A preliminary study of a test for air traffic controllers.

Atest, employing the analogies format, was constructed from diagrams representing jet aircraft on a radar scope. Ss were air flight controllers; from their verbalized reactions to the test problems, sketches were prepared describing each S's attitudes and methods of handling the potential confrontations indicated. When these sketches were read to 3 members of the training staff of the Oberlin FAA Center, each judge made a perfect score in identifying the Ss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temp-to-permanent employees: A longitudinal study of stress and selection success.

Temp-to-permanent employees are temporary workers who have the opportunity to become permanent employees after a specific amount of time (e.g., generally after a 3- to 12-month period of trial work). The authors predicted that temporary worker individual differences, self-monitoring, tolerance for ambiguity, and role adjustment are related to temporary worker physiological stress and to whether temporary employees are offered permanent employment. Longitudinal data collection (pre- and postentry) resulted in data from 136 temp-to-permanent employees. Tolerance for ambiguity and role adjustment were found to be related to temporary worker stress and selection success. Self-monitoring was related to selection success for workers in an extended probationary period. These results suggest the need for further exploration and application of models of stress in understanding factors related to temporary worker success. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Tacit knowledge as a predictor of managerial success: A field study.

Tested R. K. Wagner's (1985) tacit knowledge model regarding managerial success. Male volunteers from a large Canadian organization participated in an in-house assessment center as prospective 1st-level supervisors. Ss were from 2 functional areas within the organization: 96 Ss were in engineering and 55 were in equipment. The groups were comparable in age and work experience. Data were collected using performance in a management simulation (MS) and Wagner's Business Management Tacit Knowledge Measure. Tacit knowledge scores were related to performance in the MS, but no evidence was found in support of the proposed substructure of the model. The level and significance of the intercorrelations between actual and ideal scores indicate Ss did not clearly distinguish between these 2 orientations despite the fact that the mean scores on these scales were significantly different for both groups. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Quantification of biographical data for predicting vocational rehabilitation success.

To devise an instrument based on biographical data to classify applicants for State vocational rehabilitation services in terms of success and to construct expectancy charts to indicate probability of success of future applicants. The Ss were 200 clients closed in fiscal year 1960 as being employed and 200 closed in fiscal year 1960 as being unemployed, as well as 40 in each category closed during fiscal year 1961. 86 items of personal data were obtained for key K1 and 20 selected items were obtained for key K2. Results were: variance between criterion subgroups could be maximized for classification, scores could be derived to classify clients, scores could be combined to establish expectancy charts, and K2 predicted expectancies better than K1. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of organizational citizenship behavior on performance judgments: A field study and a laboratory experiment.

The process linking organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) with performance judgments was investigated in a field and a laboratory study. In the field study, managers rated the task performance and OCB of 148 subordinates. In the laboratory research, 136 students viewed and rated videotaped segments of teaching performance that demonstrated either high or low task performance and high or low OCB. In both studies, liking and perceived affective commitment mediated the relationship between OCB and overall evaluation. Liking also mediated the relationship between OCB and reward recommendations. Further, the field study indicated that the causal motive attributed by the manager for the employee's OCB mediated the relationship between OCB and overall evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Successfully predicting career success: An application of the biographical inventory.

555 participants who provided life history data as part of a larger study on the antecedents of success in real estate sales were contacted 2 yrs later to provide data on 12 measures of general occupational success. After the 2-yr period, Ss reflected a diversity of occupations and varying degrees of success. Success data were factor analyzed to derive 3 occupational success criterion composites: Job, Personal, and Career Success. The 72 items from the biographical inventory were factor analyzed separately. Multiple regression analysis was used to relate the resultant 5 biodata factors—Social Orientation, Economic Stability, Work Ethic Orientation, Educational Achievement, and Interpersonal Confidence—to the success composites. The factors accounted for significant proportions of criterion variance for all 3 composites. Regression weights were interpreted to explain the differential importance of the factors to the 3 areas of success. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On predicting success in training for men and women: Examples from Marine Corps clerical specialties.

The presence of differences between prediction systems for men and women is investigated through a detailed study of clerical occupational specialties in the U.S. Marine Corps. When various measures of ability were used to predict success of recruits in training, sizeable differences in regression equations were found between men and women. The study showed that selected deletion of extraneous Armed Services Vocational Apptitude Battery (ASVAB) variables maintained overall predictive efficiency but did not entirely remove the differences between subgroup regressions. When the attainment of a high-school diploma was considered, however, subgroup differences between predicted scores were substantially reduced. Implications of these empirical results for the general problem of military personnel selection are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-management training for improving job performance: A field experiment involving salespeople.

