Fatigue Strength of Weathered A588 Steel Beams

This paper presents the fatigue behavior of 39 welded and 12 cover-plated beams fabricated from A588 weathering steel. One set of beams was boldly exposed to the environment; the other was exposed under a metal deck that simulated the shelter provided by highway bridge decks and was lightly sprayed with a salt solution during the winter months. The test data showed that the boldly exposed, welded and cover-plated beams had Categories B and D fatigue strengths, respectively, after 45 and 74 months of weathering. The cover-plated beams had initially high fatigue strength because of their high weld quality. The fatigue strength will continue to degrade with exposure time. All sheltered beams had Category E fatigue strength after 62–72 months of weathering as a result of very severe corrosion and pitting. Such losses are unacceptable. To stop the degradation of fatigue strength, severely corroding weathering steel bridges should be painted without delay.     

Fatigue Flexural Behavior of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams Repaired with CFRP Sheets

This study investigated the flexural behavior of corroded steel reinforced concrete beams repaired with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets under repeated loading. Thirty beams (152×254×2,000?mm) were constructed and tested. Fatigue flexural failure occurred in 29 of these beams. The study showed that pitting of the steel reinforcement due to corrosion occurred only after about a 7% actual mass loss which coincided with a decrease in the fatigue performance of the beam. The controlling factor for the fatigue strength of the beams is the fatigue strength of the steel bars. Repairing with CFRP sheets increased the fatigue capacity of the beams with corroded steel reinforcement beyond that of the control unrepaired beams with uncorroded steel reinforcement. Beams repaired with CFRP at a medium corrosion level and then further corroded to a high corrosion level before testing had a comparable fatigue performance to those that were repaired and tested after corroding directly to a high corrosion level.     

NaCl+HCl溶液中Ce对双相不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了研究酸性NaCl溶液中双相不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能,以含微量稀土Ce的UNS S31803双相不锈钢为研究对象,采用电化学阳极极化和交流阻抗相结合的方法测试其在NaCl+HCl混合溶液中的耐腐蚀性能。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观测腐蚀后的形貌特征,采用电子探针(EPMA)检测合金元素与杂质元素的分布特征,分析Ce元素的加入对双相不锈钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响机制。结果表明,钢中存在两相的选择性腐蚀并伴有局部点蚀,其中铁素体相是腐蚀较严重的相;阳极极化测试与交流阻抗测试结果相吻合,Ce拓宽了试验钢的钝化区间;Ce通过净化钢液、降低S和P元素在相界的偏聚及使Cr、Ni和Mo等合金元素在两相中的分布更均匀等作用,提高了钢的耐腐蚀性能。     

应力与环境耦合条件下高强钢S135的疲劳行为北大核心CSCD

为评价应力与环境耦合(交变应力、腐蚀介质和温度耦合)对高强度钢S135疲劳性能的影响,探索应力与环境耦合对高强度钢S135疲劳的作用机制,测试了S135材料在空气中和不同温度下(25、40、60和80℃)有机盐钻井液中的疲劳寿命,分析了S135在有机盐钻井液中的腐蚀疲劳敏感性,并使用扫描电镜观察了不同温度下的断口形貌,研究了有机盐钻井液中S135腐蚀疲劳的断裂机理。结果表明,同一应力(低应力)水平下,随温度升高(25、40、60和80℃),腐蚀疲劳寿命逐渐降低,腐蚀疲劳敏感指数和温度敏感指数逐渐增加。研究认为,交变应力、腐蚀介质和温度耦合对S135材料疲劳有极大的影响,交变应力是疲劳失效的主要因素,腐蚀介质会使S135表面产生腐蚀坑,导致疲劳裂纹的萌生,温度通过加速腐蚀对疲劳破坏产生影响。     

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The corrosive of the aluminum-zinc-silicon solution on strip steel was investigated by means of experimment. At the same immersion temperature, different thinckness of strip steel were immersed in aluminum-zinc-silicon solution, after a period of time out, then measure the thinckness of strip steel and analyze the thinning regular. The mechanical properties and corrosion degrees were mainly studied and a further discussion on the corrosion mechanism of the solution on the strip steel was gaven. The results show that the relationship of relative parameters of corrosion behaviors between aluminum-zinc-silicon solution and strips are parabola which the tensile strength and yield strength of the strips will be altered obviously over soak time. The corrosion forms from aluminum-zinc-silicon solution are both pitting and uniform corrosion and in both case, pitting does more damage.     

