添加Nb元素对TiZr基非晶复合材料性能的影响

使用铜模铸造法制备(Ti_45.7Zr₃₃Ni₃Cu_5.8Be_12.5)₍(1-0.01x))Nb_x(x=0、2、4、6、8和10,记为Nb0、Nb2、Nb4、Nb6、Nb8和Nb10)的Ti Zr基非晶合金复合材料,研究了添加Nb元素对Ti Zr基非晶复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,Nb元素含量的提高使材料中β相的晶粒尺寸更大、体积分数提高和形变诱发马氏体相变受到抑制。Nb元素的添加,使这种非晶复合材料的塑性大大提高,而屈服强度降低。值得注意的是,Nb元素的添加还提高了非晶复合材料力学性能的可重复性。在Nb0～Nb4等具有形变诱发相变的非晶复合材料生成的小板条α’’马氏体,能诱导多重剪切带的生成。在Nb6～Nb10这种未发生形变诱发相变行为的非晶复合材料中,大量位错在β相中产生并在界面处积累形成位错台阶,从而引发多重剪切带的形成,最终使非晶复合材料的塑性提高。     

羟基磷灰石／TiO2生物活性复合涂层的研究进展

以钛及合金为基体、HA作涂层的复合材料作为植入物应用很普遍．HA涂层与钛及合金基体的结合强度较低，易出现界面剥落现象；锐钛矿型TiO2陶瓷具有较好的生物相容性，能有效地隔离植入体和生物机体，而且能提高涂层和界面的强度，故制备HA／TiO2生物复合涂层已成为国内外学者的研究热点之一。综述了HA／TiO2生物复合涂层的研究进展。     

低模量高强度钛合金的研究进展

介绍了近年来低模量高强度钛合金的成分选择、设计方法及研究进展，讨论了合金元素添加量对合金力学性能的影响，并对这种低模量高强度钛合金的应用前景作出了展望。     

Development and characterization of β-type Ti-Zr-Nb-Sn dental implant materials

To develop new materials of proper elastic modulus and biocompatibility for dental implants, Ti-2Zr-xNb-xSn (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) and Ti-2Zr-xNb-xMo (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) alloys were designed and fabricated. Effects of alloying elements on properties and the feasibility of application in dentistry are analyzed. It is indicated that Nb, Sn and Mo obviously influence the phase compositions of Ti-2Zr-based biological alloys. With the increase of alloying element content, all the alloys tend to form a single β-Ti phase. Ti-2Zr-xNb-xSn alloys exhibit better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance than the Ti-2Zr-xNb-xMo alloys. The Ti-2Zr-0.1Nb-0.1Sn alloy has proper elastic modulus (14.72 GPa) (which is very close to the natural bones), excellent corrosion resistance and comprehensive mechanical properties, and is considered as ideal candidate for implant materials.     

Deformation mechanism analysis of fcc metals by GPF

The second nearest-neighbor modified embedded atom method (2NN-MEAM) is used to calculate the generalized planar fault (GPF) energies of the fcc metals Al, Ni and Cu. In this method, the twinning tendency is consistent in the criteria of the γ_sf and γ_usf/γ_utf values, that is, deformation twinning is most preferable in Cu and rarely seen in Al. While full dislocation is easy to be observed in Al for its lowest γ_sf/γ_usf and highest γ_usf/γ_utf values. Even in nanomaterials, the relatively low γ_usf/γ_utf value can be the reason for a more rigorous condition in Al to create a twin than Cu, which is also evidenced in experiments. The GPF energy increases with vertical expansion and the magnitude of the increase is determined by Young's modulus of the metal to a certain extent.     

