光子晶体光纤光栅反射谱及时延特性研究

利用多极法对包层空气孔为正六边形对称结构光子晶体光纤的模式场进行了分析,计算出不同波长下基模的有效折射率,结合使用模式耦合理论和传输矩阵法对基于光子晶体光纤的布拉格光栅特性进行了计算和仿真,对比了常规单模光纤所成光栅与相同光栅周期的光子晶体光纤布拉格光栅反射谱及时延特性之间的差异.在此基础上,对光纤光栅的切趾特性进行了研究,选择不同的切趾函数,得出最佳切趾函数下光栅传输谱.理论计算和仿真结果表明,随波长增加,基模有效折射率下降,光栅谐振波长出现蓝移,采用啁啾化处理后,10 cm长光子晶体光纤光栅可以提供1 200 ps以上的线性时延.     

Liquid crystal infiltrated photonic crystal fibers for electric field intensity measurements

The application of nematic liquid crystal infiltrated photonic crystal fiber as a sensor for electric field intensity measurement is demonstrated. The device is based on an intrinsic sensing mechanism for electric fields. The sensor probe, which consists of a 1 cm infiltrated section of photonic crystal fiber with a lateral size of ～125 μm, is very compact with small size and weight. A simple all-fiber design for the sensor is employed in an intensity based measurement scheme. The transmitted and reflected power of the infiltrated photonic crystal fiber is shown to have a linear response with the applied electric field. The sensor is operated in the telecommunication window at 1550 nm. The temperature dependence of the device at this operating wavelength is also experimentally studied and discussed. These structures can be used to accurately measure electric field intensity and can be used for the fabrication of all-fiber sensors for high electric field environments as both an in-line and reflective type point sensor.     

Effects of Electronic Quantum Interference, Photonic-Crystal Cavity, Spontaneous Emission, Longitudinal Field, Surface-Plasmon Modes, and Surface–Plasmon–Polariton for Optical Amplification

Some possibilities for coherent optical amplification of a normally incident and weak radiation field are reviewed based on various physical mechanisms, such as electronic quantum interference induced by a coupling laser field in a three-level system, field enhancement through the cavity confinement of a radiation field in a photonic crystal and field concentration seen in a transmitted near field through a metallic surface grating due to excitation of surface-plasmon-polariton modes. Numerical results are presented and discussed to demonstrate these interesting effects. The modification to the spontaneous emission inside a photonic crystal is also studied. The important role played by a longitudinal field resulting from the absorption by an induced three-dimensional plasma wave inside a doped semiconductor is analyzed using a nonlocal and nonadiabatic model. Moreover, the coupling between two-dimensional plasmons and surface plasmon modes in the nonretardation limit is explored.     

Vector description of higher-order modes in photonic crystal fibers

We extensively study the propagation features of higher-order modes in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Our analysis is based on a full-vector modal technique specially adapted to accurately describe light propagation in PCF's. Unlike conventional fibers, PCF's exhibit a somewhat unusual mechanism for the generation of higher-order modes. Accordingly, PCF's are characterized by the constancy of the number of modes below a wavelength threshold. An explicit verification of this property is given through a complete analysis of the dispersion relations of higher-order modes in terms of the structural parameters of this kind of fiber. The transverse irradiance distributions for some of these higher-order modes are also presented, showing an excellent agreement with recent experimental measurements. In the same way, the full-vector nature of our approach allows us to analyze the rich polarization structure of the PCF mode spectrum.     

Writing and probing light-induced waveguides thanks to an endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber

We demonstrate writing and probing of light-induced waveguides in photorefractive bulk LiNbO3 crystal using an endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber. The optical waveguides are written at visible wavelengths by slightly raising the ferroelectric crystal temperature to benefit from the pyroelectric-driven photorefractive effect and the guiding properties are investigated at telecom wavelengths using the same photonic crystal fiber. End butt coupling with this photonic crystal fiber enables writing and probing of optical waveguides due to the self-alignment properties of spatial solitons.     