In a control-group field experiment using a reversal design, 30 insurance salespeople were randomly assigned to an experimental group that received self-management training. A multivariate analysis of variance and subsequent repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed that, compared with a control condition (n= 30), training in self-management skills significantly improved job performance as assessed through both objective and subjective measures. Performance improvement continued with time, and increases were sustained across a 12-month period posttraining. Subsequent training of the control group produced similar increases in self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and job performance. Potential mediating effects of self-efficacy and outcome expectancies on the self-management-performance relationship were explored and partially supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Integrating marital and individual therapy for incest survivors: A case study.

Presents a case study of therapeutic change in a 35-yr-old female incest survivor requesting marital therapy for relationship problems. Experiential individual therapy was integrated with emotionally focused marital therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Experience-based mitigation of age-related performance declines: Evidence from air traffic control.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 15(2) of Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (see record 2009-09189-003). In the article, the URL published for the supplemental material was incorrect. The correct URL is http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014947.supp] Previous research has found age-related deficits in a variety of cognitive processes. However, some studies have demonstrated age-related sparing on tasks where individuals have substantial experience, often attained over many decades. Here, the authors examined whether decades of experience in a fast-paced demanding profession, air traffic control (ATC), would enable older controllers to perform at high levels of proficiency. The authors also investigated whether older controllers would show diminished age-related decrements on domain-relevant cognitive abilities. Both young and old controllers and noncontrollers performed a battery of cognitive and ATC tasks. Results indicate that although high levels of experience can reduce the magnitude of age-related decline on the component processes that underlie complex task performance, this sparing is limited in scope. More important, however, the authors observed experience-based sparing on simulated ATC tasks, with the sparing being most evident on the more complex air traffic control tasks. These results suggest that given substantial experience, older adults may be quite capable of performing at high levels of proficiency on fast-paced demanding real-world tasks. The implications of these findings for global skilled labor shortages are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children

The lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat was injected with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) to see if geniculo-cortical axons terminate on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive (VIP-IR) neurons of the primary visual cortex. PHA-L-labelled boutons attached to VIP-IR perikarya and dendrites were identified as presynaptic parts of asymmetrical synapses. This geniculo-cortical projection to VIP-IR cells in the visual cortex and comparable findings in the somatosensory cortex suggest that sensory input from specific thalamic nuclei may influence local circuit inhibition and the metabolic state within the cortical domain via VIP-IR neurons.     

Toward a general model of self-regulated study: An analysis of selection of items for study and self-paced study time.

People of all ages are more likely to choose to restudy items (or allocate more study time to items) that are perceived as more difficult to learn than as less difficult to learn. Existing models of self-regulated study adequately account for this inverse relation between perceived difficulty of learning and these 2 measures of self-regulated study (item selection and self-paced study). However, these models cannot account for positive relations between perceived difficulty of learning and item selection, which are demonstrated in the present investigation. Namely, in Experiments 1 and 2, the authors described conditions in which people more often selected to study items judged as less difficult than as more difficult to learn. This positive relation was not demonstrated for self-paced study, which was always negatively correlated with judged difficulty to learn. In Experiments 3 through 6, the authors explored explanations for this dissociation between item selection and self-paced study. Discussion focuses on a general model of self-regulated study that includes planning, discrepancy reduction, and working-memory constraints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

School success and social class: An adoption study.

The high rate of school failure in lower-class children has been hypothesized to arise either from genetic social class differences or from cultural/environmental disadvantages. This study sought to evaluate the strength of the incidence of social class on school failure. To separate genetic factors and prenatal environment from postnatal rearing conditions, 87 children relinquished at birth and adopted before the age of 3 yrs into different social classes were studied. School failure was assessed when subjects were in late adolescence. Results indicated that the higher the adoptive parental social class, the fewer were the repeated grades in the adoptees. The most salient finding is a significant correlation (r?=?–.37) between the social class of the adoptive fathers and repetition of grade in the adoptees. In each adoptive social class, the rate of school failures for the adopted children is similar to the school failure rate of the reference group of biological children from the same social class, except for a slight difference in upper-class families. No significant selective placement was observed. Concordances and discrepancies with previous studies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor-subordinate interactions: A laboratory experiment and field study.

