Grounding effects of HV and MV underground cables associated withurban distribution substations

This paper derives a model for the evaluation of the performances of composite grounding systems of urban main distribution substations and associated power cable networks. The effects of the cables upon the dangerous voltages, transferred potentials and ground fault current distribution are encompassed including the conductive and magnetic coupling among grounding system elements, as well as the nonlinearity of cables sheaths impedances. An application example is presented, as are some experimental data     

Comparative analysisof grounding systems formed by MV cable lines with either uninsulated or insulated metal sheath(s)

It is well known that medium-voltage (MV) paper-insulated cables essentially reduce the potentials appearing during a ground fault in substations located in urban surroundings. This is explained by the fact that these cables usually (normally) have an uncoated metallic sheath. Due to this, MV cable lines leaving a high-voltage/middle-voltage (HV/MV) substation act as long external grounding electrodes and spontaneously form one very large and complex grounding system around this substation. Cables with an insulated metallic sheath however, are progressively being more applied in contemporary power distribution practice. Consequently, the following quite logical question arises: how will a cable with such constructive characteristic influence the general conditions for solving the grounding problem of distribution substations, especially of those working in high-voltage (HV) networks with directly grounded neutral(s)? The analysis performed in this paper shows that, when applied these cables spontaneously form a grounding system which also exhibits excellent grounding performances.     

A proposal for ground measurement techniques in substations fedexclusively by power cables

It was previously reported that when a fault to ground occurs in a substation fed exclusively by power cables, around 98% of the fault current can flow along the cable sheaths and auxiliary underground conductors, producing no local potential rise. This can modify greatly the results of ground measurements carried out in this type of substation, unless special care is taken and correction factors are suitably applied. The authors extend the experience gained during those measurement and determine a set of procedures that allow ground measurements to be made in substations fed solely by power cables. They set forth basic requirements for the measuring circuits and for handling the measured data. They then discuss power cable sheath characteristics in some step-down urban substations and ground measurement strategy for such substations     

Determination of the reduction factor for feeding cable lines consisting of three single-core cables

The paper presents an original analytical procedure for the determination of the ground fault current distribution in the cases when a feeding line is composed of three single-core cables. The procedure takes into account the existence of all three cable sheaths as the return path for the ground-fault current. The reduction factor for these types of cables as given by the cable manufacturer takes into consideration only the existence of the metal sheath of a faulted single-core cable. As a consequence of that, the estimations of the safety conditions (step and touch voltages) on the grounding systems of the supplied stations are too severe. For the high-voltage cables, a certain, sufficiently low reduction factor achieved by an increase of the sheath cross-section can be demanded from the manufacturer. In both cases, too conservative values for the reduction factor lead to unnecessary expenditures. The quantitative analysis performed in this paper shows that the reduction factor for three single-core cables belonging to the same line is significantly lower in comparison to the situation when each of these cables is treated separately.     

Electrical Power System Design Features of a Modern Large Polyethylene Plant

A modern large polyethylene plant requires a sophisticated electrical power supply to meet the requirements of a continuous process industry. The principal features of such an electrical power system are summarized. The power system was designed to achieve project objectives which stressed safety of operation, ease of maintenance, and high reliability. Some of the modern design features discussed are dual 230-kV power supply lines; low-profile 230-kV bus work; personnel safety grounding of main substation to reduce step and touch potential to safe levels; transfer trip signals to utilize the utility company's switching equipment; extensive protective devices to detect and initiate switching equipment action for power equipment malfunctions or power system faults; vacuum switched under-load tap changers on main power transformers; vacuum breakers for 13.8-kV switching equipment; climate-controlled elevated substation buildings to permit bottom entrance and exit with all power and control cables; nonmetallic sheathed power and control cables in open cable tray; medium resistance ground derived by zig-zag grounding transformers in the 13.8-kV distribution system; high-resistance grounding at the secondary wye connection of all 4.     

复杂接地系统冲击接地特性的数值计算及试验

为抑制变电站开关操作时产生的瞬态电磁场对站内二次设备的干扰,通常将二次电缆的屏蔽层双端接地。而雷击变电站接地网时,由于接地网的高频接地阻抗较大,在屏蔽层的两个接地点会产生很大的地电位差,这一电位差将通过二次电缆的转移阻抗耦合至二次设备,影响二次设备的正常工作。将矩量法与传输线理论相结合,将无穷远处视为零电位参考点,提出了分析复杂接地系统冲击接地特性的理论计算模型,该计算模型在频率不高或电缆长度较短的情况下,可简化为集中参数电路模型。为验证计算模型的正确性,还在试验接地网上进行了冲击接地试验,理论计算与测量结果比较吻合。该计算模型及方法可用于实际变电站接地网的冲击接地特性研究以及二次电缆电磁干扰的数值预测。     

城区变电站地电位模拟测试研究

在城市电力建设中,研究故障入地电流产生的地电位分布特点,防止地电位升高对电信设施和计算机系统产生的危险影响十分重要.由于城区存在大量地下金属管线和建筑物,建立有效的地电位计算模型相当困难.文章采用大电流变频法对城区变电站的地电位分布进行了模拟测试;分析了地下金属管线、建筑物的钢筋混凝土地基、变电站附近的其它接地网以及与变电站相连的电缆金属护套对地电位分布的影响;还指出了在城市电力建设中为减小地电位应注意的问题.     

