细乳液聚合制备含氟丙烯酸酯无皂乳液及其性能

以甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯(HFMA)为含氟单体,采用细乳液聚合法合成了含氟丙烯酸酯无皂乳液。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和透射电镜(TEM)表征了共聚物的结构和形貌,考察了聚合温度、乳化剂用量和引发剂用量对细乳液聚合动力学的影响,通过接触角和吸水率表征了含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物乳胶膜的表面性能。结果表明,当烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚硫酸铵(DNS-86)用量(占单体总量)为2.5%,引发剂用量为0.5%,反应温度为70℃时合成的含氟丙烯酸酯乳液稳定性好,乳胶粒平均粒径为180 nm;涂膜耐水性随氟单体含量的增加而提高。     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯-γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷细乳液共聚合研究

将甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)单体与反应性单体γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(A-174)进行细乳液共聚合,获得了MMA-CO-(A-174)共聚物乳液。研究了聚合温度、助稳定剂用量、A-174用量及水相中pH调节剂用量对聚合过程动力学的影响。利用红外光谱和透射电镜对共聚产物组成和乳胶粒子形态进行了表征。用气相色谱法(GC)测定了共聚物乳液中微量甲醇含量．结果表明,细乳液聚合工艺可以避免活性硅烷A-174的反应性官能团在聚合过程中被水解损耗。     

核壳型含氟硅丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液的微波辐射制备与表征

采用多步种子乳液聚合法,在微波辐射下,以丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、γ-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷和甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯为原料制备了具有核壳结构的含氟硅丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液.利用FT-IR、DSC、TG、TEM表征了共聚物的结构、乳胶膜的热稳定性、乳胶粒子的形态.考察了共聚物乳液的表面张力及稳定性.结果表明,所得到的乳胶粒子具有明显的核壳结构,氟硅单体的加入降低了共聚物乳液的表面张力,显著提高了乳胶膜的热稳定性.与常规加热相比,微波辐射聚合能够得到更好的核壳结构乳胶粒,且乳液具有更好的耐寒和离心稳定性.     

含氟侧链对含氟丙烯酸酯共混乳液自分层行为的影响

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(n-BA)以及含氟单体H_2CCHCO_2(CH_2)2(CF2)nF(n=6,8,10)为原料,通过种子乳液聚合制备了不同含氟侧链结构的三元共聚物乳液,并复配成可自分层的含氟丙烯酸酯共混乳液。利用原子力显微镜(AFM)和能量色散谱仪(EDS)对乳胶膜的微观结构及含氟链段迁移性进行了表征。结果表明,含氟烷基侧链长度直接影响含氟聚合物的自分层行为及氟侧链在膜表面的分布。EDS分析结果表明,乳胶膜表面的氟元素含量高于乳胶膜内部的氟元素含量,且表面氟元素含量随共聚物中含氟侧链长度的增长而增加。AFM相图表明,具有长—CF2—侧链的含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物在乳胶膜表面覆盖率增加,出现微相分离。     

含丁氧基甲基丙烯酰胺共聚物乳液的研究

研究了以丁氧基甲基丙烯酰胺（ＢＯＡ）作为活性单体，采用种子乳液聚合制得的四元体系的共聚物乳液。用透射电子显微镜观察了乳液胶粒的微观结构和形态，并对共聚物乳液的流变性，稳定性及其交联后的溶胀进行了测试，考察了丁氧基甲基丙烯酰胺及其含量和聚合方式对乳液性能的影响。     