Acoustic emission responses of plasma-sprayed alumina-3% titania deposits

Free standing alumina-3% titania samples were prepared by gas- and water-stabilized plasma (GSP and WSP) spraying. These free standing forms consisted of metastable γ- and δ-alumina, as well as -Al₂O₃. The microstructures of the materials were similar for both plasma spraying methods and typically exhibit distinct boundaries around splats, columnar grains, and inter- and intra-lamellar porosity. The modulus of rupture (MOR) and porosity were also similar for both GSP- and WSP-sprayed specimens. Four point bend tests with in situ acoustic emission (AE) were used to study the cracking behavior of these materials. Catastrophic failure was observed for GSP-sprayed samples while WSP-samples exhibited microcracking before failure. The amplitude and energy distributions were also investigated and it was thereby determined that the percentage of macrocracks for GSP-sprayed samples is much larger than for WSP-sprayed samples. The processing effects, which induced differences in microstructure, can account for the differences in AE responses.     

合成具有高效光催化活性的片状β-Bi2O3的一种新方法

采用萃取-反萃-热分解法以辉铋矿的盐酸浸出液为原料制备了层片状的β-Bi₂O₃。所制备的样品分别用X衍射仪及透射电镜对其物相及形貌进行表征, 以罗丹明B为污染物研究了其光催化活性。结果表明: 所制备的β-Bi₂O₃是一种层状的纳米片, 具有较低的禁带宽度。在实验条件下, 对罗丹明B进行4 h的降解, 降解率达到99.23%, 样品的重复降解实验还表现出良好的循环稳定性。     

Corrosion of bio implants

Chemical stability, mechanical behaviour and biocompatibility in body fluids and tissues are the basic requirements for successful application of implant materials in bone fractures and replacements. Corrosion is one of the major processes affecting the life and service of orthopaedic devices made of metals and alloys used as implants in the body. Among the metals and alloys known, stainless steels (SS), Co-Cr alloys and titanium and its alloys are the most widely used for the making of biodevices for extended life in human body. Incidences of failure of stainless steel implant devices reveal the occurrence of significant localised corroding viz., pitting and crevice corrosion. Titanium forms a stable TiO₂ film which can release titanium particles under wear into the body environment. To reduce corrosion and achieve better biocompatibility, bulk alloying of stainless steels with titanium and nitrogen, surface alloying by ion implantation of stainless steels and titanium and its alloys, and surface modification of stainless steel with bioceramic coatings are considered potential methods for improving the performance of orthopaedic devices. This review discusses these issues in depth and examines emerging directions.     

Microstructural variation of a cast Ti48Al2W0.5Si alloy during quenching and tempering

By tempering the quenched samples in the single alpha region, a very fine fully-lamellar microstructure (170–250 μm) was obtained in the homogenized Ti48Al2W0.5Si alloys with an initial grain size of about 460 and 860 μm, respectively. The refining effect was found to be greatly dependent on the type of quenched microstructures which is controlled by prior cooling rate, but little on the initial grain size which is determined by homogenization condition. With the cooling rate increasing, the following -decomposed products were observed: the lamellar structure, the Widmanstatten laths, the feathery γ plates, the massive γ and very fine indiscernible lamellar laths. The massive γ structure consists of fine γ domains containing abundant dislocations, stacking faults and antiphase boundaries. While the feathery γ structure comprises of slightly misoriented γ plates with relatively low density of dislocations, but no stacking faults and antiphase boundaries. During tempering, formation of new laths in the feathery γ structure is mainly along the γ plate boundaries with a length comparable to the γ plates. In contrast, recrystallization occurs in the massive γ structure by nucleation of very fine laths on stacking faults, responsible for the noticeable grain refinement. Long-time homogenization slightly retards the massive transformation but favours the formation of feathery γ and indiscernible lamellar structures.     

The relationship of the volume fraction of martensite vs. plastic strain in an Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–N shape memory alloy

The volume fractions of stress-induced martensite formed by certain plastic strains were determined by X-ray diffraction and quantitative metallography in an Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–N alloy at room temperature. The results are fitted by least square method and are well consistent with an exponential function f_M=1−exp{−β[1−exp(−η)]ⁿ} deduced by Olson and Cohen, who used it to fit with experimental data for AISI304 stainless steel. The similarity of and β, as well as the difference in n for these two alloys are discussed in relation to their nucleation mechanisms.     