Corrosion Performance of High Strength 15Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel in Severe Environments

High pressure and high temperature corrosion performance of high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel was studied in different severe environments—live acid(10%HCl+1.5%HF+3%HAc+5.1% corrosion inhibitor),spent acid and formation water containing CO2.The results show that the corrosion of high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel in live acid is most serious,and the uniform corrosion rate is far greater than those in spent acid and formation water containing CO2 corrosion environments,but all of them can be acceptable for oilfield.Acidizing corrosion inhibitor displays a good matching ability with the high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel in terms of decreasing the uniform corrosion rate,which changes mainly the anodic process of high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel.The corrosion potential moves to the positive direction,thus the corrosion current density decreases significantly.There are some different degrees of pitting of high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel after corrosion tests in live acid,spent acid and formation water containing CO2,and the pitting density aggravates significantly and the maximum pit depth decreases in the corrosion sequence.     

冷弯加工对国产301L不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响

采用化学浸泡法、电化学测试研究了冷弯加工前后轨道交通装备用国产301L高强不锈钢腐蚀行为,并对化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀后样品的表面进行扫描电镜和能谱分析。化学浸泡法结果表明,冷弯后的国产301L高强不锈钢在50℃的6%（质量分数）FeCl3溶液中浸泡72h后发生了明显的点蚀,腐蚀速率随时间的延长而迅速增大,72h后腐蚀速率达到128.5g/(m2·h)。电化学测试结果表明,国产301L高强不锈钢经过冷弯加工后,在3.5%（质量分数）NaCl溶液中的点蚀电位下降365mV,钝化区宽度减小150mV,增加了点蚀敏感性。     

钼对S30432耐热钢组织和性能的影响

 为了明确是否应在国产S30432钢中加入钼,研究了0.32%Mo对S30432耐热钢组织和性能的影响及机理。利用SEM、TEM和Thermo-Calc软件研究了钼对S30432钢析出相和基体的影响;通过650 ℃高温瞬时拉伸试验和高温蠕变断裂试验研究钼对S30432钢高温力学性能的影响;采用电化学试验评价了钼的添加对S30432钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,添加钼对S30432钢的高温力学性能和耐腐蚀性能有益。在S30432钢中添加0.32%Mo,提高了其650 ℃时的屈服强度和抗拉强度,延长了短时蠕变断裂时间并提高了断裂后的硬度。但长时蠕变后钼对S30432钢强度提高的作用不明显。含钼的S30432钢具有更高的自腐蚀电位、点蚀破裂电位和更低的晶间腐蚀敏感性。腐蚀形貌观察发现含钼钢中点蚀坑的数量较少、尺寸较小,晶间腐蚀程度较轻。     

Postrepair Fatigue Performance of FRP-Repaired Corroded RC Beams: Experimental and Analytical Investigation

This paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical study of the fatigue performance of corroded reinforced concrete (RC) beams repaired with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. Ten RC beam specimens (152×254×3,200?mm) were constructed. One specimen was neither strengthened nor corroded to serve as a reference; three specimens were corroded and not repaired; another three specimens were corroded and repaired with U-shaped glass FRP sheets that wrapped the cross section of the specimen; and the remaining three specimens were corroded and repaired with U-shaped glass FRP sheets for wrapping and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets for flexural strengthening. The FRP sheets were applied after the main reinforcing bars were corroded to an average mass loss of 5.5%. Following FRP repair, some specimens were tested immediately to failure, while the other repaired specimens were subjected to further corrosion before being tested to failure to investigate their postrepair (long-term) performance. Reinforcement steel pitting due to corrosion reduced the fatigue life significantly. The FRP wrapping had no significant effect on the fatigue performance, while using CFRP sheets for flexural strengthening enhanced the fatigue performance significantly. The fatigue results were compared to smooth specimen fatigue data to estimate an equivalent fatigue notch factor for the main reinforcing bars of the tested specimens.     

