System Integration and Power-Flow Management for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Supercapacitors and Batteries

In this paper, system integration and power-flow management algorithms for a four-wheel-driven series hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) having multiple power sources composed of a diesel-engine-based generator, lead acid battery bank, and supercapacitor bank are presented. The super-capacitor is utilized as a short-term energy storage device to meet the dynamic performance of the vehicle, while the battery is utilized as a mid-term energy storage for the electric vehicle (EV) mode operation due to its higher energy density. The generator based on an interior permanent magnet machine (IPMM), run by a diesel engine, provides the average power for the normal operation of the vehicle. Thanks to the proposed power-flow management algorithm, each of the energy sources is controlled appropriately and also the dynamic performance of the vehicle has been improved. The proposed power-flow management algorithm has been experimentally verified with a full-scale prototype vehicle.      

基于电无级变速器的内燃机最优控制策略及整车能量管理

提出了一种基于电无级变速器的混合动力汽车内燃机最优控制策略。首先分析了电无极变速器的核心组成部件—双机械端口电机的数学模型,随后在搭建的实验平台上进行了控制策略的验证试验。结果表明,所述控制策略可以确保内燃机的工作状态不受外界负载变化的影响。本文进一步介绍了一种基于整车的能量管理方案,分析了几种主要工况下各组件的工作状态,提出了在不同工况下电无级变速器系统的控制策略。最后,通过实验模拟了各工况下的运行情况,证明所述策略的可行性。     

集电动和发电功能于一体的无刷直流电机控制

根据混合电动汽车的使用要求,研制出集电动和发电功能于一体的稀土永磁无刷直流电机。文中介绍了该无刷直流电机控制系统的构成特点和设计方法,给出了系统框图．并进行了有关原理分析,通过样机试验验证了设计的合理性。     

基于双机械端口电机的新型电力无级变速系统研究

在先进深度混合动力系统中,行星齿轮机构将内燃机、发电机和电动机连接在一起构成电力无级变速混合动力系统,无论车速如何变化,内燃机总是工作在高效区域,提高了混合动力车辆的燃油经济性.但是,这种系统也存在结构复杂、体积较大的问题.本文研究了基于双机械端口电机的新型电力无级变速系统设计原则、永磁式双机械端口电机控制策略,并对这种系统在混合动力汽车应用中的工作模式进行了分析;研制了一台缩小比例永磁式双机械端口电机样机,实验验证了设计的有效性,模拟混合动力整车运行进行了典型循环工况实验和分析.     

Performance of a hybrid electric vehicle using reluctancesynchronous machine technology

The performance of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with a small reluctance synchronous machine drive is presented. The machine is current-angle controlled for maximum torque per ampere or minimum kVA. This ensures that the machine is operated reasonably close to optimal efficiency for all loads. The calculated and measured performance results of the reluctance synchronous machine drive and the electric vehicle are given. The 28 kW peak reluctance synchronous machine is used to drive the rear wheels of a small delivery vehicle through a differential. The conventional petrol-engine-propelled front drive is kept standard. Simulation and measured results show that, with the small reluctance synchronous machine drive generating a peak torque of 150 Nm, the 1480 kg vehicle accelerates from 0 to 60 km/h in 19 s. The maximum range of the HEV on a single battery charge is measured as 90 km at 60 km/h     

基于DSP控制的无刷直流电机在混合动力汽车上的应用研究

根据混合动力汽车的技术要求，研制出集电动、发电于一体的稀土永磁无刷直流电机控制系统。该系统选用了DSP(TMS320LF2407A)作为主控芯片。文中主要介绍了该控制系统的硬件设计和控制策略，给出了不同工况的工作方式图和软件流程图，通过样机试验验证了设计的合理性。     

Advantages of switched reluctance motor applications to EV and HEV:design and control issues

Land vehicles need their drivetrain to operate entirely in constant power in order to meet their operational constraints, such as initial acceleration and gradability, with minimum power rating. The internal combustion engine (ICE) is inappropriate for producing this torque-speed profile. Therefore, multiple gear transmission is necessary with the ICE in a vehicle. Some electric machines, if designed and controlled appropriately, are capable of producing an extended constant power range. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities of the switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle applications. This investigation is carried out in two steps. The first step involves the machine design and the finite-element analysis to obtain the static characteristic of the motor. In the second step, the finite-element field solutions are used in the development of a nonlinear model to investigate the dynamic performance of the designed motor     

混合动力整车控制系统开发

混合动力整车控制系统的开发是以某起动机/发电机一体化(ISG)并联混合动力汽车为例,开发整车控制系统,包括整车控制器硬件的设计、控制策略的制定、控制器软件的开发和基于VC++的混合动力汽车监控和标定软件的开发.实车验证实现了发电电源模式、纯电动模式、混合动力模式等多种工作模式,监控标定软件实时采集实验过程中CAN总线上...     

