女性人体美评价指标的研究进展

 服装设计以人体为主体,了解人体美是服装设计的前提。主要介绍了建立在进化心理学基础上女性人体美的评价指标,以及它们与人体美之间的关系。女性人体美的评价指标腰臀比（WHR）、体质指数（BMI）和体积身高指数（VHI）。一般用吸引力等级表示人体美的程度。WHR与吸引力等级间存在微弱的负相关性,WHR值为0.7的女性拥有最美的人体。BMI和VHI与吸引力等级都存在非线性关系。其中,VHI是最新提出的一个评价指标,还没有广泛应用。     

江浙地区女青年人体美的主客观评价

人体美的评价是服装学科研究的热点,人体美不仅包含主观的感觉同时也与人体体型特征密切相关。基于三维人体扫描系统对300名江浙地区女青年进行测量获得人体参数和派生参数,通过两阶段聚类分析将样本分成三类体型。将5个人体派生参数作为人体美客观评价指标。邀请10名服装专业人士对选定的类别样本3D图像进行主观评价。对人体美评价的的主客观指标进行相关性与多元回归分析,发现体质指数为第一重要评价指标,胸部丰满的人体更易获得较高的美丽等级。最佳美丽等级人体的体质指数、胸腰比、腰臀比、身头比、身长比分别为17.15kg／m2、1.29、0.737、7.95、0.607。     

基于三维扫描数据的女性体型特征参数分析

为在不同应用层次上提供一种完善的基于三维人体扫描数据库的体形分析参考标准。提出一种女性体形分析方案,包括体型类别分析方法,局部形态的特征分析和三维特征框架的数据分析,然后对861个18～45岁的女性对象进行体型类别的实例分析,主要包括：基于躯干体积指数(TVI)的体型分类、基于胸腰比-臀腰比的体型分类、及基于胸腰差-臀腰差的体型分类,目的是比较采用不同方法进行体型分类后的各群体体型变化趋势。结果显示,基于TVI指数的分类效果较明显,胸腰比－臀腰比和胸腰差－臀腰差方法同属一种分类方法,分类效果接近。采用我国服装号型标准中的分类方法,能很好反映人体下身围度相对逐渐增肥的趋势。     

青年女性臀部高度特征分析

臀部是评判人体美的重要部位,关系到下装设计的舒适性和美观性。通过利用Excel和SPSS软件对三维人体测量获得的有关臀部数据进行整理分析来研究臀部高度特征。通过分析臀位高与腰高的关系得出三者成正态相关关系,臀身比（即臀部高度与身高的比值）均值为0.499,得到臀部可作为人体美的评判基础;进一步分析得出臀位高度与身高成线性关系;臀胯高差与腰胯高差比值均值是0.285,所以在结构设计时要想获得最佳的舒适性、美观性,须增加测量臀高位置;通过线性相关分析得出臀胯高差与身高、腰位高的线性关系公式;最后参照国家号型标准中身高以5cm分档,利用分裂聚类分析法将全部数据分为5类,分析得出臀位高以3cm分档。     

面向座椅设计的人体尺寸测量与腰臀形态分型

为获取座椅设计相关的人体尺寸新数据及明确腰臀形态分型,采用直接接触测量法,选取与座椅腰背部设计有关的13个尺寸参数,对130名南京地区在校大学生(男性50名,女性80名)进行人体尺寸测量。利用统计软件SPSS26.0对数据进行统计处理、性别显著性分析、BMI显著性分析,并以坐姿臀宽、坐姿腰宽和腰节点高为分类依据,对腰臀形态进行分型。最终有效样本量为124人(男性49人,女性75人),以性别分类,分别统计出13个测量项目的平均值、第5、50、95百分位值。并将腰臀形态分为低腰型、高腰型及高腰宽臀型3类。结果表明:性别和BMI对人体尺寸的影响较大;低腰型和高腰宽臀型占比较大,两者共同的特点为:腰臀比大致相同,对于座椅腰背部设计来说,该形态的适应性更高。     