非空气-石英结构PCF的带隙特性分析

光子晶体光纤是近十来年兴起的一个新兴的研究领域,是现今纤维光学的研究重点,光子带隙特性是光子晶体光纤区别传统光纤的主要特征。本文利用全矢量平面波展开法对非空气-石英结构PCF的带隙特性进行分析,并且重点讨论空气孔内填充介电材料对光子带隙存在的影响。     

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of hollow core photonic crystal fiber

We review the optical guidance properties of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers. We follow a historical perspective to introduce the two major optical guidance mechanisms that were identified as operating in these fibers: photonic bandgap guidance and inhibited coupling guidance. We then review the modal properties of these fibers and assess the transmission loss mechanisms in photonic bandgap guiding hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. We dedicate a section to a review of the technical basics of hollow-core photonic crystal fiber fabrication and photonic microcell assembly. We review some of the early results on the use of hollow-core photonic crystal fiber for laser guiding micro-sized particles, as well as the generation of stimulated Raman scattering, electromagnetically induced transparency and laser frequency stabilization when the fiber core is filled with a gas-phase material. We conclude this review with a non-exhaustive list of prospects where hollow-core photonic crystal fiber could play a central role.     

光子晶体纤维的制备及应用

光子晶体纤维是一种具有结构色的纤维,其无需染色就具有颜色亮丽、永不褪色、色彩饱和度高等特点,符合当前绿色、环保的要求,拥有广阔的发展前景。概述了光子晶体的原理、制备方法及应用,重点探讨了光子晶体纤维的制备方法,介绍了目前研究报道的多层膜干涉、自组装、电泳沉积、静电纺丝和热压印等方法,并讨论了这些方法的优缺点。     

Design of bent photonic crystal fiber supporting a single polarization

In this work, it is shown that the differential loss between the TE- and TM-polarized fundamental modes in a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber (PCF) can be enhanced by bending the fiber. As a result, a design approach for single-mode single-polarization operation has been developed and is discussed. A rigorous full-vectorial H-field-based finite element approach, which includes the conformal transformation and the perfectly matched layer, is used to determine the single-polarization properties of such a highly birefringent PCF by exploiting its differential bending losses.     

Frequency-domain intermodal interferometer for the bandwidth measurement of a multimode fiber

A new bandwidth measurement technique for a multimode optical fiber (MMF) using a frequency-domain intermodal interferometer is proposed. We have demonstrated that the relative modal delay (RMD) of a MMF can be obtained easily and accurately based on an optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique by using an intermodal interference signal among the excited modes of a MMF. As an example, a photonic crystal fiber with a few modes is prepared and its RMD is measured by using our proposed measurement technique. Measurement results are compared with those from a previously reported frequency-domain method. We have also measured the RMD of a commercial MMF as a practical application and compared our result with the one obtained from a well-known time-domain differential mode delay measurement technique.     

正方形空气孔光子晶体光纤特性分析

为了同时获得高双折射和色散平坦特性的光子晶体光纤,本文提出了一种包层以椭圆空气孔为纤芯,四周环绕正方形空气孔的光子晶体光纤结构。基于不同纤芯椭圆率、不同纤芯填充材料,对所提光子晶体光纤结构的双折射、色散、非线性等性能进行了讨论。结果表明,在波长1.55 μm处,当纤芯椭圆率不同,填充材料相同时,最大双折射值为0.37,最大非线性系数值277.76 W-1·km-1;当纤芯填充材料不同,椭圆率相同时,最大双折射值为0.34,最大非线性系数值为307 W-1·km-1。在波段1.26 μm~1.8 μm范围,色散呈现出近零色散平坦特性,变化范围不超过±12.5 ps/(nm·km),带宽0.6 μm。     

Anomalous refractive properties of photonic crystals

We describe methods of investigating the behavior of photonic crystals. Our approach establishes a link between the dispersion relation of the Bloch modes for an infinite crystal (which describes the intrinsic properties of the photonic crystal in the absence of an incident field) and the diffraction problem of a grating (finite photonic crystal) illuminated by an incident field. We point out the relationship between the translation operator of the first problem and the transfer matrix of the second. The eigenvalues of the transfer matrix contain information about the dispersion relation. This approach enables us to answer questions such as When does ultrarefraction occur? Can the photonic crystal simulate a homogeneous and isotropic material with low effective index? This approach also enables us to determine suitable parameters to obtain ultrarefractive or negative refraction properties and to design optical devices such as highly dispersive microprisms and ultrarefractive microlenses. Rigorous computations add a quantitative aspect and demonstrate the relevance of our approach.     

Temperature coefficient of the high-frequency guided acoustic mode in a photonic crystal fiber

High-frequency guided acoustic Brillouin modes have recently been observed in small-core silica photonic crystal fibers. In this paper, we investigate the temperature dependence of the optical sideband frequency generated by one of these guided acoustic waves. The experimental results show a temperature coefficient of 100 kHz/°C at an acoustic resonance frequency of 1.15 GHz and are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions. This coefficient demonstrates a temperature sensitivity 10 times larger than that previously reported in conventional single-mode fibers, which is promising in view of potential applications to optical fiber sensors.     