Mathematical simulation and parameter determination of regulation of a linear electrical reciprocating machine

A linear switched-reluctance electrical machine (LEM) intended to be used as an electric-power generator together with a free-piston internal-combustion engine (ICE) has been analyzed. Taking into account the hard service conditions of an electrical machine (EM) in close proximity to a cylinder ICE, hottemperature zones and heavy mechanical loads of the EM of the vent-inductor type have been recommended to be used. Development of a control system for this type of machine is one of the most complicated problems when developing it. It has been suggested to determine the reasonable principles and regulating algorithms of the machine that is being considered, as well as its regulation system and energy-data evaluation, on the basis of a model of the electromagnetic process. Taking into account the characteristic properties of the linear switched-reluctance machine as a modeling object, a mathematical model has been developed to solve the problems mentioned above. As stator phases have separate coil-flux guides and are not connected magnetically, the electromagnetic processes in each phase are analyzed independently. For experimental corroboration of ideas for design calculation, an experimental model of the machine has been constructed. Parameters required for modeling the characteristics’ correspondences of flux linkage and phase current’s generating force at various positions of a moving element have been determined for this machine experimentally. Performance of the linear switched reluctance electrical reciprocating machine has been analyzed with the mathematical model with moving-element movement frequencies unfeasible for study on a proving stand. Reasonable parameters of the current pulses’ phases of the machine have been determined, and its energy data have been evaluated. The obtained results have confirmed the correctness of the design approaches, choice of regulation principles, and adjustment of a linear vent-inductor electrical machine of forward and backward action and the feasibility of using it as an electric-power generator together with a free-piston ICE.     

混合动力车用复合结构永磁电机中磁场耦合

作为混合动力车中的电气无级变速器,复合结构永磁电机具有使内燃机独立于路况负载运行于高效率区、提高燃油经济性、降低排放等优点。主要针对混合动力车用新型复合结构永磁电机中的磁场耦合问题展开研究。首先将混合动力车用永磁电机与丰田Prius系列混合动力车中的丰田混合动力系统(THS)进行参数匹配,得到复合结构永磁电机的设计参数,并使二者具有相同的动力驱动性能;然后建立复合结构永磁电机的内部等值磁路模型,并以此为基础探索复合结构永磁电机内部磁场耦合规律;最后,利用2D-Ansoft有限元软件仿真分析复合结构永磁电机在不同工作模式下的内部磁场分布,并提出其内部磁场解耦设计方案,为复合结构永磁电机在混合动力车中的进一步应用奠定理论基础。     

ISG并联式混合动力汽车能量平衡控制策略

针对传统的并联式混合动力汽车(PHEV),通过对其行驶过程的能量平衡进行分析,以提高发动机效率和电机驱动系统的效率为依据,设计了一种ISG并联式混合动力汽车(ISG-PHEV)能量平衡控制策略。在综合路况下进行了仿真,结果表明:与传统无ISG电机的PHEV相比,ISG-PHEV的百公里平均耗油量降低了9.6%。     

Modeling and simulation for hybrid electric vehicles. I. Modeling

A model for the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain simulation has been constructed with a specific power control strategy for an electric-assisted HEV in parallel configuration. The HEV was built by the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Experimental procedures and data analysis for characterizing power output from the battery and the auxiliary power unit (APU) are presented. The model is implemented based on the empirical formulation and power control scheme, a power control strategy by means of throttle position. It also incorporates regeneration and regenerative braking for battery capacity recovery. The model allows for real time evaluation of a wide range of parameters in vehicle operation as a HEV, a pure electric vehicle, or as a conventional vehicle.     

HEV S/G [hybrid electric vehicle starter/generator]

This article demonstrates the effectiveness of a fuzzy-logic controller to automatically operate an HEV S/G (hybrid electric vehicle starter/generator) at its maximum efficiency under static conditions and over industry-standard road-profile dynamic loads. The effects of transient behavior and controller bandwidth are investigated. Experimental results also show that reduced heating can be achieved.     