中国东部地区青年女性人体体型分类

为寻得合理便捷的人体体型分类方法,采用三维扫描系统对年龄为20~35岁的407名中国东部地区青年女性进行人体数据获取,运用逆向工程软件对每个样本测量66项数据。通过因子分析提取与人体体型相关的主成份,通过相关性分析等方法从人体体型主成份中提取人体特征变量,通过分层法聚类分析对人体体型进行分类。研究得出:从与人体体型相关的7个主成分中提取特征变量为乳下围扁平率、身腰比、胸腰差、臀腰差;第1层聚类以乳下围扁平率作为特征变量,第2层聚类以身腰比、胸腰差、臀腰差作为特征变量;最终将人体体型分为14类。经检验,所得体型间存在显著性差异,分类结果合理有效。     

中山市教师群体身体成分评价研究

目的：根据中山市教师群体的身体成分评价现状，为促进教师群体的体质健康提供参考。方法：运用整群抽样选取中山市221名教师进行问卷调查（其中女性教师119名，男性教师102名），覆盖年龄段为20-59岁，按照年龄每10岁为一阶段进行分组，使用生物电阻抗方法检测身体成分相关指标。结论：中山市教师群体腰臀比和蛋白质评价均不存在过低的情况；结合BMI和脂肪率结果，30-59岁各个年龄段教师群体都存在营养过剩的情况；男性和女性教师群体中体重的增加大部分是以腹部脂肪的形式存在。中山市男性、女性教师群体水肿系数评价不存在过低的情况，水肿系数和蛋白质存在中等到高等强度负相关(P <0.01)。     

塑身内衣塑身效果及吸引力的主客观评价北大核心

为研究塑身内衣对女性形体和女性吸引力的改变程度,提出一种混合式的主客观评价方法,该方法采用3D人体扫描技术以快速提供人体测量的可靠数据。基于女性体形识别技术,计算身体形态变化(CBS)和腰臀比(WHR)。在进行3D人体扫描的同时进行访谈,对受试者穿着塑身内衣时的主观身体形态变化和主观身体吸引力变化进行分析。实验结果表明:测量出的CBS与个体认知中的CBS不一致,大部分受试者感知到的身体形态变化是因为穿着塑身内衣使其看起来更接近沙漏形身材,姿势更加挺拔,但不一定符合客观的身体测量结果。另外,显著降低的WHR值与个体感知的吸引力具有明显一致性。     

塑身内衣塑身效果及吸引力的主客观评价

为研究塑身内衣对女性形体和女性吸引力的改变程度,提出一种混合式的主客观评价方法,该方法采用3D人体扫描技术以快速提供人体测量的可靠数据。基于女性体形识别技术,计算身体形态变化(CBS)和腰臀比(WHR)。在进行3D人体扫描的同时进行访谈,对受试者穿着塑身内衣时的主观身体形态变化和主观身体吸引力变化进行分析。实验结果表明:测量出的CBS与个体认知中的CBS不一致,大部分受试者感知到的身体形态变化是因为穿着塑身内衣使其看起来更接近沙漏形身材,姿势更加挺拔,但不一定符合客观的身体测量结果。另外,显著降低的WHR值与个体感知的吸引力具有明显一致性。     

江浙地区青年与成熟女性的三围形态对比分析

文章分析了江浙地区青年女性与成熟女性的胸腰臀部形态,为少淑女装与成熟女装版型制作提供相关数据。采用美国[TC]~2三维人体扫描仪获取110个江浙地区女性人体的相关数据和点云信息,利用Geomagic Studio及Matlab编程分别获取人体胸部下垂角、臀凸角及腰部平均曲率。通过数理统计的方法,将青年女性(18～29岁)与成熟女性(30～45岁)胸腰臀部形态分别分为3类,并进行对比分析。结果表明成熟女性胸部下垂角更加分散;腰部较青年女性更厚实,围度档差增加,后腰内凹曲线不明显;臀凸角均值小于青年女性。研究表明成熟女性在臀围相同的情况下,臀腰差可能会有较大差异。     