Effects of molybdenum content on the structure and mechanical properties of as-cast Ti-10Zr-based alloys for biomedical applications

The effects of molybdenum on the structure and mechanical properties of a Ti-10Zr-based system were studied with an emphasis on improving the strength/modulus ratio. Commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) was used as a control. As-cast Ti-10Zr and a series of Ti-10Zr-xMo (x = 1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 wt.%) alloys prepared using a commercial arc-melting vacuum pressure casting system were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase analysis was conducted with a diffractometer. Three-point bending tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of all specimens. The experimental results indicated that these alloys had different structures and mechanical properties when various amounts of Mo were added. The as-cast Ti-10Zr has a hexagonal α′ phase, and when 1 wt.% Mo was introduced into the Ti-10Zr alloy, the structure remained essentially unchanged. However, with 3 or 5 wt.%, the martensitic α″ structure was found. When increased to 7.5 wt.% or greater, retention of the metastable β phase began. The ω phase was observed only in the Ti-10Zr-7.5Mo alloy. Among all Ti-10Zr-xMo alloys, the α″-phase Ti-10Zr-5Mo alloy had the lowest elastic modulus. It is noteworthy that all the Ti-10Zr and Ti-10Zr-xMo alloys had good ductility. In addition, the Ti-10Zr-5Mo and Ti-10Zr-12.5Mo alloys exhibited higher bending strength/modulus ratios at 20.1 and 20.4, respectively. Furthermore, the elastically recoverable angles of these two alloys (26.4° and 24.6°, respectively) were much greater than those of c.p. Ti (2.7°). Given the importance of these properties for implant materials, the low modulus, excellent elastic recovery capability and high strength/modulus ratio of α″ phase Ti-10Zr-5Mo and β phase Ti-10Zr-12.5Mo alloys appear to make them promising candidates.     

β钛合金成分设计:理论、方法、实践

随着科学技术的不断发展,高性能钛合金特別是β型钛合金的研究开发越来越受到世界各国的重视,伴随着应用过程,其合金设计方法得以不断地完善与提高。在新的设计方法指导下,近年来经常有新型高性能β钛合金被研发出来并得到实际应用。为了使广大冶金科技工作者,特别是从事钛合金研究的工程技术人员能够熟悉合金设计理论,着重分析讨论了β钛合金成分设计时应考虑的因素,包括β钛合金成分设计基本原理,合金化对钛合金性能的影响,Kβ稳定系数和Al、Mo当量设计准则,电子浓度因素和d-电子合金设计方法等。并简要介绍了在高强度、低模量、低成本等方面β钛合金的成分设计思路与研究进展。     

Experimental and modeling approaches of MR behaviors under large step strains

Rheological properties of MR fluids under large step strain shear are presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out using a rheometer with parallel-plate geometry. Under the large step strain shear, MR fluids behave as nonlinear viscoelastic properties, where the stress relaxation modulus, G(t, γ), shows a decreasing trend with step strain. The experimental results indicate that G(t, γ) obeys time-strain separability. Thus, a mathematical form based on finite exponential serials is proposed to predict MR behavior. In this model, G(t, γ) is represented as the product of a linear stress relaxation, G(t), and the damping function, h(γ), i.e. G(t, γ)=G(t) h(γ). G(t) is simply represented as a three-parameter exponential serial and h(γ) has a sigmoidal form with two parameters. The parameters are identified by adopting an efficient optimization method proposed by Stango et al. The comparison between the experimental results and the model-predicted values indicates that this mathematical model can accurately predict MR behavior.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of two-phase Cr–Cr2Nb, Cr–Cr2Zr and Cr–Cr2(Nb,Zr) alloys

