UHTCC单轴受压韧性的试验测定与评价指标

韧性指标是评价超高韧性水泥基复合材料(简称UHTCC)独特力学性能的重要指标。对比各国关于钢纤维混凝土弯曲韧性的测定与评价标准,该文以美国ASTMC1018标准、德国纤维混凝土标准和奥地利喷射混凝土标准为基础,分别采用等效抗压强度feq,n和开裂后的变形能Anp、韧性等级、评价纤维增韧作用的相对韧性指标RT1和评价UHTCC峰值后韧性的相对韧性指标RT2,从不同的角度详细定量地评价UHTCC的受压韧性性能。通过对棱柱体抗压强度在33MPa―52MPa之间的6组不同抗压强度的UHTCC进行单轴抗压试验表明,随着棱柱体抗压强度的增加,UHTCC开裂后所吸收的变形能和等效抗压强度增加;相对韧性指标计算结果表明添加体积分数为2%的PVA纤维使UHTCC的韧性性能达到相应基体韧性性能的2.6倍―3.8倍;使UHTCC峰值后的韧性性能达到峰值前的1.7倍―2.2倍,并证明纤维的作用主要体现在基体开裂后的韧性提高上;UHTCC的受压韧性等级主要在一级和二级之间。各组韧性指标均证明UHTCC具有较高的受压韧性性能和塑性变形能力,以及开裂后的高荷载承受能力。     

超低温作用对超高韧性水泥基复合材料抗弯性能的影响

超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)作为一种具有良好力学性能和耐久性能的新型复合材料,弯曲韧性是评价其力学性能的重要指标。为探究UHTCC材料在超低温环境下的抗弯性能,设计了5组不同纤维体积掺量的UHTCC新材料,经过深冷处理后进行四点弯曲试验,对其进行等效强度分析,提出一种适用于超低温作用后的韧性评价方式,为UHTCC在超低温领域的广泛应用提供理论基础和技术支持。研究结果表明：超低温作用后UHTCC的弯拉强度显著提升,当温度降低至-160℃,UHTCC的弯拉强度最大可提升67.67%,但表现出明显的脆性;超低温环境下1.5vol%UHTCC的强度及韧性性能提升效果最佳,但超出最优掺量后,UHTCC的性能反而略微降低。     

钢丝网-喷射UHTCC薄板抗弯性能试验研究

喷射超高韧性水泥基复合材料(喷射UHTCC)具有显著的应变硬化和多缝开裂特性,但其抗拉和抗弯强度不高,因此工程中常常考虑与钢丝网组合使用。本文对喷射UHTCC、钢丝网喷射UHTCC和钢丝网复合砂浆的薄板试件分别进行了四点弯曲试验。其中,选取的钢丝网复合砂浆薄板直接拉伸的失稳破坏强度与喷射UHTCC薄板接近。试验表明,钢丝网喷射UHTCC薄板的抗弯强度和极限弯曲挠度分别比喷射UHTCC薄板提高了69.8%和59.0%,也比钢丝网复合砂浆薄板提高了3.9倍和73.3%。     

试件厚度对超高韧性水泥基复合材料弯曲性能的影响

通过不同厚度超高韧性水泥基复合材料（UHTCC）试件的四点弯曲试验,研究了厚度对其弯曲性能的影响,并通过理论量纲分析做了进一步解释。结合ASTM C 1609标准,提出了以单位塑性铰区体积的能量消耗Tv为参数的韧性评价方法。试验结果表明：不同厚度试件的名义弯曲应力-弯曲应变曲线与裂缝宽度变化曲线几乎重合;挠度随厚度增大...     

聚乙烯纤维制备超高延性水泥基复合材料的试验研究

为进一步提升高性能水泥基复合材料的拉伸能力,研制了以短切超高分子量聚乙烯纤维作为增强材料,以水泥砂浆为基体的超高延性水泥基复合材料(Ultra-high ductility cementitious composites, UHDCC)。本研究通过直接拉伸、单轴抗压及三点弯曲梁试验研究了UHDCC的基本力学性能。直拉试验表明,UHDCC具有优异的应变硬化和多重裂缝开裂性能。在极限状态下,UHDCC的裂纹间距小于2 mm,最大平均裂纹宽度小于200 μm;材料的平均抗拉强度为7.28 MPa,峰值强度处的平均拉伸应变达到12%,最大拉伸应变达到13%以上,具有超高的拉伸延性。轴压试验表明,超过峰值强度后,UHDCC在80%和60%的抗压峰值强度处的应变分别约为2.8%和7.0%,说明材料具有强大的受压变形能力。材料的弯曲韧性指数I10、I30、I50、I60分别为10.1、33.1、54.4、65.6,表明UHDCC具有优异的弯曲变形能力。此外,三点弯曲缺口梁和单裂缝试验结果表明,UHDCC的超高延性源于聚乙烯纤维超高的裂缝桥接能力。     

