X射线束点尺寸对X射线相位衬度成像的影响

X射线相位衬度成像利用X射线穿过样品后的相位变化,通过衍射信息来获得样品的结构特征。X射线相位衬度成像在生物影像、显微成像以及材料科学研究中有重要的应用。如果X射线成像样品物质密度比较低,它对X射线的吸收很小,所以常规的吸收衬度成像质量较差,不易分辨样品的结构细节。理论分析和实验研究都表明当X射线束点尺寸减小到一定尺度后,X射线源的空间相干性增强,采用相位衬度成像可以提高低密度样品的成像质量。X射线相位衬度成像质量与X射线束点尺寸,样品到影像记录平面之间距离直接相关。本文研究了X射线束点尺寸与低密度样品影像边沿轮廓宽度和对比度之间的影响关系。研究结果表明,根据低密度样品的介电常数、X射线源到样品距离,以及样品到影像记录平面距离,存在最优化的X射线束点尺寸。在该最优化配置条件下,低密度样品的X射线成像可以获得最好的图像质量。     

纳米晶Co0.8Fe2.2O4薄膜的室温和高温结构及磁性

采用溶胶-凝胶旋转包覆法在玻璃衬底上制备了CO0.8Fe2.2O4薄膜.用振动样品磁强计和X射线衍射仪对样品的磁性和结构进行了室温及高温原位测量;用X射线光电子能谱仪和原子力显微镜测量了样品的成分及表面形貌.室温测量结果表明,400%退火时,样品已生成单一的尖晶石相,随退火温度升高衍射峰增高.样品的晶粒尺寸较小(14.2～29.6 nm),有利于降低磁记录材料的晶界噪音.630%退火样品的矫顽力达到1.56 X 105A·m-1.高温原位测量发现,500%高温时线膨胀系数约为1.3 X 10-5K-1,显示样品结构的热稳定性非常好,适合于磁光记录过程.随温度升高,样品由亚铁磁性逐渐过渡到顺磁性.     

医用诊断X射线辐射源狭缝焦点测量技术与计算方法的研究

X射线管焦点的形状和尺寸,决定于灯丝的形状、尺寸、安装位置以及阳极靶面的倾斜角度,X射线管的有效焦点尺寸决定了X射线的成像质量,在高放大比和大焦点情形下会显著降低成像质量。文章介绍一种适用于医用诊断X射线成像系统的狭缝焦点测量技术,并对其狭缝焦点计算方法进行介绍。     

叶型板弦长的测量方法及测具设计研究

本文主要阐述对某T型叶型板弦长尺寸测量的技术研究。T型叶型板线切割后,利用其叶型孔固定静子叶片,分段组装叶片后装配在对开机匣内。T型叶型板线切割后,它的变形量很大,为保证焊接组装后的叶型板能够正确的安装在机匣内,确保其弦长尺寸的正确性意义非常大。本测具采用相对测量方式,能够真实的反映弦长尺寸,将避免因尺寸过大,将出现无法装配的现象,或尺寸过小,将无法保证静子叶片装配位置的问题,从而有效的控制发动机振动的问题。     

γ-射线能谱测量样品的标准制法

国内测量γ-射线能谱的锗探测器迅速增加。为了校准锗探测器,计量院研制了铕-152点状γ标准源。使用这种标准源校准仪器,测量放射性物质的活度或γ-射线发射率,必须使待测样品与标准源有相同的结构,以便保证有相同的探测效率。为了用户方便和有利于保证测量的准确可靠,本文推荐了这种待测样品的成形方法,作为标准制法。     

X射线粉末衍射少量试样的试样板制作

从对参与衍射的试样体积(宽度)、入射X射线在试样表面的总光量和亮度及X射线被试样吸收三个方面在扫描过程中的变化的分析出发,讨论了在试样量少到不能以薄层填满整个试样槽时,如何制作试样板以得到衍射强度高的高质量衍射谱的方法.在固定发散狭缝宽度的条件下,为使参与衍射的试样面积大,使长度方向的试样尺寸与X射线管中线焦点的长度相...     

纳米薄膜厚度的X射线测量

研究了通过小角度X射线衍射(XRD)技术测量纳米薄膜沉积厚度与沉积速率的方法,并测定了在SiC表面沉积Fe纳米薄膜的厚度和沉积速率。结果表明,采用小角度XRD技术测量纳米薄膜厚度和沉积速率,能克服基片性质、表面平整度和金属膜氧化的影响,准确、方便地测量纳米薄膜的厚度和沉积速率。     

小角X射线散射技术在材料研究中的应用

小角X射线散射(SAXS)是一种有效的材料亚微观结构表征手段。简单介绍了小角X射线散射理论,并综述了小角X射线散射技术在材料研究中的应用,内容涉及纳米颗粒尺寸测量,合金中的空位浓度、合金中的析出相尺寸以及非晶合金中的晶化析出相的尺寸测量,高分子材料中胶粒的形状、粒度以及粒度分布测量,以及高分子长周期体系中片晶的取向、厚度、结晶百分数和非晶层厚度的测量等等。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定黄金首饰金含量不确定度的评定