The microstructures and mechanical properties of binary and ternary Cr-based alloys containing Nb, Zr, or both Nb and Zr, have been studied in both the as-cast and annealed conditions. The level of alloying in each instance was targeted to lie below, or approximately at, the maximum solubility in chromium. The as-cast microstructures of these alloys consisted of Cr-rich solid solution surrounded by small amounts of interdendritic Cr–Cr₂X eutectic structure. Annealing at 1473 K resulted in solid-state precipitation of the Cr₂X Laves phase in the Cr–Nb and Cr–Nb–Zr alloys, but not in the Cr–Zr alloys. The binary Cr₂Nb phase consisted of an extensively twinned ({111}<112> twins) C15 structure whereas the presence of Zr modifies its appearance substantially; the twinned C15 structure persists. Oxides were occasionally present and their compositions were qualitatively determined. Vickers hardness primarily depended upon the volume fraction of the Cr₂X Laves phase present. Age hardening due to solid-state precipitation of Cr₂X Laves phase within the Cr-rich matrix was observed in the Nb-containing alloys. The room temperature bend strength of the alloys was strongly affected by the presence of grain-boundary Cr₂X phase. It is considered that porosity as well as oxides in the alloys also lowers their bend strength.     

Study on surface and mechanical fiber characteristics and their effect on the adhesion properties to a polycarbonate matrix tuned by anodic carbon fiber oxidation

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based high strength carbon fibers were anodically oxidized using the galvanostatic mode in alkaline electrolyte solutions to influence the chemical surface composition. The change of chemical and physical properties was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and contact angle as well as zeta (ζ)-potential measurements.

An initially improved wettability for polar liquids, particularly water, was observed for oxidized carbon fibers. This result was confirmed by ζ-potential measurements. The chemical state of the oxygen containing surface groups changes during anodic oxidation in K₂CO₃/KOH due to further oxidation of C–OH and C=O groups to COOH groups. Therefore the surface acidity increases, which leads to a shift of the isoelectric point to lower pH values and increases the negative ζ_plateau value. The ζ–pH as well as the ζ–concentration dependence show the same tendency. During anodic oxidation of carbon fibers in KNO₃/KOH electrolyte solution beside ‘normal’ (like C–OH, C=O and COOH) surface oxides also carboxylate groups (COO⁻K⁺) were formed at the fiber surface in contrast to an oxidation in K₂CO₃/KOH which introduces ‘normal' surface oxides. No influence could be observed of such an anodic oxidation on the single fiber tensile strength. Contact angle measurements of polycarbonate melt droplets onto single carbon fibers show no dependence of the surface composition. The interfacial shear strength, measured using the microdroplet pull-off test were compared with the thermodynamic work of adhesion. The calculated as well as the measured adhesion show the same absence of any influence of fiber treatment.     

Fatigue crack growth thresholds-the influence of Young''s modulus and fracture surface roughness

In the present investigation it is shown that the effective fatigue threshold is uniquely correlated to the Young's modulus for a wide range of metallic and composite materials (ΔK_th,eff=1.64·10⁻²·E). It is also demonstrated that the crack closure level K_cl increases with increased roughness of the fracture surface . K_cl and are quantitatively related via the equation for steels with widely different mechanical properties and grain sizes (120 MPa<R_p<1100 MPa, 1 μm<λ<100 μm). This relation can be extended to materials other than steels (e.g. aluminium and WC-Co alloys) by normalising against Young's modulus. The roughness value represents the standard deviation of height of the fracture surface and is shown to be simply related to the length and angle distributions of the linear length elements constituting the fracture profile.     