Curvature sensor using a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber with two asymmetric hole regions in a Sagnac interferometer

A curvature sensor based on a highly birefringent (Hi-Bi) photonic crystal fiber inserted into a Sagnac interferometer is demonstrated. For this purpose, a novel Hi-Bi photonic crystal fiber was designed and fabricated. Half of the microstructured region of the photonic crystal fiber was composed by large diameter holes, while the other half contained small diameter holes. Because of this geometry, the fiber core was shifted from the center and high birefringence appears in the optical fiber. Curvature was applied for three different fiber directions for a range of 0.6-5 m(-1). Temperature and longitudinal strain was also characterized for constant curvature. The configuration showed insensitivity to these two physical parameters.     

Guided-mode analysis by the Lanczos-Fourier expansion

The Lanczos-Fourier series expansion is employed to analyze the guided-mode field in an asymmetrical slab waveguide, the core of which has an anisotropic and inhomogeneous dielectric permittivity. A system of linear homogeneous equations is derived by the collocation technique with consideration of the wave equation and the appropriate boundary conditions at the interfaces between the core and cladding media. The propagation constants are found from a determinant equation that ensures the existence of a nontrivial solution of the system. Numerical results are presented for several cases of dielectric permittivity, including the constant, parabolic, linear, and anisotropic cases. This approach is found to converge reasonably fast, and Richardson's extrapolation technique is applied to accelerate the convergence further. The approach can be easily generalized from the scalar to the vector equation, and, as an example, we consider the guided modes of a circular fiber.     

Inactive frequency bands in photonic crystals

Abstract

We discuss the existence of electromagnetic modes in the interior of a photonic crystal that do not couple to states outside the material for symmetry reasons. We show that by sliding the surface layers these modes can be excited. We exploit this to prove that it is possible to change the plane of polarization of an electromagnetic wave transmitted through a thin slab of a photonic crystal.     

Analysis of surface modes in photonic crystals by a plane-wave transfer-matrix method

We have developed a plane-wave transfer-matrix method (PWTMM) with the aid of the interpolation technique to analyze the dispersion relation of surface modes in photonic crystal or photonic crystal surface waveguide. The proposed approach has been applied to several surface structures in two-dimensional photonic crystals. The calculated dispersion relation of the surface modes is in good agreement with the result obtained by the conventional plane-wave expansion method in combination with the supercell technique. The developed PWTMM needs to handle only a single unit-cell layer domain and is therefore numerically friendly. The proposed approach can become an efficient and accurate numerical tool to understand and design surface modes in different two-dimensional and three-dimensional photonic crystals with complex geometries.     

Finite-element analysis of birefringence and dispersion properties in actual and idealized holey-fiber structures

Using a full-vector finite-element method, we calculate birefringence and dispersion in index-guiding photonic crystal fibers, also called holey fibers. Through real-model simulations the polarization-dependent dispersion in actual fiber structures is numerically demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge. Furthermore the transverse-electric-field vector distributions in the fabricated holey fibers are also clarified for the two linearly polarized fundamental modes.     

Gap modes of one-dimensional photonic crystal surface waves

The finite-difference time-domain method is employed for the analysis of coupling of the surface modes of two truncated one-dimensional photonic crystals separated by a gap. The wave vector, field distributions, and existence conditions of the coupled surface modes are investigated. The wave vector of symmetric gap modes increases with decreasing gap width, while that of antisymmetric modes decreases-exactly opposite of the situation for surface plasmons on metallic half-spaces separated by a dielectric gap. Photonic crystal gap modes could easily and effectively be used as nondissipating gap-mode waveguides.     

Acoustic wave propagation in piezoelectric fibers of hexagonalcrystal symmetry

An exact analysis is presented for acoustic wave propagation in cladded acoustic fibers having a core and an infinite thick cladding both made of piezoelectric hexagonal crystal of 6 mm point group symmetry. The crystalline Z axes of both the core and cladding coincide with the fiber axis. A general dispersion equation is derived for all the acoustic modes propagating along the fiber axis. Two simpler and independent equations which represent the dispersion relations of torsional and radial-axial modes can be separated from the general dispersion equation. It has been found that the radial-axial and general flexural modes are piezoelectrically active while the torsional modes are not. Approximate dispersion relations for pure guided modes in weakly guiding weakly piezoelectric fibers which are much simpler than the exact ones are also given. Numerical results are only presented for pure guided modes. Exact and approximate dispersion curves of several lower order pure guided flexural, radial-axial and torsional modes in a weakly guiding ZnS fiber are compared and they are in good agreement