焊丝含氮量及焊接电流对高氮钢焊缝组织和性能影响

针对高氮奥氏体不锈钢焊接过程中由于N元素逸出引起气孔、导致力学性能恶化的问题,利用相图计算软件设计并制备了含氮量为0.35%和0.85%两种奥氏体不锈钢焊丝,系统地研究了氮含量和焊接电流对高氮钢焊缝气孔倾向性、微观组织以及力学性能的影响规律. 结果表明,高氮钢焊缝气孔倾向和力学性能与焊接电流、焊丝氮含量密切相关:随着焊接电流增加,氮含量0.35%的高氮钢焊缝抗拉强度和断后伸长率均增加,未出现气孔;而氮含量0.85%的高氮钢焊缝具有很高的气孔倾向,抗拉强度和断后伸长率变化不大,当焊接电流增大到一定值后,气孔倾向性明显降低.     

冷却速率对高氮钢焊缝组织和性能的影响

研究了水冷和空冷条件下高氮不锈钢焊缝金属微观组织和力学性能的变化规律,讨论了冷却速率对高氮不锈钢焊缝微观组织和力学性能的影响规律. 结果表明,冷却速率增加能够有效增加高氮钢焊缝金属中的氮含量,尤其对于含氮量0.85%的高氮含量焊丝,增氮效果更明显. 冷却速率增加对高氮钢焊缝金属抗拉强度提高程度取决于焊丝中的氮含量,对于低氮含量高氮钢焊丝,冷却速率增加能够显著提高焊缝金属抗拉强度,当焊丝中氮含量超过0.58%时,冷却速率增加对焊缝金属抗拉强度影响不大,最终接头强度达到850 MPa.     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢的氮化物析出及其对焊接性影响

高氮奥氏体不锈钢是用氮代替合金元素镍以获得优异的力学性能和抗腐蚀性能的合金结构钢,氮以固溶状态存在是材料性能优越的前提条件。高的固溶氮使钢在热力学上处于不稳定状态,存在氮化物析出倾向并诱发其它硬脆相的形成,弱化了材料性能。焊接加工时热影响区氮化物析出是固溶氮的一种主要损失方式。对等温过程中氮化物析出动力学以及胞状析出行为进行阐述,为材料的开发研制以及热加工过程的控制提供参考。     

Effects of phosphorous addition on mechanical properties and retained austenite stability of 0.15C−1.5Mn−1.5Al TRIP-aided cold rolled steels

The effects of a P addition on the mechanical properties and austenite stability are investigated for 0.15C−1.5Mn−1.5Al TRIP-aided cold-rolled steels containing 0.05 and 0.1 wt.% of P. The strength and retained austenite fraction are increased by an increment of the P content. The strengthening of P-added TRIP-aided steel partially comes from the solid-solution hardening effect of P, and a higher fraction of strain-induced martensite plays an important role as well. The elongation of steel containing 0.1 wt.% P is diminished compared with that containing 0.05 wt.% P. This is attributed to the lower mechanical stability of retained austenite in TRIP-aided steel containing 0.1 wt.% of P, which inhibits persistent work hardening during deformation.     

Mechanical properties of high-Si plate steel produced by the quenching and partitioning process

The microstructures and mechanical properties of a high-Si (1.5 wt.%) steel produced by a novel process of quenching and partitioning (Q & P) were compared with those obtained using traditional heat treatments (i.e. austempering, intercritical annealing for dual phase, quench and tempering). Plate steel was included for exploration of the Q & P process in applications requiring strength and toughness (such as an API line pipe), where retained austenite may contribute to the overall toughness via the TRIP phenomenon at a crack top. The Q & P process is based on the partial transformation of austenite to martensite, followed by partitioning of carbon from martensite into austenite, which leads to an untypical microstructure. Retained austenite amounts up to 6 vol.% with a carbon content of up to 0.88 wt.% were achieved in 0.1% carbon steel using Q & P. Superior impact toughness at higher yield strength levels was found after Q & P compared to other traditional heat treatments with equivalent partitioning, austempering or tempering conditions.     

Effect of Bi on graphite morphology and mechanical properties of heavy section ductile cast iron

To improve the mechanical properties of heavy section ductile cast iron, bismuth （Bi） was introduced into the iron. Five castings with different Bi content from 0 to 0.014 wt.% were prepared; and four positions in the casting from the edge to the center, with different solidification cooling rates, were chosen for microstructure observation and mechanical properties test. The effect of the Bi content on the graphite morphology and mechanical properties of heavy section ductile cast iron were investigated. Results show that the tensile strength, elongation and impact toughness at different positions in the five castings decrease with a decrease in cooling rate. With an increase in Bi content, the graphite morphology and the mechanical properties at the same position are improved, and the improvement of mechanical properties is obvious when the Bi content is no higher than 0.011wt.%. But when the Bi content is further increased to 0.014wt.%, the improvement of mechanical properties is not obvious due to the increase of chunky graphite number and the aggregation of chunky graphite. With an increase in Bi content, the tensile fracture mechanism is changed from brittle to mixture ductile-brittle fracture.     

