共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Do job attitudes cause performance, or is it the other way around? To answer this perennial question, the author conducted meta-analytic regression analyses on 16 studies that had repeatedly measured performance and job attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction or organizational commitment). The effect of job attitudes on subsequent performance, with baseline performance controlled, was weak but statistically significant (β = .06). The effect was slightly stronger for commitment than for satisfaction and depended negatively on time lag. Effects of performance on subsequent job attitudes were elusive (β = .00 across all studies), which suggests that job attitudes are more likely to influence performance than vice versa. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
2.
The 1st author (1980) and J. H. Lingle (see record 1984-15004-001) argued that remembered behaviors, previous trait inferences, or both may be accessed and used in making new trait inferences. This argument is related to a spreading activation model of memory, and factors that should affect the relative accessibility of inferences and behaviors during trait judgment processes are suggested. A study with 112 undergraduates varied several of these factors and assessed accessibility, using response-time methods. Results support the model's prediction that prompting inference formation facilitates subsequent trait judgment response times, but only when relevant behavior memories have not been recently primed. It is theorized that the inference manipulations used in this study strengthened the direct pathway to a relevant trait concept, but that the strength of this pathway was immaterial to judgment response times when a "proximal prime" directed retrieval efforts along an alternative "behavioral" route to the trait information. Results also suggest that the proximal behavior prime facilitated trait responses among Ss who had not been induced to make trait inferences, but slowed trait responses among Ss who had previously been induced to make trait inferences. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
3.
Five alternative information processing models that relate memory for evidence to judgments based on the evidence are identified in the current social cognition literature: independent processing, availability, biased retrieval, biased encoding, and incongruity-biased encoding. A distinction between 2 types of judgment tasks, memory-based vs online, is introduced and is related to the 5 process models. In 3 experiments, using memory-based tasks where the availability model described Ss' thinking, direct correlations between memory and judgment measures were obtained. In a 4th experiment, using online tasks where any of the remaining 4 process models may apply, prediction of the memory–judgment relationship was equivocal but usually followed the independence model prediction of zero correlation. It is concluded that memory and judgment will be directly related when the judgment was based directly on the retrieval of evidence information in memory-based judgment tasks. (61 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
4.
Enkvist Tommy; Newell Ben; Juslin Peter; Olsson Henrik 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,32(1):163
Previous studies have suggested better learning when people actively intervene rather than when they passively observe the stimuli in a judgment task. In 4 experiments, the authors investigated the hypothesis that this improvement is associated with a shift from exemplar memory to cue abstraction. In a multiple-cue judgment task with continuous cues, the data replicated the improvement with intervention and participants who experimented more actively produced more accurate judgments. In a multiple-cue judgment task with binary cues, intervention produced poorer accuracy and participants who experimented more actively produced poorer judgments. These results provide no support for a representational shift but suggest that the improvement with active intervention may be limited to certain tasks and environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
5.
Bayen Ute J.; Erdfelder Edgar; Bearden J. Neil; Lozito Jeffrey P. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,32(5):1003
Hindsight bias is the phenomenon that after people are presented with the correct answer to a question, their judgment regarding their own past answer to this question is biased toward the correct answer. In three experiments, younger and older adults gave numerical responses to general-knowledge questions and later attempted to recall their responses. For some questions, the correct answer was provided during recall (Experiment 1) or before recall (Experiments 2 and 3). Multinomial model-based analyses show age differences in both recollection bias and reconstruction bias when the correct judgment was in working memory during the recall phase. The authors discuss implications for theories of cognitive aging and theories of hindsight bias. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
Results of 2 experiments with undergraduates (N = 35) support the following hypotheses: (a) Ss judge acquaintances more extremely on the "marked" (e.g., weak) than on the "unmarked" (e.g., strong) poles of dichotomous constructs represented by pairs of antonymous adjectives. (b) Ss use the unmarked poles of such constructs to describe their acquaintances more often than they use their marked opposites. (c) The greater the relative frequency with which an S uses the unmarked pole of a particular construct to characterize his acquaintances, the more useful he regards that construct for describing persons and the more extremely he rates his acquaintances on it. (French summary) (24 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
8.