变电站接地系统中垂直接地极作用分析

简要介绍接地系统数值计算方法的基本原理与发展过程。以某变电站典型简化参数为基础,分析均匀地质条件下,短垂直接地极对接地系统接地电阻与接触电压的作用;并引申考虑季节变化因素对短垂直接地极作用的影响和长垂直接地极对于降低接地电阻的作用。     

变电站地电位升测试系统的研发及其应用

为研究变电站接地短路或雷击故障造成的地电位升高及对二次设备造成的电磁骚扰,需要对变电站瞬态地电位升和二次设备电缆端口骚扰电压进行测量。根据变电站的测量环境与需求,设计和开发了一套具有高分压比、宽频带,适用于变电站现场复杂电磁环境的变电站地电位升测试系统。测试系统的硬件包括电磁屏蔽箱、独立电源模块、信号采集系统和光纤通信模块。基于Labview开发了测试系统和上位机的数据交互软件,实现了骚扰电压的自动测量和存储。经过专业机构性能检测表明,测试系统的电磁兼容性和测量功能均满足变电站现场使用要求,并在某220 k V变电站现场试验中获得了浪涌电压作用下接地网地电位升和电缆端口骚扰电压波形,证明了测试系统的有效性。     

青藏铁路110kV输变电工程五道梁和沱沱河变电站的接地系统设计

为青藏铁路供电的110kV沱沱河和五道梁变电站地处高寒永冻地区,如何在高寒永冻地区进行接地系统设计对变电站的建设十分重要。通过测试二次电缆和二次设备的绝缘耐受特性,提出可将地电位升高提高到5kV。采用电磁场数值计算方法对分层土壤中接地系统的电气参数进行计算, 分析比较了各种可行的高寒冻土地区接地系统的设计方案, 讨论了深垂直接地极的布置规律、水平地网的埋设深度、接地系统的均压优化布置对接地系统接地电阻、接触电压和跨步电压的影响。最终得出了坨坨河和五道梁两变电站的接地系统设计方案,并总结归纳了高寒冻土地区变电站接地系统的设计规律。     

变电站和移动基站共建时接地网的可靠性研究

变电站和移动基站共建时接地网的可靠性主要考虑雷击的影响。通过CDEGS建立接地网的计算模型。基于矩量法和傅立叶变换方法,分析变电站接地网和移动基站接地网不同连接方式,两接地网不同间距时,雷电在二次电缆屏蔽层上产生的影响;分析共建时不同土壤电阻率,不同连接方式对地电位升和地表电位分布的影响。研究结果表明,两个接地网采用不连接、最大间距、土壤电阻率低的电连接方式时二次电缆的骚扰电压最小,观测点地电位升最小和地表电位分布均匀。因此共建时两接地网应采用此电连接方式．同时变电站和移动基站之间应设立安全区。     

220kV高压单芯电力电缆金属护套环流分析

根据单芯XLPE电力电缆金属护套环流计算模型,编写C++程序,计算了交叉互联单元内三段电缆布置方式和段长不一致时的金属护套环流,并将计算结果与现场测试结果进行比较分析。根据计算和现场测试结果,一个交叉互联单元内三段电缆的段长和布置方式不一致对金属护套环流有影响,当电缆采用直角三角形和水平布置方式时影响尤为严重。为减小金属护套环流,高压单芯电缆应尽可能采用正三角形布置方式且保证三段电缆布置方式一致,段长尽量相等。     

地下金属管道对变电站接地网接地电阻及其测量的影响

城市变电站附近存在大量的地下金属管道,会对变电站接地网的接地电阻及其地面电位分布、接地电阻的现场测试产生较大影响。用基于场路耦合的数值计算方法对变电站接地网和金属管道的散流分布、接地电阻和地面电位分布进行了计算,分析了不同土壤环境下和金属管道是否有防腐层对接地网的接地电阻和地面电位分布的影响,分析了地下金属管道对接地电阻现场测试的影响。结果表明,当金属管道距离接地网越近和金属管道越长时,对接地网的影响越大;金属管道的防腐层能有效降低对接地网的影响;地下金属管道对其沿线附近的地电位影响较大,在现场测试接地电阻时应给以重视。     

电缆线路对铁路10kV配电所功率因数的影响

铁路10 kV配电所及其馈出的电力贯通线作为重要的铁路电力设施,为铁路沿线各供电设备提供电源,近年来各铁路集团供电部门正在不断地对年久失修的配电所及电力贯通线路进行更新改造.在进行某铁路集团普速铁路小容量10 kV配电所改造设计中,调查发现该所无功补偿装置多年未投入运行,针对配电所功率因数普遍偏高的问题,调查了该铁路集...     