超低温对超高韧性水泥基复合材料抗压韧性影响试验

超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)是一种具有超高韧性及良好耐久性能的新型复合材料,其抗压韧性是评价其工作性能的重要指标。通过对5组不同纤维掺量的UHTCC在超低温作用后的单轴受压试验,研究超低温作用下UHTCC的抗压韧性评价指标,并对其变形能力进行等效分析,为UHTCC在超低温环境下的工程应用提供理论支持。研究结果表明:在一定范围内,随着纤维体积掺量的增加,UHTCC的抗压强度、抗压韧性均有明显提升,而超出最优掺量后性能反而略有下降;超低温对于UHTCC的抗压强度具有一定的提升作用,当温度降低至?196℃,其轴向抗压强度最大可提升约74.42%,但其脆性性能更明显。      

高性能环保型尾矿砂水泥基复合材料增韧性能研究

针对项目组研发的高性能环保型建材即替代比率达50%的尾矿砂PVA纤维水泥基复合材料,采用立方体抗压实验、薄板四点弯曲实验和薄板拉伸实验,分别测得了该复合材料的抗压强度、弯曲荷载-挠度位移和拉伸应力-应变等特性曲线,获得了该复合材料的弯曲韧性和弯曲强度以及断裂能和抗拉强度。通过实验,研究PVA纤维掺量和水胶比等因素对尾矿砂PVA纤维水泥基复合材料增强和增韧性能的影响。实验结果表明,配合比对尾矿砂PVA纤维增韧水泥基复合材料的力学性能有显著影响;合适的配合比可使该复合材料获得准应变硬化和多裂缝特征,使其具有良好的弯曲韧性和抗拉延性以及较好的抗压强度、弯曲强度和抗拉强度。综合评价了尾矿砂PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料的强度、韧性及其适用性,为该环保型复合材料的工程应用提供了依据。     

不锈钢晶间腐蚀弯曲评价方法的影响因素

用嵌含有GTN延性损伤模型的ABAQUS有限元法,模拟研究了不锈钢晶间腐蚀弯曲评价方法中材料力学性能、弯曲角度和压头直径对弯曲试样塑性应变分布、延性损伤和裂纹起裂的影响规律,分析了其对晶间腐蚀弯曲评价结果的影响。结果表明：随着试样弯曲角度的增大和弯曲压头直径的减小,试样拉伸面的塑性应变增加,试样越容易产生弯曲开裂;在晶间腐蚀弯曲评价标准中,当固定弯曲角度和压头直径时,对于塑性、韧性和抗断裂综合力学性能较低的不锈钢材料,在弯曲过程中材料本身会发生开裂;因此,需要考虑材料力学性能对晶间腐蚀弯曲评价结果的影响;对于该研究中的典型的奥氏体不锈钢材料,当其弯曲断裂应变低于0．51左右时,在弯曲过程中材料本身会发生开裂,不宜用弯曲方法来评价其晶间腐蚀敏感性。     

钢质管道弯曲破坏时材料曲线的确定试验

依据ASTM-A370-13规范,对API 5LX52无缝管道钢进行了单轴拉伸试验。得到了不同取样形式下拉伸试样的应力-应变关系曲线,据此分析拉伸试样取样形式对材料特性的影响规律。利用数值仿真软件ABAQUS,以得到的材料应力-应变关系曲线作为有限元计算输入曲线,对复杂荷载作用下X52管道全尺寸弯曲破坏试验进行数值模拟并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明:采用轴向圆棒试样对应的材料曲线得到的数值计算结果与试验结果吻合最好,该取样形式下的材料曲线可以更加准确地表达钢质管道弯曲破坏时的材料特性。     

钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料受弯构件理论分析

使用超高韧性水泥基复合材料(Ultra High Toughness Cementitious Composite,简称UHTCC)取代普通混凝土可以有效控制裂缝宽度,阻止外界不利因素进入混凝土和钢筋,极大降低钢筋腐蚀的可能性,从而可以显著提高钢筋混凝土结构耐久性。UHTCC是在单轴拉伸状态下具有应变硬化特性的超高韧性材料,能够稳定地分担部分拉力。为了对钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料受弯结构构件进行更加合理的设计以节约钢材,在设计中应该考虑受拉区UHTCC拉伸承载能力。开展了钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料受弯构件的研究工作,先后完成了受弯理论分析、无腹筋长梁实验研究、试验研究与理论分析验证对比、裂缝控制分析、承载力简化计算方法等方面研究。该文依据UHTCC单轴拉伸状态下的应变硬化特性、单轴压缩状态的双直线模型以及平截面假定,进行了钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料受弯构件的理论分析,包括正截面受弯各阶段内力分析、界限配筋梁受压区高度的确定、加载至破坏整个过程的弯矩-曲率关系的确定以及跨中挠度的计算。     