Corrosion fatigue in nitrocarburized quenched and tempered steels

In order to investigate the fatigue strength and fracture mechanism of salt bath nitrocarburized steels, specimens of the steels SAE 4135 and SAE 4140, in a quenched and tempered state, and additionally in a salt bath nitrocarburized and oxidizing cooled state as well as in a polished (after the oxidizing cooling) and renewed oxidized state, were subjected to comparative rotating bending fatigue tests in inert oil and 5 pct NaCl solution. In addition, some of the quenched and tempered specimens of SAE 4135 material were provided with an approximately 50-μm-thick electroless Ni-P layer, in order to compare corrosion fatigue behavior between the Ni-P layer and the nitride layers. Long-life corrosion fatigue tests of SAE 4135 material were carried out under small stresses in the long-life range up to 10⁸ cycles with a test frequency of 100 Hz. Fatigue tests of SAE 4140 material were carried out in the range of finite life (low-cycle range) with a test frequency of 13 Hz. The results show that the 5 pct NaCl environment drastically reduced fatigue life, but nitrocarburizing plus oxidation treatment was found to improve the corrosion fatigue life over that of untreated and Ni-P coated specimens. The beneficial effect of nitrocarburizing followed by oxidation treatment on cor-rosion fatigue life results from the protection rendered by the compound layer by means of a well-sealed oxide layer, whereby the pores present in the compound layer fill up with oxides. The role of inclusions in initiating fatigue cracks was investigated. It was found that under corrosion fatigue conditions, the fatigue cracks started at cavities along the interfaces of MnS inclusions and matrix in the case of quenched and tempered specimens. The nitrocarburized specimens, however, showed a superposition of pitting corrosion and corrosion fatigue in which pores and nonmetallic inclusions in the compound layer play a predominant role concerning the formation of pits in the substrate.     

Effect of pitting corrosion in NaCl solutions on the statistics of fracture of beryllium

The effect of pitting corrosion, occurring in NaCl solutions, on the bending behavior of commercial beryllium was studied. Three concentrations of NaCl solutions (0.01, 0.1, and 1 M) were used in the experiments. Bend specimens were exposed to these solutions for a total of 168 hours. Weibull statistics were used to analyze the experimental bend-strength data and were applied to the failure strength, displacement to failure, and yield strength. Samples exposed to the 1 M NaCl solution exhibited a high Weibull modulus, with a higher retained mean failure strength and displacement to failure. On the other hand, the samples exposed to the 0.01 and 0.1 M NaCl solution exhibited significantly lower mechanical property values and Weibull moduli, accompanied by a larger scatter in the failure strength and displacement to failure. The engineering yield strength of the samples did not change significantly with exposure to the NaCl solutions, although there was an increase in the scatter of the values. These effects on the mechanical properties were attributed to a decreasing propensity for the formation of localized deep pits and an increasing propensity for uniform shallow pitting with increasing NaCl concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was primarily used for quantifying these corrosion pitting effects. In addition, atomic-force microscopy (AFM) and potentiodynamic polarization experiments were also conducted to provide supportive evidence for the differences in the pitting behavior of the beryllium with different NaCl concentrations.     

