions of the detection statistic under different hypotheses is used as a performance criterion in order to provide a tractable analysis. Optimization of performance with individual and total transmitter power constraints on the sensors is studied, and the corresponding power allocation scheme strikes a tradeoff between two factors, the communication channel quality and the local decision quality. For the case with orthogonal channels, under certain conditions, the power allocation can be solved by a weighted water-filling algorithm. Simulations show that the proposed power allocation in certain cases only consumes as little as 25% of the total power used by an equal power allocation scheme while achieving the same performance.      

Optimization of Switched MIMO Systems Over Rayleigh Fading Channels

This paper proposes a new switched MIMO system where the MIMO includes both diversity-based MIMO and spatial multiplexing MIMO (SM-MIMO). The proposed scheme is a closed-loop system where the feedback bits are sent back to the transmitter to indicate the channel quality. The switching operation is employed among groups of a certain number of transmit antennas. For diversity-based MIMO systems, the switching operation aims to improve the link performance, while the goal of the switching for the SM-MIMO systems is to increase the data rate. The authors analyze and optimize the proposed systems and show that there is considerable benefit in terms of performance and practical use     

A Cluster-Based Random Key Revocation Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years,several random key pre-distribution schemes have been proposed to bootstrap keys for encryption,but the problem of key and node revocation has received relatively little attention.In this paper,based on a random key pre-distribution scheme using clustering,we present a novel random key revoca-tion protocol,which is suitable for large scale networks greatly and removes compromised information efficiently.The revocation protocol can guarantee network security by using less memory consumption and communication load,and combined by centralized and distributed revoca-tion,having virtues of timeliness and veracity for revoca-tion at the same time.     

Performance of TAS/MRC Wireless Energy Harvesting Relaying Networks over Rician Fading Channels

Wireless Personal Communications - This Letter studies performance of a dual-hop decode-and-forward relaying network employing a wireless-powered relay antenna with transmit antenna selection for...     

Simplified 3D Fading Channels Adopted in MIMO Beamforming Schemes

A simplified three-dimension (3D) fading channel model deployed in a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) beamforming system is explored in this article. Both angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (...     

TCP在无线衰落信道下的性能研究

本文在分析无线TCP原理的基础之上,讨论了各种提高无线链路TCP性能的方法,并对其优缺点进行了分析和总结.最后给出无线环境下TCP改进的基本原则,并初步探讨了进一步改进的方向.     

无线衰落信道的Markov模型研究

高速移动数据通信是目前通信的发展热点之一 ,而当数据传输速率较高时 ,无线信道中相邻数据分组之间的相关性不容忽视 ,更接近这种记忆信道的一种模型是Markov模型。本文研究了瑞利衰落信道的一阶Markov模型。结果表明 ,采用一阶的Markov信道模型已经足以得到令人满意的效果 ,没有必要采用复杂的高阶模型 ,而且利用该模型可以简化对高层协议性能的研究。     

Distributed Polar Code Based on Plotkins Construction with MIMO Antennas in Frequency Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels

Wireless Personal Communications - A Plotkin based polar coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antennas scheme is proposed and its...     

一种传感器网络分布式认证方案

传感器网络的资源受限性给它的安全认证机制设计带来很大的困难。论文在基于椭圆曲线密码体制(ECC)的基础上提出了一种新的分布式认证方案,利用节点群实现公钥算法,在不提高节点计算强度的前提下可以实现节点间的身份认证,并有效提高整个网络的安全性。     

一种基于服务质量的节能无线传感器网络MAC协议

为了平衡网络能耗与QoS,提出了一种基于服务质量的节能MAC协议-QE-MAC.该协议一方面采用由Hill等人提出的低能量载波侦听技术降低节点能耗,另一方面,采用冲突避免、回复确认、区分优先级和失败重传等机制确保分组传输的可靠性,以及使用业务固定短周期发起策略来解决分组接收的时延过大问题.模拟实验和测试结果都表明,QE-MAC能够以较低的网络能耗提供良好的QoS.