黄金首饰的表层元素经X射线激发,发射出特征X射线荧光能量光谱线.不同元素的能量光谱线与其含量存在着特定的线性关系.能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪通过采用脉冲高度分析器和配套的相关软件将不同能量的脉冲分开,找出相应的元素,测量相应元素的具体含量值.通过X射线荧光光谱仪对黄金首饰的金含量测出的一系列测量值,依据GB/T18043-2013对黄金首饰样品金含量的不确定度进行计算.对采用的黄金标准物质运用最小二乘法建立数学模型,以标准值为x,3次测量值的平均值为y,找出线性关系方程.通过标准物质的运用,当置信因子k=2时,最终分别计算出18K金样品、足金样品金含量的扩展不确定度.     

MC模拟高纯锗探测器准直器对X射线能谱测量的影响

为了研究不同限束光阑准直器对测量结果的影响,使用MCNP5蒙卡模拟软件建立带准直器的高纯锗探测器模型.通过模拟分析准直器各项参数对高纯锗探测器测量X射线能谱的影响,确立了准直器的最佳尺寸,为实验室使用高纯锗探测器测量X射线能谱提供一定的参考依据.计算了透射等效孔径(TEA)准直器指标,分析了高纯锗探测器测量X射线得到的...     

添加Al-5Ti-B和Al-2Zr-Er对铸态铝锌镁合金力学性能的影响

铝锌镁合金以其优异的力学性能广泛应用于航空、航天、交通运输等工业领域,而铝合金的细化一直是铝加工行业的研究重点.为细化晶粒并提高其力学性能,本文将传统细化剂Al-Ti-B与RE复合添加到铝锌镁合金中,借助于XRD、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸实验等测试方法研究了不同细化剂对Al7Zn2.4Mg合金组织及其力学性能的影响.试验结果表明,合金中加入Al-5Ti-B和Al-Zr-Er后细化效果明显,单独添加Al-Ti-B的细化效果最好,但仍有少部分的晶粒保留的树枝晶形态.随着Al-Ti-B和Al-Zr-Er添加量的增多,合金的晶粒发生明显变化,塑性也随之增加,其中,添加0.4wt.%Al-5Ti-B细化剂对合金的塑性影响最大,而抗拉强度呈先增大后减小的趋势,复合添加0.2wt.%Al-2Zr-Er和0.2wt.%Al-5Ti-B细化剂的合金晶粒圆整且未出现树枝晶,晶界析出物最少平均抗拉强度最高.Al-Ti-B和Al-Zr-Er均可细化铸态铝锌镁合金的晶粒,同时添加两种细化剂更有利于提高合金的综合力学性能.     

含缺陷的Al-Si-Mg合金的疲劳性能和强度评估

在高速铁路接触网支撑定位装置用Al-7Si-0.6Mg合金中引入不同尺寸的人工缺陷，进行旋转弯曲疲劳实验以定量研究缺陷尺寸对材料疲劳强度的影响，并建立了疲劳强度与缺陷尺寸之间的定量关系。结果表明：材料表面的人工缺陷尺寸越大，试样的高周疲劳强度的下降越大；材料表面尺寸小于370 μm的人工缺陷对其高周疲劳强度没有影响；在适用性条件范围内使用修正的Murakami公式能更加准确地评估Al-7Si-0.6Mg铝合金的高周疲劳强度和应力强度因子门槛范围。     

Role of passivating oxide film in the corrosive wear of Al-7%Si alloy

The present work examines how passivating oxide film affects the corrosive wear rate of Al-7%Si alloy in H₂SO₄ solution at room temperature. As the applied potential (relative to a saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) increases to 1.08 V_SCE on an Al-7%Si alloy specimen, the corrosive wear rate increases and then decreases for polarization to higher anodic potentials. The corrosive wear rate W_cw consists of three factors, namely pure mechanical wear loss W_mech, weight loss W_diss caused by the corrosion reaction, and an acceleratory-deceleratory contribution W_acc due to the presence of passivating oxide film. The acceleratory and deceleratory contributions W_acc arising from compositional change of the passivating oxide film indicate the microcutting and microploughing mechanisms respectively of abrasive wear. The increased W_acc by application of 1.08 V_SCE is discussed from the viewpoints of hydration and severe abrading wear action of the passivating oxide film on the Al-7%Si alloy specimen.     