变电站屏蔽电缆端口的雷电感应电压计算方法

变电站内屏蔽电缆容易受到雷电干扰,严重时会造成端接设备损坏,有必要开展电缆端口的雷电感应电压计算研究。基于电磁骚扰的耦合路径分析,提出了依次求解电缆屏蔽层响应和电缆内部响应的耦合分析步骤。对于电缆屏蔽层响应,指出了基于地电位差的传导耦合分析方法和基于空间磁场的感应耦合方法的不足,提出了基于电磁散射理论的更一般的分析方法;对于电缆端口响应,提出了基于转移阻抗和转移导纳的分布激励源的传输线计算方法。通过典型算例,计算了屏蔽电缆单端接地和双端接地时端口雷电感应电压,计算结果表明电缆屏蔽双端接地比单端接地具有更好地雷电屏蔽效果。     

高压单芯电缆单相接地故障护套过电压特性仿真分析

高压单芯电力电缆在敷设过程中,为了限制感应电压、增加单段电缆长度、减少中间接头数量,金属护套层往往采用交叉互联接地.若电力电缆发生单相接地故障,在交叉互联点会感应出较高的过电压,影响电缆使用寿命.对此利用电磁暂态软件EMTP,研究了在单相接地故障情况下高压单芯电缆金属护套过电压特性,分析了电缆整体排列方式、接地电阻、负荷性质、交叉互联各小段电缆长度以及混合排列方式对金属护套过电压的影响程度.研究结果表明:电缆整体排列方式、交叉互联各小段电缆长度和混合排列方式对金属护套过电压的影响较大;接地电阻和负荷性质对感应过电压的影响较小.     

基于标签信息流的变电站电缆走向识别方法

电缆走向识别是电缆检修和施工中的重要一环,其识别的准确性直接影响人身和设备的安全。文章提出了一种基于标签信息流的变电站电缆走向识别方法,依据预定区域内变电站数量确定各变电站的标签码,将调制后包含变电站信息的标签信号通过各变电站接地网注入到出线电缆的屏蔽层上进行传输,在待测电缆侧检测信号后,将各变电站注入的标签信号与检测信号作相关运算,相关结果峰值最高的变电站即为待测电缆首尾所连接的变电站,从而在无需知晓电缆首尾连接归属的情况下实现电缆的走向识别。实验测试结果验证了基于标签信息流的变电站电缆走向识别方法的准确性和高效性。     

基于护层电流构建新型判据的高压输电电缆在线监测

为及时发现高压电缆交叉互联接地系统中的故障问题,基于电缆金属护层首末两端的接地电流,构造了一种新型判据来实现电缆故障的分类与定位。该方法通过测量电缆交叉互联主段首末两端直接接地箱中金属护层接地电流的幅值与相位,并以同一金属护层回路首末两端接地电流幅值与相位的比值、以不同金属护层回路首末两端接地电流相位差的绝对值构造新的特征量,根据多维特征融合建立故障判据对应的特征量矩阵,以此进行故障诊断。分析了电缆中间接头开路、交叉互联接地箱进水和中间接头短路等常见的电缆故障,并通过仿真验证了新型故障判据的可行性,为高压电缆线路故障的在线监测提供了新的方法。     

变电站接地网上两点间电位差的特性

随着变电站的智能化发展,大量二次设备分布式布置于高压一次设备附近.这些二次设备的外壳就地与接地网连接.当故障电流注入接地网导致地电位升时,在接地网上两点之间存在电位差.对于2个由二次电缆连接的二次设备,该电位差可以在二次电缆端口感应共模和差模骚扰电压,严重时影响到二次系统的正常稳定运行.针对某220kV变电站接地网,计...     

HVDC地中直流对交流系统影响的防范措施

针对直流输电系统处于单极大地回路运行方式时对交流电网运行带来的噪声、谐波、振动等不利影响,比较全面地对各种抑制地中直流影响的措施进行了对比分析。基于地中电流的成因与流散规律分析,提出了采用直流接地极与交流变电站选址优化、无接地极运行或多极共址运行方式、合理结构型式变压器的选择等主动防范措施减小地中直流的影响。结合作者的研究成果,就国内外目前抑制变压器中性点直流采取的注入反向电流、中性点串入电容、中性点串入电阻等措施进行了对比分析。通过分析串电阻措施的关键问题,认为该方案结构简洁,长期运行可靠性高,不会产生谐振,成本低廉,建议在现场使用。该研究成果为解决交直流电网并列运行安全稳定运行提供了有益的建议。