Cr对G520不锈钢焊缝组织及力学性能的影响

采用Cr含量分别为10％,18％,26％,34％(质量分数)的金属型药芯焊丝焊接G520沉淀硬化不锈钢,研究了药芯焊丝中Cr含量对G520沉淀硬化不锈钢焊接接头组织以及力学性能的影响.结果表明,4组焊接接头焊缝区组织均为奥氏体和δ铁素体,随药芯焊丝中Cr含量的增加,δ铁素体由点块状转变为网状和条状.固溶于基体组织中的C...     

Al对1Cr9Al(1-3)Ni(1-7)WVNbB合金相变与性能的影响规律

为了研究Al对铁素体耐热钢相变与性能的影响规律,通过在已有合金T92的成分基础上进行Al元素的添加及改性添加剂Ni的调整制备出了新型高铝铁素体耐热钢,研究了不同含量Al元素的加入及热处理工艺下铁素体耐热钢相变温度与淬火组织晶粒尺寸、硬度及抗氧化性的关系。结果表明,实验钢的平衡相变点随着Al元素含量的增加而升高,且实验钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸越大,Ac1和Ac3温度越高;钢中添加的Al、Ni元素总量在2.4 wt %时,淬火后的奥氏体晶粒尺寸最小,且硬度最大;在650 ℃环境下,钢中添加3 wt %Al比添加1 wt %Al的抗高温氧化性能强;在750 ℃环境下,钢中所含改性添加剂Ni起到了一定的作用,Al-Ni比越大,钢便表现出了较强的抗氧化性。     

固溶处理对高氮不锈钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

高氮不锈钢具有优异的综合性能。通过增加铬、锰含量在氮分压为80 000 Pa下成功冶炼出氮质量分数为0.54%的Cr-Mn-Mo系高氮不锈钢;试样钢热轧后分别经800、900、1000、1100、1200 ℃保温1、2、3、4、5 h固溶处理后正交分析,研究在不同温度和保温时间下的组织、屈服强度、抗拉强度、断后延伸率、断面收缩率和强塑积,旨在找到试验钢最佳的热处理温度和时间。结果表明,未经固溶处理和经800、900 ℃固溶处理后的试样中有Cr₂N析出,1200 ℃固溶处理后试样中析出铁素体,1000、1100 ℃固溶处理的材料为纯奥氏体组织,且在1000 ℃下保温4 h的试样塑性最好并有较高的强度,其断面收缩率和断后延伸率分别可以达到67.5%和69.5%。未经热处理的试样强度最高,并且断面收缩率和断后延伸率仍然保持在42%和49.9%。在1000 ℃下保温1 h的试样综合力学性能最好,强塑积可达到58.59 GPa%。     

Casting properties of ASTM A128 Gr. E1 steel modified with Mn-alloying and titanium ladle treatment

This work aims to produce a high manganese steel with more refined austenite grains and better wear resistance without sacrificing the toughness and tensile properties by Mn alloying and Ti ladle treatment in comparision to ASTM A128 Gr. E1 steel (1.0C-13Mn) that is mostly used in the mining industry. The 1.0C-17Mn-xTi alloys (x=0, 0.05 and 0.1, in wt.%) were prepared. A relationship was established between the microstructures and mechanical properties of the as-cast and solution annealed alloys. Increasing Ti content increases the stable Ti(CN) phase on and beside the grain boundaries and decreases up to 37% the austenite grain size of the as-cast alloy with 0.10wt.% Ti. Correspondingly, after solution annealed, optimized titanium content (0.05wt.%) results in significant improvements in wear resistance, hardness, elongation, yield and tensile strengths by 44%, 31%, 30%, 8% and 12%, respectively, except 9% decrease in impact toughness compared to ASTM A 128 Gr. E1 steel without modification. These results show that 1.0C-17Mn-0.05Ti alloy can be used for parts exposed to high load wear and applied in conditions where relatively high tensile properties with sufficent ductility is needed.