300M超高强钢在中性盐雾环境中的腐蚀行为及机制

为了研究300M超高强钢在中性盐雾环境中的腐蚀行为及腐蚀机制,采用失重法,宏观、微观腐蚀形貌分析,三维表面轮廓分析及电化学分析的研究方法,来表征腐蚀实验现象并进行分析。结果表明:300M超高强钢在中性盐雾环境中的腐蚀产物为FeOOH、Fe₂O₃、Fe(OH)₃和Fe₃O₄;腐蚀速率随着腐蚀时间逐渐降低,腐蚀后期(72 h)腐蚀速率降低50%;腐蚀初期以点蚀为主,点蚀坑通过横向扩展,逐渐发展为后期的均匀腐蚀,腐蚀表面形貌呈沟壑状;外腐蚀层对基体的保护能力很弱,Cr元素在锈层靠近基体的一侧偏聚使内腐蚀层具有一定的抗腐蚀性。     

Pitting Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel 304 in Carbon Dioxide Environments

The pitting corrosion behavior of stainless steel (SS) 304 in aqueous CO2-H2S-CI-environment was investigated by potentiodynamic cyclic anodic polarization and electron probemicroanalysis (EPMA). The experimental results show that the pitting corrosion susceptivityof SS 304 increases with the increase of temperature. Chlorine ion is the prerequisite for pittingcorrosion of SS 304 in H2S-CO2 environments. There is a linear relatiotxship between the pittingcorrosion potential (Eb-100) and chlorine ion concentration, and Eb-00 becomes noble with in-creasing pH value of the solution with or without H2S. pH value has little effect on the protec-tion potential with the presence of Hz S. H2S increases strongly the pitting corrosion susceptivi-ty and deteriorates the pitting corrosion resistance of SS 304 in CO2 environments. The obser-vations by EPMA show that SS 304 in CO2-saturated NaCI solution (3%) with H2S sufferspitting corrosion accompanied with intergranular corrosion.     

电化学方法研究混凝土模拟液中细晶粒钢的耐蚀性

通过腐蚀电位、线性极化法与循环极化法等电化学方法研究了细晶粒钢和普通低碳钢在模拟混凝土孔溶液中的均匀腐蚀与点蚀行为,并考虑了砂磨和未处理两种钢筋表面状况对钢筋腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明,细晶粒钢与普通低碳钢在模拟液中的耐均匀腐蚀的能力很接近;砂磨钢筋的钝化效果比未处理钢筋好;腐蚀末期砂磨钢筋表现出比未处理钢筋更强的抑制均匀腐蚀能力.循环极化测试表明:砂磨钢筋由于其相对均匀的表面组织形貌,故表现出比未处理钢筋更好的抑制点蚀能力;其次,由于细晶粒钢含有较多晶界,晶界处含有较多易发生点蚀的夹杂,故表面未处理细晶粒钢发生点蚀的概率稍大于未处理低碳钢.     

厚规格X70管线钢焊接接头盐雾腐蚀行为

通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜对厚规格X70管线钢焊接接头进行中性盐雾试验(NSS试验)腐蚀产物形貌进行观察,采用EDS、XRD分别对腐蚀产物进行面扫描和物相分析。结果表明,盐雾腐蚀过程先发生点蚀,点蚀逐步发展成全面腐蚀。Cl-引起点蚀,点蚀导致裂纹的产生。腐蚀产物成分均匀,主要由铁的氧化物、氯化物和氢氧化物组成。腐蚀速率随着腐蚀时间的延长变缓慢,腐蚀过程中Cl-易穿过外层疏松的腐蚀产物与基体发生反应,而最内层致密的腐蚀产物膜对腐蚀介质的进一步扩散起到阻挡作用,减缓了反应速率提高了耐蚀性。     

Fatigue-Proofing Cover Plates

The writers summarize all fatigue test data for cover plates on steel beams that were reported since 1969. The earlier studies established the fatigue strength of thin cover plates of Category E fatigue strength as well as thick cover plates of Category E′ fatigue strength. The later studies focused on improving the fatigue strength. The various techniques increased the mean fatigue life over that of Category E by factors of 1.5, 2.1, and 4.4 for ground, shot-peened, and remelted toes of the end welds, respectively; 6.5 for end-welding and grinding the cover plate ends to a 1:3 taper; 19 and more for bolting the ends that were left nonwelded; 18 and 13 for bridging the welded ends of noncracked and precracked cover plates, respectively, with bolted splices; and over 20 for adhesive-bonding the entire cover plate and bolting the ends. The last three methods cited above would fatigue proof rolled beams with cover plates typical of multigirder highway bridges.     