SiO2对掺钕铝酸盐玻璃结构及光谱性质的影响

实验通过高温熔融法制备了不同SiO₂ 浓度的掺钕钙铝酸盐玻璃。采用拉曼光谱法分析玻璃结构变化, 发现随着SiO₂含量的增加, [AlO₄]网格中非桥氧逐渐转移至Si⁴⁺离子周围, 玻璃主体Al-O网络中非桥氧减少, 聚合度提高。实验测试了玻璃的吸收光谱和荧光光谱, 并运用Judd-Ofelt理论计算Nd³⁺离子⁴F_3/2→⁴I_11/2跃迁的J-O参数Ω, 自发辐射几率A_rad, 荧光分支比β, 受激发射截面σ_e, 辐射寿命τ_rad等。结果显示: 随着SiO₂浓度的增加, 钕离子周围环境结构对称性提高, 荧光发射峰半高宽变窄, 同时受激发射截面逐渐增大。研究结果表明含有低浓度SiO₂的掺钕钙铝酸盐激光玻璃有望用于超短脉冲激光领域。     

Calculation of bulk modulus of titanium alloys by first principles electronic structure theory

A theoretical study of the electronic structure and binding energy of some hypothetical Ti-X alloys was carried out using a first-principles discrete variational cluster method. The formation energy of an alloying atom in solution of titanium was estimated based on such calculations, and the case of multi-constituent practical Ti alloys was considered in the dilute limit by a linear superimposition approach. The influences of alloying additions on the bulk modulus of the alloys were evaluated from the variation of the formation energy. The calculated moduli of the Ti alloys were found to vary linearly with the experimental values. This indicates that the present approach is appropriate for the simulation of modulus of titanium alloys. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Structure and mechanical properties of Ti–5Cr based alloy with Mo addition

The effects of molybdenum (Mo) on the structure and mechanical properties of a Ti–5Cr-based alloy were studied with an emphasis on improving its strength/modulus ratio. Commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) was used as a control. As-cast Ti–5Cr and a series of Ti–5Cr–xMo (x = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 wt.%) alloys were prepared by using a commercial arc-melting vacuum-pressure casting system, and investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase analysis. Three-point bending tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of all specimens and their fractured surfaces were observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicated that Ti–5Cr–7Mo, Ti–5Cr–9Mo and Ti–5Cr–11Mo alloys exhibited ductile properties, and the β-phase Ti–5Cr–9Mo alloy exhibited the lowest bending modulus. However, the Ti–5Cr–3Mo and Ti–5Cr–5Mo alloys had much higher bending moduli due to the formation of the ω phase during quenching. It is noteworthy that the Ti–5Cr–9Mo alloy exhibited the highest bending strength/modulus ratios at 26.0, which is significantly higher than those of c.p. Ti (8.5) and Ti–5Cr (13.3). Furthermore, the elastically recoverable angle of the Ti–5Cr–9Mo alloy (30°) was greater than that of c.p. Ti (2.7°). The reasonably high strength (or high strength/modulus ratio) β-phase Ti–5Cr–9Mo alloy exhibited a low modulus, ductile property, and excellent elastic recovery capability, which qualifies it as a novel implant materials.     

熵调控抑制ZrNiSn基half-Heusler热电材料的晶格热导率

ZrNiSn基half-Heusler热电材料具有较高的热导率, 限制了其热电性能进一步提高。为了降低晶格热导率, 本研究采用磁悬浮熔炼和放电等离子烧结的方法制备ZrNiSn和Zr_0.5Hf_0.5Ni_1-xPt_xSn (x=0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3)高熵half-Heusler热电合金。在Zr位进行Hf原子替代, Ni位进行Pt原子替代以调控该合金的构型熵, 并研究构型熵对热电性能的影响。本工作优化了Zr_0.5Hf_0.5Ni_0.85Pt_0.15Sn在673 K的最小晶格热导率和双极扩散热导率之和为2.1 W·m^-1·K^-1, 与ZrNiSn相比降低了约58%。这一发现为降低ZrNiSn基合金的晶格热导率提供了一种有效的策略, 有助于改善材料的热电性能。