Sizing of disbonds at a thin-layer substrate interface from spectral peaks

An ultrasonic through transmission technique is used to inspect the interface of a thin layer and a substrate. An experiment is performed using a specimen constructed of a 0.040 inch (1.02 mm) polycarbonate layer bonded by an adhesive film to an aluminum plate. Circular flaws are induced with paper placed between the adhesive film and the polycarbonate layer to create disbonds. The flaws range in size from 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) to 0.067 inches (1.70 mm) in diameter. A through transmission ultrasonic inspection technique, which uses a flat transducer as a transmitter and a focused transducer as a receiver, is employed. Time signals from the receiving transducer are recorded for each flaw, transformed to the frequency domain by use of a fast Fourier transform (FFT), and are linearly deconvolved with the FFT of the time signals of the aluminum plate alone. The peaks of the resulting frequency response functions for each flaw predict the resonant frequencies of the flaws. The area of the thin layer above a disbond is modeled as a thin plate which is excited by the incident ultrasonic wave motion at its edges. The resonance peaks at the center of the plate are related to the size of the flaw. The principal result of the paper is that, based on the theory presented here, the size of the disbond can be obtained from measurements of the resonance peaks.     

Predicting the total fatigue life in metals

When a metal specimen is subjected to cyclic loading, a large number of initiated cracks will initiate in its volume. The specimen forms a sample of initial cracks: the larger specimen, the larger is the sample. In previous work of the author it was shown that the fatigue limit can be predicted by estimating the largest expectable crack depth with the help of statistics of extremes. In this paper it is shown that the fatigue crack initiation time above the fatigue limit can be predicted in an analogous manner. Instead of estimating the largest crack size with the distribution of maxima, prediction of the shortest expectable initiation time is obtained using the distribution of minima. Good agreement with extensive set of experimental data was obtained.The presented method offers a new way for estimating the total fatigue life of a component. When estimates of the crack initiation life and the critical crack size are obtained, the stable crack growth can be computed using Paris law. The estimate of the total fatigue life is obtained as the sum of initiation and crack growth lives. A method for constructing design curves for finding the crack initiation life for any material is presented.     

AEC set-up optimisation with computed radiography imaging

Phototimer set-up is a critical procedure for dose and image quality optimisation in computed radiography (CR) systems. While a conventional radiography automatic exposure control device (AEC) can be calibrated in order to gain a constant optical density on the film independent of beam quality and patient size, CR detectors present a high dynamic range which allows a much larger dose interval, but with different image quality levels. CR leads to a less frequent exam repetition, but may produce quite noisy images if the exposure level on the plate is not correct. The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of a CR plate (Agfa MD40) in order to optimally calibrate an AEC device. The plate response has been characterised in terms of digital signal, exposure on the plate and signal-to-noise ratio for different beam qualities, in a patient of standard size.     

基于激光激发声表面波新型气体传感器的研究

提出了一种利用激光激发声表面波,通过气体吸附性薄膜对被测气体进行检测的传感原理.激光在覆有选择性气体吸附膜的铝块表面激发出声表面波,后者沿铝块表面传播.在吸附性薄膜与被测气体发生反应后,声表面波的强度被改变;然后利用PMT(光电倍增管),通过单芯光纤耦合的反射式光束偏转法探测由半导体激光器发出的探测光束,所检测的光强的变化反映了被检测气体的浓度,从而实现被测气体的浓度测量.     

Influence of Rolling Treatment on Interfacial Shear Strength of Steel-mushy Al-7graphite Bonding Plate

At room temperature, the rolling treatment of steel-mushy Al-7graphite bonding plate was carried out under different relative reduction. The influence of rolling on interfacial mechanical property of this bonding plate was studied. The results show that, for steel-mushy Al-7graphite bonding plate which is made up of 1.2 mm in thickness 08AI steel plate and 2.0 mm in thickness Al-7graphite layer, there is a nonlinear relationship between interfacial shear strength of bonding plate and relative reduction of rolling. When relative reduction of rolling is smaller than 2.59%, with the increasing of relative reduction, interfacial shear strength of bonding plate increases gradually. When relative reduction of rolling is bigger than 2.59%, with the increasing of relative reduction, interfacial shear strength of bonding plate decreases continuously. When relative reduction of rolling is 2.59%, the largest interfacial shear strength 77.0 MPa can be obtained.     

抗Zr“中毒”Al-Ti-B-C中间合金对7050铝合金力学性能的影响

通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD),能量色谱仪(EDS)分析Al-5Ti-1B,Al-4Ti-1C和Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C中间合金的微观组织与物相组成,比较研究3种中间合金对7050铝合金晶粒尺寸与力学性能的影响。结果表明:Zr的存在削弱了Al-5Ti-1B和Al-4Ti-1C中间合金的细化效果,而对Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C中间合金细化效果影响较小。含掺杂型TiC粒子的Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C中间合金具有较好的抗Zr"中毒"能力,加入量为0.2%(质量分数,下同)时,含Zr7050铝合金平均晶粒尺寸由200μm细化至(60±5)μm,室温极限抗拉强度由405MPa提高到515MPa,提高了27.2%,伸长率由2.1%提高到4.1%。而加入0.2%的Al-5Ti-1B或Al-4Ti-1C中间合金时晶粒尺寸较粗大且分布不均匀,表现出明显的细化"中毒"。