海洋大气环境下17-7PH不锈钢的接触腐蚀研究

 为了研究17-7PH不锈钢在海洋大气环境下接触腐蚀的防护问题,将不同表面状态的17-7PH不锈钢板状试样在青岛团岛和海南万宁进行1年的大气暴晒试验,对其宏观腐蚀形貌对比,并测定其疲劳寿命,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察暴晒试样表面腐蚀形貌,用光学显微镜比较腐蚀坑深度,分析海洋大气腐蚀对17-7PH不锈钢疲劳性能的影响,最后得出了17-7PH不锈钢的腐蚀防护措施。结果表明：在青岛暴晒的不涂漆17-7PH不锈钢试样表面色泽变暗,有均匀的细小点蚀,而海南的试样表面有大面积较均匀的褐色锈层,特别是17-7PH不锈钢与TC18钛合金连接处腐蚀较为集中,但腐蚀并没有降低其疲劳寿命;从暴晒试样的表面微观腐蚀形貌比较,无论涂漆与否,17-7PH不锈钢表面都有轻微腐蚀,但只局限于表层,点蚀不深,并且趋向均匀腐蚀;17-7PH不锈钢抗大气腐蚀性能很好,经钝化后可不涂漆直接在海洋大气环境中使用1年,而不会对其疲劳性能产生明显影响。     

应力作用下Al-Li合金的腐蚀行为研究

通过测量动电位极化曲线,并用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）观察,分析应力作用下峰时效的2195、1420Al-Li合金在3．5％NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,无应力时1420Al-Li合金发生蚀孔较大且不连续的均匀腐蚀,2195Al-Li合金发生局部腐蚀为晶间腐蚀和孔蚀的均匀腐蚀;施加应力时1420Al-Li合金蚀孔增多、尺寸减小,2195Al-Li合金晶间腐蚀加重,大量孔蚀连接成片形成严重的均匀腐蚀。     

Dynamic Response and Fatigue of Steel Tied-Arch Bridge

The Toutle River Bridge is a steel tied-arch bridge, one that vibrates extensively and has sustained significant fatigue cracking. An experimental study into the cause of this behavior is described. Computer analyses of the bridge behavior are used to estimate the expected response and to establish appropriate locations for instrumentation. The instruments were installed and field tests were performed. Controlled tests were performed with trucks of known axle weight and spacing. Some controlled tests were performed with trucks traveling at known speed and in a specific driving lane with no other traffic on the bridge. Controlled tests were used to calibrate the instrumentation and establish the basic bridge behavior. The results showed that composite action had been lost in the heavily loaded stringers, and little amplification of dynamic response was noted. The measured periods of vibration generally compared well with computer predictions. Uncontrolled truck traffic was then measured for approximately one month. This data was used to establish load spectra and to estimate the fatigue life of critical components. Fatigue, which is caused by calculated stress ranges, should not be important on this bridge for another 20 to 30 years. Existing fatigue damage is driven by distortional fatigue caused by the large bridge deformations. Several options for dealing with the problem are presented.     

夹杂物对Cr-Ni系高强度钢耐蚀性能的影响

对比研究了2种Cr-Ni系高强度钢在人造海水条件下耐蚀性能差异,采用ASPEX自动扫描电镜分析了钢中夹杂物种类、数量和分布,利用金相显微镜对夹杂物引发腐蚀的过程开展了原位分析,并利用扫描电镜(SEM),观察了腐蚀后样品的微观形貌。全浸腐蚀实验结果表明,A钢虽然合金含量较高,但其腐蚀速率要大于B钢;夹杂物分析及其原位腐蚀实验研究表明,B钢通过Ca处理获得了良好的夹杂物改性效果,将钢中对耐蚀性提高不利的MnS夹杂物改性为CaS复合夹杂物,降低了B钢的点蚀敏感性,提高了B钢的耐蚀性能。