丙烯酸酯乳液原位接枝共混高抗冲聚氯乙烯的制备与性能EI北大核心CSCD

首先以丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为单体,1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸铵为反应型乳化剂,聚苯乙烯乳液为种子乳液,通过种子乳液聚合工艺,制得了粒径约200 nm且窄粒径分布的丙烯酸酯共聚物(ACR)乳液。然后将该ACR乳液直接加入氯乙烯的悬浮聚合体系中,制得了ACR乳液原位悬浮接枝共混型高抗冲聚氯乙烯(PVC)复合树脂。用红外光谱、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜对树脂结构和形貌等进行了表征;考察了不同聚合温度下所得的ACR乳液对最终PVC复合树脂力学性能的影响;考察了悬浮聚合工艺中ACR乳液的加料顺序对悬浮聚合稳定性、PVC复合树脂的颗粒形态和力学性能的影响。结果表明,所得PVC复合树脂由ACR、氯乙烯在ACR上接枝所得共聚物及PVC均聚物组成,该原位增韧PVC复合树脂的抗冲性能提高非常显著。尤其是70℃乳液聚合所得ACR乳液用于氯乙烯的悬浮聚合,且当ACR质量分数为6.0%时的PVC复合树脂的缺口冲击强度可达常规SG-5型PVC树脂的7.4倍。此外,在氯乙烯单体液滴分散好后再加ACR乳液进行悬浮聚合,所得PVC复合树脂的颗粒形态和抗冲性能较好,且聚合过程中无粘釜、无粘轴现象。     

丙烯酸酯乳液原位接枝共混高抗冲聚氯乙烯的制备与性能

首先以丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为单体,1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸铵为反应型乳化剂,聚苯乙烯乳液为种子乳液,通过种子乳液聚合工艺,制得了粒径约200 nm且窄粒径分布的丙烯酸酯共聚物(ACR)乳液。然后将该ACR乳液直接加入氯乙烯的悬浮聚合体系中,制得了ACR乳液原位悬浮接枝共混型高抗冲聚氯乙烯(PVC)复合树脂。用红外光谱、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜对树脂结构和形貌等进行了表征;考察了不同聚合温度下所得的ACR乳液对最终PVC复合树脂力学性能的影响;考察了悬浮聚合工艺中ACR乳液的加料顺序对悬浮聚合稳定性、PVC复合树脂的颗粒形态和力学性能的影响。结果表明,所得PVC复合树脂由ACR、氯乙烯在ACR上接枝所得共聚物及PVC均聚物组成,该原位增韧PVC复合树脂的抗冲性能提高非常显著。尤其是70℃乳液聚合所得ACR乳液用于氯乙烯的悬浮聚合,且当ACR质量分数为6.0%时的PVC复合树脂的缺口冲击强度可达常规SG-5型PVC树脂的7.4倍。此外,在氯乙烯单体液滴分散好后再加ACR乳液进行悬浮聚合,所得PVC复合树脂的颗粒形态和抗冲性能较好,且聚合过程中无粘釜、无粘轴现象。     

MMA-BA-DMAEMA三元共聚物胶乳的电解质稳定性

采用间歇及半连续乳液聚合方式,合成得到了甲基丙烯酸甲酸酯－丙烯酸丁酯－甲基丙烯酸二氨基乙酯三元共聚物胶乳,系统研究了乳化剂类型,复合配比及用量,聚合温度,聚合方式和官团单体含量对共聚物乳液耐电解质稳定性的影响。     

阳离子型含氟丙烯酸酯的制备及防水防油性能

以甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯(FM)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、苯乙烯(St)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)、丙烯酸十八酯(ODA)为原料,采用无皂乳液聚合制得了阳离子含氟丙烯酸酯多元共聚物乳液。对聚合物的结构、组成进行了表征研究,研究了共聚乳液膜表面的性质。结果表明,随着共聚物中全氟单体含量的增加,共聚物膜的表面能显著降低,当全氟单体的含量达到25%(质量分数)时,其表面能降低到19.99 mJ/m;并通过热处理表明了含氟单体随温度、时间增大更容易向表面富集的现象,当达到60min,120℃时水和油接触角分别达到了110°和83°。     

超临界二氧化碳中CTFE和VAc共聚物的合成及性能

以超临界二氧化碳流体为反应介质,制备了醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)和三氟氯乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物。研究了单体配比、引发剂用量、压力及温度对反应的影响,并对产物的结构及膜性能等进行了表征。实验结果表明,通过控制反应条件可以得到不同分子量、不同氟含量的共聚物,且共聚物中氟含量的不同是聚合物膜对溶剂接触角变化的原因。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...