Correlation of tensile and flexural responses of strain softening and strain hardening cement composites

Closed form equations for generating moment–curvature response of a rectangular beam of fiber reinforced concrete are presented. These equations can be used in conjunction with crack localization rules to predict flexural response of a beam under four point bending test. Parametric studies simulated the behavior of two classes of fiber reinforced concrete: strain softening and strain hardening materials. The simulation revealed that the direct use of uniaxial tension and compression responses under-predicted the flexural response for strain softening material while a good prediction for strain hardening material was obtained. The importance of strain softening range on the flexural response is discussed using non-dimensional post-peak parameters. Results imply that the brittleness and size effect are more pronounced in the flexural response of brittle materials, while more accurate predictions are obtained with ductile materials. It is also demonstrated that correlations of tensile and flexural results can be established using normalized uniaxial tension and compression models with a single scaling factor.     

形变铝合金的形变硬化特性

采用单轴拉伸方法测试了LD10,LF6,LC4和LY12几种形变铝合金的形变硬化指数,分析了合金的硬化率和硬化指数与应变的关系。结果表明,这几种形变铝合金的硬化指数在不同的应变区域具有不同的变化趋势。在低应变区域,形变硬化指数呈上升趋势,在高应变区域,形变硬化指数趋于平稳。四种形变铝合金中,LF6的硬化指数最高,LY12,LD10次之,LC4最低。形变铝合金的硬化率随着应变的增加不断降低。     

Constitutive relationship of polyolefin fibre–reinforced concrete: Experimental and numerical approaches to tensile and flexural behaviour

Flexural tensile tests are usually used to evaluate the suitability of fibre‐reinforced concrete (FRC) in structural applications. The constitutive relationships of FRC are derived from such tests by using several inverse analyses. Given that the structural design of FRC is based on the residual load‐bearing capacities obtained under flexural tests, the approach to analyse fracture behaviour by means of uniaxial tensile tests would mean use of more direct and reliable constitutive curves compared with those obtained by indirect means. The significance of this paper lies in the characterisation of polyolefin fibre–reinforced concrete (PFRC) not only by using fracture flexural results tests but also by comparing such results with the direct tensile behaviour of the material obtained from uniaxial tests. This comparison would both extend the knowledge of the PFRC mechanical properties and broaden the reliability of structural design by comparing the behaviour of PFRC under flexural and tensile stresses. Moreover, the suitability of an iterative method proposed by the authors for obtaining the constitutive relations of PFRC from flexural tests has been checked by performing a series of numerical simulations of the tensile tests performed. The differences in the properties obtained in the flexural tests and the tensile tests have been assessed. The experimental results gathered from the tensile tests have been accurately reproduced by using a cohesive crack approach with trilinear softening functions by the iterative inverse analysis proposed.     

循环荷载作用下超高性能混凝土的轴拉力学性能及本构关系模型

对具有不同拉伸应变特性(应变强化和应变软化)的超高性能混凝土(Ultra high performance concrete, UHPC)进行了单调和循环荷载作用下的直接拉伸试验。试验结果表明:应变强化UHPC基体开裂后进入多点微裂纹分布的应变强化段,达到极限抗拉强度后进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;应变软化UHPC基体开裂后直接进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;循环荷载下两种类型UHPC的轴拉应力-应变曲线包络线与单调荷载下的应力-应变曲线基本一致;基于刚度退化过程建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉损伤演化方程,根据实测应力-应变曲线和试件的裂缝分布形态建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉本构关系模型,与试验结果基本吻合;采用能量法研究了应变强化UHPC两阶段轴拉本构关系在数值计算时的等效方法。最后,通过无筋应变强化UHPC抗弯试验梁的数值模拟对本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构关系模型和损伤演化方程及相关假定进行了验证,结果表明本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构模型能较好地预测UHPC弯拉构件的极限承载力,轴拉损伤变量能在宏观层面上较好地反应试件的裂缝分布状态。      

High temperature tensile properties of 316LN stainless steel investigated using automated ball indentation technique