Use of transverse-flux machines in a free-piston generator

This paper investigates the use of transverse-flux machines (TFMs) in a free-piston generator, an integration of a combustion engine and a linear electrical machine. For hybrid vehicles (the intended application), this integrated device has benefits in efficiency, emissions, reliability, etc. Conventional TFMs are dimensioned and their shortcomings illustrated. Several surface-mounted TFM designs are suggested. These designs, initially believed to be promising, are later discovered to be poor during the three-dimensional finite-element method (3-D FEM) analysis. These designs suffered from a large axial pole-to-pole armature-flux leakage in the stator. This problem is solved in the proposed buried-magnets TFM variants, for which patents have been filed as well. A 5-kW proof-of-concept prototype of one such design is dimensioned that allowed the near fulfilment of 3-D FEM verifiable system demands. One phase of this dimensioned three-phase prototype is built. Measurements on this prototype showed that the use of short pole lengths in the machine had led to manufacturing defects. Nevertheless, the electromagnetic viability of the design could still be approximately verified.     

Performance of coreless-winding axial-flux permanent-magnetgenerator with power output at 400 Hz, 3000 r/min

An axial-flux permanent-magnet machine (AFPM) topology with a coreless winding is proposed for generator units required aboard ships, aircraft or hybrid electric vehicles. In the proposed AFPM configuration, the winding consists of rhomboidal-shaped coils encapsulated in fiber-reinforced epoxy resin. The coils have a double-layer arrangement to leave space for a cooling water duct being used to remove heat directly from the interior surface of the winding. The overall machine structure is compact and lightweight and, due to the lack of an iron core, generator operation with power output at 400 Hz can be accomplished with high efficiency and acceptable voltage regulation. This paper discusses the basic design and construction of AFPM generators with coreless windings and experimental results taken from a 16-pole machine prototype rated 230 Nm, 3000 RPM are also reported     

Design and performance analysis of a 700‐kW wound‐rotor BDFIG for ship shaft generator application

In this paper, a 700‐kW brushless doubly fed induction generator (BDFIG) is designed for stand‐alone ship shaft generator application. Based on the principle of tooth harmonics and sinusoidal winding structure, a multi‐pitch unequal‐turn‐coil wound rotor is adopted to reduce harmonic contents and couple the two stator windings effectively. The performance analyses of a prototype BDFIG with two/four pole pairs are presented. The magnetic fields, air‐gap flux densities, and current densities with full load at different shaft speeds of the prototype machine are investigated. Simulation analysis and experimental tests verify that the output capability and the efficiency of the prototype machine could meet the design requirements of a 700‐kW generator and that the wound rotor structure is suitable for high‐power brushless doubly fed machines. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Sensorless Operation of a Permanent-Magnet Generator for Aircraft

This paper considers the operation and control of a brushless ac prototype embedded aircraft generator that has been designed for use as an alternative to the emergency run air turbine. To meet the wide operating speed requirements, the generator utilizes a hybrid rotor construction comprising permanent magnet and variable reluctance sections. The constant current source characteristics of the design are exploited to derive the phase information required by the ac vector controller, thus avoiding the use of a shaft-mounted rotor position sensor. The methodology behind the controller operation is presented together with test results taken from a prototype generator system, and this is contrast with the results taken from the conventionally controlled machine with resolver position feedback.      

基于DSP的混合动力汽车电驱动控制系统设计

对混合动力汽车(HEV)电驱动控制系统进行了设计,采用转速、转矩双闭环控制,实现了恒转矩启动和恒功率运行。整个电驱动控制系统包括电源模块、逆变模块、控制模块、驱动模块、系统安全检测模块、CAN通讯模块等主要部分,可以实现电动发电和制动能量回馈功能。为了验证所设计系统的有效性,研制了一个小功率试验平台,该平台以TMS320LF2407A型DSP为核心器件,基本实现了HEV所需的大部分功能。     

混合励磁永磁同步发电机的电磁场有限元分析

介绍了一种混合励磁永磁同步发电机的电磁场有限元分析，这种发电机的主发电机部分和一般的永磁同步发电机相同，样机采用了表面径向式磁钢转子，另有用于调节电压的辅助电励磁部分，两部分共有一套电枢绕组。为了精确计算该发电机的参数和特性，采用了电磁场有限元计算，特别是对磁场分布比较复杂的电励磁部分采用了三维电磁场分析，在有限元数值计算的基础上，推导了计算发电机外特性的等效电路，并加工了实验样机，样机实测数据和计算结果相吻合。     

Compact wheel direct drive for EVs

Concerning the application of slotless axial-flux PM motor (AFPMs) in electric vehicle drives, this article deals with the development of a 16-pole AFPM prototype which is used in the propulsion system of an electrical scooter. The proposed AFPM prototype has 45 Nm peak torque and 6.8 kg mass of active materials, and it is coupled directly to the scooter's rear wheel. In the following, the authors discuss the design and construction of the motor prototype and report experimental results taken from machine laboratory tests. Finally, they give details concerning the motor drive arrangement used in an electrical scooter prototype