基于服装定制的女性人体美预测模型的建立

服装定制是服装工业生产的新趋势,修饰和美化人体是服装定制的基本功能之一。通过对三维人体扫描数据进行回归分析,得到影响人体美的11个重要身体尺寸;以这11个尺寸为基础共选择了15个可反映女性体形特征的主要人体比例。通过对15个主要人体比例的主元分析、二次型分析等建立了人体美预测模型。根据模型,可以定位个体在形体上存在不足的部位,在服装定制时利用服装进行修饰,以到达美化人体的目的,从而为个性化服装设计提供理论基础。     

Determination of the leading central obesity index among cardiovascular risk factors in Iranian women

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether the waist circumference (WC) or the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors at different ages. OBJECTIVE: To compare WC and WHR as predictors of cardiovascular risk factors and to determine the prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adult women at different ages. METHODS: In this clinical cross-sectional study, 714 overweight and obese women aged 20 to 70 years who were referred to two nutrition clinics in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Islamic Republic of Iran, were studied. The subjects were classified into three groups, 20 to < 35, 35 to < 50, and > or = 50 years of age. Anthropometric indices were measured according to the standard protocol. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and TC/HDL-C ratios were enzymatically determined. RESULTS: Older subjects (> or = 50 years old) had significantly higher values of body mass index (BMI), WC, TC, TG, and LDL-C than those in the two younger age classes. The prevalence rates of obesity, high WC, high WHR, high TC, high TG, high LDL-C, and high TC/ HDL-C ratios were higher in the older subjects. After adjustment for age and BMI, multiple linear regression showed that WC was significantly related to TC and TG in the 20- to < 35-year-old group and to TG in the 35- to < 50-year-old group. In the older participants, WHR was significantly related to TG. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increases with age. In clinical practice, WC is a better index for predicting some cardiovascular risk factors in younger and middle-aged women; however, for older women, WHR is better.     

Differences in visual perception of age and attractiveness of female facial and body skin

Perception of age and health is critical in the judgement of attractiveness. The few studies conducted on the significance of apparent skin condition on human physical appearance have studied faces alone or isolated fields of images facial skin. Little is known about whether perception of the face matches that of other body parts or if body skin affects overall age and attractiveness perception when presented in combination with facial skin. We hypothesized that independent presentation of female faces, chests and arms (including hands) – cropped from a full face and upper body image – would result in significant differences in perception of age and attractiveness compared to the corresponding composite. Furthermore, we sought to investigate whether relatively young and attractive looking skin on selected, individual parts of the body affects overall perception. Digital photographs of 52 women aged 45–65 years were collected and processed to yield four derivative sets of images: One set showed the composite of all features, i.e. the face, the chest and the arms, whereas the other three were cropped carefully to show each part of the upper body described above independently. A total of 240 participants judged these faces for perceived age and attractiveness. Our results showed significant differences in perception with the chest and the arms being judged significantly younger than the face or composite image of the same women. Moreover, arms and chest images were perceived as more attractive than face and composite images. Finally, regression analysis indicated that differences between the perceived and chronological values of overall age perception could be predicted by age perception of the face and arms. These results continue to support the significance of facial age perception in assessment of a woman’s age, but highlight that body skin also plays a role in overall age impression.     

Visible skin colouration predicts perception of male facial age, health and attractiveness

Although there is evidence that perception of facial age, health and attractiveness is informed by shape characteristics as well as by visible skin condition, studies on the latter have focused almost exclusively on female skin. Recent research, however, suggests that a decrease in skin colour homogeneity leads to older, less healthy and less attractive ratings of facial skin in both women and men. Here, we elaborate on the significance of the homogeneity of visible skin colouration in men by testing the hypothesis that perception of age, health and attractiveness of (non-contextual) digitally isolated fields of cheek skin only can predict that of whole facial images. Facial digital images of 160 British men (all Caucasian) aged between 10 and 70 were blind-rated for age, health and attractiveness by a total of 147 men and 154 women (mean age = 22.95, SD = 4.26), and these ratings were related to those of corresponding images of cheek skin reported by Fink et al. (J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. in press). Linear regression analysis showed that age, health and attractiveness perception of men's faces could be predicted by the ratings of cheek skin only, such that older men were viewed as older, less healthy and less attractive. This result underlines once again the potent signalling role of skin in its own right, independent of shape or other factors and suggests strongly that visible skin condition, and skin colour homogeneity in particular, plays a significant role in the perception of men's faces.     