Type 316LN stainless steel (SS) is the principal structural material for the components of sodium cooled fast reactors operating under elevated temperature conditions. In order to assess the degradation in strength of service exposed components using a small specimen testing technique such as automated ball indentation (ABI), it is necessary to carry out prior detailed ABI studies on the virgin material. In this investigation, the tensile behaviour of as-received 316LN SS were investigated at several temperatures in the range 298–973 K using ABI technique. The load-depth of indentation data measured from ABI tests was analyzed using semi-empirical relationships to obtain the tensile properties. The yield stress and the flow curves were determined by correlating ABI results with corresponding uniaxial tensile test results. Trend curve for tensile strength with temperature, as estimated from ABI tests, exhibited a plateau region in the temperature around 823 K, similar to uniaxial tensile tests. The variations of strength coefficient, strain hardening exponent, yield ratio, hardness and uniform ductility with temperature were evaluated from ABI tests. The ABI technique was found to estimate the influence of temperature on tensile properties sensitively.     

Correlation of constitutive response of hybrid textile reinforced concrete from tensile and flexural tests

This papers addresses the disparities that exist in measuring the constitutive properties of thin section cement composites using a combination of tensile and flexural tests. It is shown that when the test results are analyzed using a simplified linear analysis, the variability between the results of tensile and flexural strength can be as high as 200–300%. Experimental results of tension and flexural tests of laminated Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) composites with alkali resistant (AR) glass, carbon, aramid, polypropylene textile fabrics, and a hybrid reinforcing system with aramid and polypropylene are presented. Correlation of material properties is studied analytically using a parametric model for simulation of flexural behavior using a closed form solution based on tensile stress–strain constitutive relation. The flexural load carrying capacity of TRC composites is computed using a back-calculation approach, and parameters for a strain hardening material model are obtained using the closed form equations. While the parametric model over predicts the simulated tensile response for carbon and polypropylene TRCs, predictions are however consistent with experimental trends for aramid and glass TRCs. Detailed discussion of the differences between backcalculated and experimental tensile properties is presented. Results can be implemented as average moment–curvature relationship in the structural design and analysis of cement composites.     

Influences of tensile pre-strain and bending pre-deflection on bending and tensile behaviors of an extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy

This paper focused on the influences of tensile pre-strain and bending pre-deflection on the three point bending and uniaxial tensile properties of an extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy. The influences of pre-strain/deflection on bending/tensile curves could be divided into three stages. The results show that: (1) In the elastic stage, considering the variation of specimen’s cross sectional area, the pre-strain/deflection did not affect the measured elastic modulus obtained from both bending and tensile tests. (2) In the transition hardening stage, the specimen presented obvious hardening behaviors on basis of the pre-strain/deflection, the phenomenon was mainly caused by the strain hardening effects produced from previous uniaxial tensile and bending processes. (3) In the large plastic deformation stage/necking stage, as the accumulation of plastic deformations caused by pre-strain/deflection were significant, the specimen’s ability to resist plastic deformation was weakened. Specially, as the tensile pre-strain increased, the bending load decrement rate gradually decreased, and as the bending pre-deflection increased, both the tensile strength and elongation sharply decreased, the accumulated irreversible plastic work promoted the damage process of the magnesium alloy. The influences of tensile pre-strain on the bending behaviors of the magnesium alloy were also analyzed via finite element method.     

Influence of palm oil fuel ash on ultimate flexural and uniaxial tensile strength of green ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites

This study focuses on the measurement of the ultimate flexural and tensile strength of GUSMRC, a new class of green ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites (GUHPFRCCs) in which 75% of the volume contains ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (UPOFA). This green concrete is currently under development at the Universiti Sains Malaysia (GUSMRC). The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential of UPOFA as a partial binder replacement for the ultimate flexural and uniaxial tensile strength of GUSMRC mixtures. Results showed that UPOFA enhances the flexural and uniaxial tensile responses of fresh UHPFRCCs. The highest flexural and uniaxial tensile strength values at the 50% replacement level after 28 days were at 42.38 MPa and 13.35 MPa, respectively, indicating the potential of utilizing UPOFA as an efficient pozzolanic mineral admixture for the production of GUSMRC with superior engineering properties.     

材料模型对1Cr18Ni9Ti管材拉伸有限元仿真的影响

为研究材料模型对有限元模拟1Cr18Ni9Ti管拉伸的影响,将管材单向拉伸试验获取的真实应力应变曲线分别拟合成线性硬化和指数硬化材料模型,并用于有限元模拟。经对比分析认为,采用真实应力应变模型的分析结果与实验结果吻合良好,并能正确显示出颈缩发生时刻和颈缩形状;采用指数硬化模型的有限元模拟结果接近真实应力应变模型,颈缩区应力应变分布略显分散;采用线性硬化模型的有限元模拟结果未能显示实际管拉伸后期的局部颈缩形状。