The hypothesis was tested that subordinates' impression-management tactics and performance affect supervisor–subordinate exchange quality by influencing supervisors' liking for and performance ratings of their subordinates. In Study 1, 96 undergraduates completed measures of liking, performance, and exchange quality after interacting with a subordinate who engaged in a high or low level of impression management and performed at a high, average, or low level of competence. LISREL results were consistent with the proposed model. In Study 2, 84 bank employees rated how frequently they engaged in each of 24 impression-management behaviors. Factor analysis revealed three types of tactics: job-focused, self-focused, and supervisor-focused. The employees' direct supervisors completed measures of liking, performance, and exchange quality. LISREL results indicated that supervisor-focused tactics affected supervisors' liking for subordinates, which in turn influenced exchange quality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Longitudinal study of marital success and failure.

Administered the Bentler Psychological Inventory, the Bentler Interactive Psychological Inventory, the Sexual Behavior Inventory, and a background questionnaire to 77 newly married couples. Four yrs later these couples were followed up to determine their marital status and satisfaction (the Locke and Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale and a rating scale of 19 potential marital problem areas). Findings indicate that (a) correlational similarity as well as mean differentiation between partners was higher in the still-married group than the divorced group; (b) accuracy of self-perception was marginally reflective of marital success; (c) living together before marriage had no apparent effect on the outcome of marriage; (d) divorced couples appeared to face qualitatively different problems than married couples; and (e) longitudinal prediction of marital adjustment was possible. It is suggested that variation in marital outcome is most accurately predicted from personality and not demographic variables, based largely on data from women. (41 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A theory and model of conflict detection in air traffic control: Incorporating environmental constraints.

A performance theory for conflict detection in air traffic control is presented that specifies how controllers adapt decisions to compensate for environmental constraints. This theory is then used as a framework for a model that can fit controller intervention decisions. The performance theory proposes that controllers apply safety margins to ensure separation between aircraft. These safety margins are formed through experience and reflect the biasing of decisions to favor safety over accuracy, as well as expectations regarding uncertainty in aircraft trajectory. In 2 experiments, controllers indicated whether they would intervene to ensure separation between pairs of aircraft. The model closely predicted the probability of controller intervention across the geometry of problems and as a function of controller experience. When controller safety margins were manipulated via task instructions, the parameters of the model changed in the predicted direction. The strength of the model over existing and alternative models is that it better captures the uncertainty and decision biases involved in the process of conflict detection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Fear of success in 1965 and 1974: A follow-up study.

72 men and 86 women from the 177 college students in M. S. Horner's original 1965 fear-of-success study were interviewed by mail. Measures of fear of success, achievement motivation, and postcollege experiences, particularly pregnancy, were obtained. The 1965 data measuring fear of success and achievement motivation were recoded for comparison with the 1974 data. Recoded 1965 fear-of-success scores indicated a higher frequency, particularly for men, than previously reported, suggesting that recent studies indicating an increase in men since 1965 may reflect in part more liberal coding. Comparison between recoded 1965 and 1974 fear-of-success scores yielded the following results: (a) Women, but not men, showed consistency in their scores. (b) Although in 1965 women had more fear of success than men, these same women 9 yrs later had less. (c) Fear of success in women decreased significantly, while fear of success in men increased but not significantly. Additional analyses led to a questioning of the validity of the fear-of-success measure for men. The measure for women, on the other hand, received support to supplement Horner's original validation: Women high in fear of success in 1965 were significantly more likely than those low in fear of success to become pregnant when on the verge of success relative to their husbands or boyfriends. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

小型烧结实验设备的开发

比较分析了现有的两种烧结实验设备的优缺点,在此基础上研究开发了一套更理想的实验方案及相应设备,即小型烧结实验机.此设备具有制造成本低廉、安装简单、模拟性好、可操作性强、劳动强度低等优点.依实验需要,通过调整和改变部分工艺参数,能获得更高质量的不同性能的烧结矿成品,并可制成大量的烧结矿试样.结合其它相关设备可对烧结矿的性能进行广泛的研究,能轻易获得更多的实验数据,从而为工业生产提供更准确的理论依据.     

Task-unrelated thought frequency as a function of age: A laboratory study.

Using retrospective reports, Giambra (1977–1978, 1979–1980) found an inverse relation between age and daydreaming/mind wandering. To deal with an alternate explanation of these results based on age-dependent memorial deficiencies and attitudes toward daydreaming/mind wandering and to provide independent convergent validity, five experiments were carried out. Task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) were taken as the operational definition of daydreams/mind wanderings and their frequency recorded in vigilance tasks. All five experiments found an inverse relation between age (17–92 years, N?=?471) and TUTs, confirming the reliability and validity of the earlier studies. The age-dependent reduction in TUTs was considered as evidence of reduced nonconscious information processing with increased age. The results of this study were incompatible with a recent theory that predicts for older individuals an increased input of irrelevant thoughts into working memory due to the older individual's reduced inhibitory control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)