Internet‐based lay person rating of facial photographs to assess effects of a cleansing product and a decent cosmetic foundation on the attractiveness of female faces

It is well established that decorative cosmetics can enhance female facial attractiveness. In this study, we investigated the effects of a cleanser and a decent foundation on attractiveness of female faces. Comparative rating of a set of facial photographs by a group of lay persons revealed that the cleansing product was significantly reducing the attractiveness of the stimulus persons. Treatment with the foundation increased the attractiveness of the female faces clearly. The authors conclude that even unobtrusive cosmetic treatments like cleansers and light foundations may cause relevant changes of the attractiveness of female faces.     

白酒功能因子与品质安全问题

回顾了白酒中的功能因子吡嗪类化合物和萜烯类化合物、品质安全因子氨基甲酸乙酯（EC）和生物胺（BAs）的研究进展。总体上讲,从已有研究报道及产品检测结果表明,白酒是一种安全、具有一定保健功能的酒精饮料。     

Do cosmetics enhance female Caucasian facial attractiveness?

This study sought to investigate whether cosmetics do improve female facial attractiveness, and to determine whether the contribution of different cosmetic products are separable, or whether they function synergistically to enhance female beauty. Ten volunteers were made up by a beautician under five cosmetics conditions: (i) no make-up; (ii) foundation only; (iii) eye make-up only; (iv) lip make-up only; and (v) full facial make-up. Male and female participants were asked to view the 10 sets of five photographs, and rank each set from most attractive to least attractive. As predicted, faces with full make-up were judged more attractive than the same faces with no make-up. Sex differences within the results were also apparent. Women judged eye make-up as contributing most to the attractiveness. Men rated eye make-up and foundation as having a significant impact on the attractiveness of a full facial makeover. Surprisingly, lipstick did not appear to contribute to attractiveness independently.     

基于特征参数的青年女性乳房形态分析

为探究青年女性乳房形态区别,提出了乳房边界定义方法以保证乳房形态参数测量的一致性。使用[TC]²三维扫描仪对140名18~25岁在校未婚孕青年女性进行扫描,获取了包括高度、宽度、角度、弧线等28项乳房形态相关参数;通过变异系数和相关性分析筛选出6个影响乳房形态的主要参数作为聚类指标,从乳房立体形态和聚拢程度两方面对乳房形态进行细分;基于乳房形态分类结果,利用Fisher判别函数对样本进行回判验证。结果表明,青年女性乳房形态可分为9类,基于形态判别规则对初始样本数据整体回判的准确率高达97.1%,说明此判别方法具有较高的准确性,为现有的乳房形态研究提供了新思路。     

电子舌在中华绒螯蟹产地鉴别及等级评定的应用

采用电子舌对产自阳澄湖、松江、崇明的不同等级雌性中华绒螯蟹各可食部位的滋味轮廓进行检测。运用主成分分析法处理电子舌测定数据后发现,特级、1级、2级阳澄湖中华绒螯蟹体肉、钳肉、足肉、性腺4 个部位滋味轮廓区分显著。采用软独立建模的方法,分别建立了基于单部位及联合多部位的阳澄湖中华绒螯蟹产地鉴别模型,无论是单部位还是多部位模型,对非阳澄湖蟹样的拒绝率均为100%。采用偏最小二乘-判别分析法建立了中华绒螯蟹的等级评定模型,特级、1级、2级蟹样的偏最小二乘-判别分析模型相关系数均在0.90以上,采用上述模型可100%正确识别16 个未知蟹样的等级。