     

Effect of heat treatment on the crystal structure of deformed samples of chromium–manganese steel

Results of studying microstructures and the crystal structure of samples of 35KhGF steel (0.31–0.38 wt % С, 0.17–0.37 wt % Si, 0.95–1.25 wt % Mn, 1.0–1.3 wt % Cr, 0.06–0.12 wt % V, and the remainder was Fe) have been presented. The samples have been selected from hot-rolled pipes subjected to different heat treatments. A study has been carried out in order to explain the choice of the heat-treatment regime based on determining the structure–properties relationship that provides an increase in the corrosion resistance of pipes to the effect of hydrocarbons. Methods of the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) have been used. In the microstructure of samples, oxide inclusions and discontinuities with sizes of 1–50 μm that presumably consist of the scale were detected. The ferrite grain size and the orientations of crystals were determined; the data on the local mechanical stresses in the Taylor orientation- factor maps were obtained. The grain refinement; the increase in the fraction of the low-angle boundaries; and the decrease in the local mechanical stresses and, therefore, the highest corrosion resistance to the effect of hydrocarbons is achieved by normalizing at 910°С.     

Effect of the cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen stainless steel weld metals

The microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen steel(HNS) weld metals prepared under air-and water-cooling conditions are investigated, and the effect of the cooling rate on these properties is discussed. The results indicate that an increase in the cooling rate could significantly increase the nitrogen content in HNS weld metals, especially for weld metals with a nitrogen content of 0.85%.Moreover, increasing the cooling rate could result in an increase in the tensile strength of HNS weld metals, which is found to be strongly dependent on the nitrogen content of the HNS sample. For high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel welding wire with lower nitrogen content, increasing the cooling rate could significantly improve its tensile strength, but a higher cooling rate has no influence on weld metals with nitrogen content less than 0.58%. The tensile strength of the joint reached 850 MPa.     

Evolution of the structure and mechanical properties of a bulk-nitrided corrosion-resistant ferritic steel upon tempering in the temperature range of 400–700°C

Methods of the X-ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy were used to study changes in the structural phase state and mechanical properties of bulk-nitrided 08Kh17T steel (0.08 wt % C, 17 wt % Cr, 0.8 wt % Ti, 0.5 wt % Si, 0.8 wt % Mn, 0.025 wt % S, and 0.035 wt % P) upon tempering in the temperature range of 400–700°C. The changes in the mechanical properties of the nitrided steel upon tempering are associated with the predominance of either the solid-solution or precipitation strengthening, i.e., with the presence of martensite in the steel structure at low temperatures of tempering and the precipitation of particles of Cr₂N nitrides of different dispersity upon increasing the tempering temperature. The greatest increase in the ultimate tensile strength and yield stress (1.8–2.5 times) at a satisfactory plasticity (no less than 10%) of the bulk-nitrided steel is achieved by tempering bulk-nitrided steel in a temperature range of 600–700°C.     

氮含量对HPD-1双相不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响

通过显微组织观察与力学性能测试研究了氮含量(0.08%~0.22％,质量分数)对HPD-1双相不锈钢硬度、拉伸性能、低温冲击性能及疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,氮含量变化可显著影响试验钢γ/α相比例,当氮含量由0.08％升高到0.22％,γ相含量由38.1％提高至56.5％。α相的硬度由273 HV10提高到343 HV10,γ相的硬度由238 HV10提高到299 HV10,试验钢强度明显提升。氮元素对两相比例和奥氏体相韧性的双重影响导致试验钢低温冲击性能呈先上升后下降的趋势;更高的氮含量抑制疲劳裂纹萌生与拓展,是影响HPD-1双相不锈钢室温疲劳性能的主要因素。撕裂棱是疲劳断口的显著特征。     

Effects of Cu content on microstructure and mechanical properties of rheo-diecasting Al-6Zn-2Mg-xCu alloys

A systematic study on how Cu content affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of rheo-diecasting Al-6Zn-2Mg-xCu alloys during solution treatment and ageing heat treatment was conducted. The swirled enthalpy equilibrium device (SEED) was adopted to prepare the semi-solid slurry of Al-6Zn-2Mg-xCu alloys. The microstructure development and mechanical properties were studied using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as hardness and tensile testing. The grain boundary and shape factor were calculated using image processing software (Image-Pro Plus 6.0). Results show that the alloys are composed of typical globular primary α-Al grains, eutectic phases, and smaller secondary α-Al grains. After solution and ageing heat treatment, the eutectic phases are dissolved into Al matrix when the Cu content is lower than 1.5wt.%, while some eutectic phases transform into Al₂CuMg (S) phases and remain at grain boundaries when Cu content reaches 2wt.%. T6 heat treatment significantly enhances the mechanical properties of rheo-diecasting Al-6Zn-2Mg-xCu alloys. When Cu concentration is 0.5wt.%–1.5wt.%, the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of T6 treated alloys rise to around 500 MPa, 420 MPa, and 18%, respectively.