In a laboratory study using undergraduate students (N?=?200), perceived task importance was found to moderate the relationship between goal level and performance. Moreover, participants performed better when both the goal and performance were public rather than anonymous. These findings suggest that by manipulating task importance and publicness of performance, it is possible to influence the impact that the difficulty of specific goals have on performance. The results are consistent with our hypotheses that the motivation to preserve one's self-image and the motivation to preserve one's public-image are two factors that determine effort and persistence devoted to assigned goals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
9.
Prior research on emotion congruency has tended to focus on either the effects of mood states or of personality traits on cognition. The aim of the present research was to explore when and how personality traits and mood states interact to influence emotion-congruent memory and judgment. In Study 1, participants filled out measures of personality and natural mood and then completed a series of memory and judgment tasks. The same procedure was used in Study 2, except a positive or negative mood state was induced prior to completion of the cognitive tasks. Extraversion and positive affectivity were related to retrieval of positive memories and the tendency to make positive judgments. Neuroticism and negative affectivity were related to retrieval of negative memories and the tendency to make negative judgments. In addition, several significant personality by mood interaction effects on memory and judgment were obtained in Study 2, which suggests that personality and mood effects on cognition are not independent of one another. Discussion focuses on integrating mood-congruency theories with personality theories and specifying the conditions under which mood by trait interaction effects emerge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
Organization of information in memory and the performance appraisal process: Evidence from the field. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
No studies dealing with cognitive processes in performance appraisal have been conducted in field settings, raising questions about the usefulness of this research for practice. The field experiments described here, conducted in 2 organizations, were designed to evaluate interventions that laboratory research has suggested enable raters to better organize performance information in memory: structured diary keeping and structured recall. After these interventions, raters had more positive reactions to the appraisal process, were better able to recall performance information, and produced ratings that were less elevated and better able to discriminate between and within ratees. The implications of these results for practice and for cognitive research in performance appraisal are discussed, along with the limitations of these studies and the problems with criteria for evaluating ratings in the field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
11.
This meta-analysis investigated the correlation between attitudinal commitment and job performance for 3,630 employees obtained from 27 independent studies across various levels of employee tenure. Controlling for employee age and other nuisance variables, the authors found that tenure had a very strong nonlinear moderating effect on the commitment-performance correlation, with correlations tending to decrease exponentially with increasing tenure. These findings do not appear to be the result of differences across studies in terms of the type of performance measure (supervisory vs. self), type of tenure (job vs. organizational), or commitment measure (Organizational Commitment Questionnaire [L. W. Porter, R. M. Steers, R. T. Mowday, & P. V. Boulian, 1974] vs. other). The implications and future research directions of these results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
12.
This study examines J. H. Flavell, S. G. Shipstead, and K. Croft's (1978) finding that 2 1/2-year-old children can hide an object behind a screen but cannot achieve the same result by placing the screen in front of the object. Experiment 1 replicated this finding alongside a task in which children judged what a person in a picture was looking at. Performance on the move-object task approached ceiling; performances on the move-screen and looking-where tasks were highly correlated even after age and control task performance were partialed out (r=.54, pengagement, a precursor to a mature understanding of attention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
13.
In immediate serial recall tasks, high-frequency words are recalled better than low-frequency words. This has been attributed to high-frequency words' being better represented and providing more effective support to a redintegration process at retrieval (C. Hulme et al., 1997). In studies of free recall, there is evidence that frequency of word co-occurrence, rather than word frequency per se, may explain the recall advantage enjoyed by high-frequency words (J. Deese, 1960). The authors present evidence that preexposing pairs of low-frequency words, so as to create associative links between them, has substantial beneficial effects on immediate serial recall performance. These benefits, which are not attributable to simple familiarization with the words per se, do not occur for high-frequency words. These findings indicate that associative links between items in long-term memory have important effects on short-term memory performance and suggest that the effects of word frequency in short-term memory tasks are related to differences in interitern associations in long-term memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
14.