     

1.25Cr-0.5Mo钢热处理后的组织与力学性能

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和力学试验机研究了3种正火组织的1.25Cr-0.5Mo钢在回火和模拟焊后热处理过程中的组织和力学性能演变。结果表明:1.25Cr-0.5Mo钢粗大的铁素体+珠光体组织经模拟焊后热处理,大量粗大的碳化物沿晶界析出,显著降低钢的冲击性能,铁素体晶内细小弥散碳化物的析出略微改善了钢的强度;贝氏体组织中的贝氏体铁素体板条宽化和碳化物粗化降低了钢的强度,但对冲击性能影响不大;1.25Cr-0.5Mo钢的综合力学性能随着铁素体组织含量的增加而变差,当铁素体组织的含量高于38％时,钢板的力学性能将难以满足要求。     

Hochkorrosionsbeständige Sonderstähle für Rauchgas-Entschwefelungsanlagen

Highly corrosion resistant special steels for flue gas desulfurisation plants Highly corrosion resistant stainless steel grades have been proved under the severe corrosion conditions existing in flue gas desulfurisation scrubbers (FGD). Besides general corrosion pitting, crevice corrosion and eventually stress corrosion cracking can occur. Thus highly alloyed special steels must be used. Steel grades with a minimum content of 2.75% Mo are essential. At higher chloride levels and decreasing pH-values higher alloyed stainless steels containing up to 6% Mo are necessary. Some of these special steels are described in view to their composition and mechanical properties; their corrosion behavior has been tested under laboratory and field conditions. The use of nitrogen alloyed grades has been shown of remarkable advantage. Nitrogen additions enhance the mechanical properties and structure stability. Furthermore the precipitation of deleterious intermetallic compounds during heat treatment will be delayed by nitrogen additions, thus e.g. multi layer weldings can be carried out with higher security in view to corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Materials selection for the different scrubber systems will be illustrated by examples. Up to now experiences about stainless steel components in FGD plants are taken into consideration. Welding with distinctly higher alloyed filler metal at the medium-touched side has been well proved in view to adequate corrosion properties.     

Influence of Annealing Heat Treatment and Cr, Mg, and Ti Alloying on the Mechanical Properties of High-Silicon Cast Iron

The influence of annealing on the mechanical properties of high-silicon cast iron for three alloys with distinct chromium levels was investigated. Each alloy was melted either with or without the addition of Ti and Mg. These changes in the chemical composition and heat treatment aimed to improve the material’s mechanical properties by inhibiting the formation of large columnar crystals, netlike laminae, precipitation of coarse packs of graphite, changing the length and morphology of graphite, and rounding the extremities of the flakes to minimize the stress concentration. For alloys with 0.07 wt.% Cr, the annealing reduced the impact resistance and tensile strength due to an enhanced precipitation of refined carbides and the formation of interdendritic complex nets. Annealing the alloys containing Ti and Mg led to a decrease in the mechanical strength and an increase in the toughness. Alloys containing approximately 2 wt.% Cr achieved better mechanical properties as compared to the original alloy. However, with the addition of Ti and Mg to alloys containing 2% Cr, the chromium carbide formation was inhibited, impairing the mechanical properties. In the third alloy, with 3.5 wt.% of Cr additions, the mechanical strength improved. The annealing promoted a decrease in both hardness and amount of iron and silicon complex carbides. However, it led to a chromium carbide formation, which influenced the mechanical characteristics of the matrix of the studied material.     

配分温度对0.2C-2.96Mn-1.73Si钢组织和力学性能的影响

对0.2C-2.96Mn-1.73Si钢进行IQP(Intercritical heating quenching and partitioning)处理,获得超细化铁素体、马氏体和残留奥氏体多相组织。采用SEM、XRD和拉伸试验机研究了配分温度对试验钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随配分温度的升高,试验钢的抗拉强度逐渐下降,屈服强度和伸长率均先增大后减小。试验钢中残留奥氏体含量随配分温度的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势。配分温度为400 ℃时,残留奥氏体的含量最高,TRIP效应能够提供持久的加工硬化,试验钢获得了最高的均匀变形能力,抗拉强度为1444 MPa,伸长率为20.13%,强塑积达到29 GPa·%,综合力学性能最佳。     

High-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with high strength and corrosion resistance

An alloy design model has been used to develop an austenitic stainless steel containing 25–28 wt.% Cr, 22 wt.% Ni,6 wt.% Mn, 4–8wt.%Mo, and O.6–O.9 wt.% N. The steel is produced by rapid-solidification powder metallurgy with subsequent consolidation by hot isostatic pressing. The steel exhibits high yield strength and corrosion resistance, both of which increase with increasing nitrogen content, yet high ductility and impact strength are maintained when properly annealed.