Smith Glenn E.; Petersen Ronald C.; Ivnik Robert J.; Malec James F.; Tangalos Eric G. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,11(2):272
Between 1992 and 1993, the Memory Function Questionnaire General Frequency of Forgetting Scale (MFQ-GEN), the Symptom Checklist-90—Revised General Severity Index (GSI), and Mayo Cognitive Factor Scales Learning and Retention (MCFS-LRN and MCFS-RET) current and change scores were obtained for 294 of 397 (74% ) participants, ages 55–97 years, originally assessed in a 1988–1990 normative study. In multiple regression modeling, the GSI and MCFS-LRN current score contributed 20% and 3%, respectively, to MFQ-GEN variance. Thus, emotional status was a better predictor of subjective memory ratings than either absolute objective memory performance or objective longitudinal memory change. Persons who developed cognitive impairment over the longitudinal interval reported greater memory problems, but memory complaints had little sensitivity in identifying these persons. In an approximate census sample of these older people, minor memory problems were reported to be frequent but not serious. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
15.
Fiedler Klaus; Armbruster Thomas; Nickel Stefanie; Walther Eva; Asbeck Judith 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,71(5):861
Merely thinking about a proposition can increase its subjective truth, even when it is initially denied. Propositions may trigger inferences that depend not on evidence for truth but only on the semantic match with relevant knowledge. In a series of experiments, participants were presented with questions implying positive or negative judgments of discussants in a videotaped talk show. Subsequent ratings were biased toward the question contents, even when the judges themselves initially denied the questions. However, this constructive bias is subject to epistemic constraints. Judgments were biased only when knowledge about the target's role (active agent vs. passive recipient role) was matched by the semantic-linguistic implications of propositions (including action verbs vs. state verbs) . (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
16.
Age differences in causal judgment are consistently greater for preventative/negative relationships than for generative/positive relationships. In this study, a feature analytic procedure (Mandel & Lehman, 1998) was used to determine whether this effect might be due to differences in young and older adults’ integration of contingency evidence during causal induction. To reduce the impact of age-related changes in learning/memory, the authors presented contingency evidence for preventative, noncontingent, and generative relationships in summary form; the meaningfulness of causal context was varied to induce participants to integrate greater or lesser amounts of this evidence. Young adults showed greater flexibility in their integration processes than did older adults. In an abstract causal context, there were no age differences in causal judgment or integration, but in meaningful contexts, young adults’ judgments for preventative relationships were more accurate than older adults’ and young adults assigned more weight to the contingency evidence confirming these relationships. These differences were mediated by age-related changes in processing speed. The decline in this basic cognitive resource may place boundaries on the amount or type of evidence that older adults can integrate for causal judgment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
17.
On the basis of an interesting structural equation analysis, K. L. Siedlecki, T. A. Salthouse, and D. E. Berish (see record 2005-02476-002) argued that "it may not be meaningful to refer to source memory as a construct distinct from episodic memory" (p. 31). This commentary highlights that this same point could also be made on conceptual grounds. To suggest that source and episodic memory are distinct concepts would confound tasks with theoretical constructs. All episodic tasks involve making attributions about the origin of mental experiences (source monitoring). Conversely, source memory tasks are designed to investigate episodic memory. No task is special, but each may be useful, depending on the focus of interest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
18.
19.
Reports the results of meta-analytic integration of the relation between group cohesiveness and performance. Overall, the cohesive–performance effect was highly significant and of small magnitude. The effect was stronger in correlational studies than in experimental studies. The effect was also stronger in smaller groups than in larger groups and stronger among real groups than among artificial groups. The cohesive–performance effect is due primarily to commitment to task rather than interpersonal attraction or group pride. A meta-analytic cross-lagged panel correlation analysis suggested that the most direct effect might be from performance to cohesiveness rather than from cohesiveness to performance. Discussion considers the implications of these results for future research on group cohesiveness and performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
20.
Weingartner Herbert; Eckardt Michael; Grafman Jordan; Molchan Susan; Putnam Karen; Rawlings Robert; Sunderland Trey 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,7(3):385
Patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n?=?37), alcohol amnestic disorder (AMD; n?=?9), major depression (n?=?16), as well as elderly normal volunteers (n?=?48), are differentially sensitive to the effects of repetition on memory. Three learning and memory procedures were used to demonstrate that repeated words were more likely to be recalled by elderly normal volunteers than by AD patients. This insensitivity to repetition effects in AD is attributed to an impairment in generating information from semantic memory, which forms the basis of the cognitive context that is used to rehearse and encode to-be-remembered words. In contrast, depressed patients were particularly sensitive to the effects of repetition on recall. AMD patients also recalled more words that were repeated than words that were presented only once, but this effect was attenuated compared with the response expressed in normal volunteers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献