结构参数和操作参数对生物质气化制氢技术的影响

生物质气化制氢技术不仅是一种清洁能源技术,而且有助于缓解我国能源压力,优化能源结构。介绍并对比了生物质制氢的主要方法,包括生物法和热化学法制氢技术。热化学法制氢技术的工业化发展较受关注,主要包括气化法、热解法和超临界转化法,其中气化法因产氢量高、废弃物少和工艺要求较易实现等优点,成为目前热化学法制氢的主要方法。阐述了生物质气化过程的基本原理,分别从结构参数(物料特性、气化剂、气化炉种类、催化剂)和操作参数(反应温度、当量比、水蒸气配气比)系统地分析了影响生物质气化过程的主要影响因素及其变化规律,指出应从优化结构参数和操作参数上促进生物质气化制氢技术的发展。     

生物质气化技术及进展

能源和环境的双重压力使得可再生清洁能源的开发利用越来越重要。生物质能是地球上重要的可再生能源,具有广阔的发展前景。我国有着丰富的生物质资源,开发和利用生物质能源对于缓解我国能源、环境及生态问题都具有重要的意义。文章介绍了生物质气化技术的原理及研究进展,分析了气化过程中存在的主要问题,并指出了气化技术的研究方向。     

国外生物质催化气化催化剂的研究进展

生物质气化技术已在国内外得到了广泛的开发和运用,但由于合成气中焦油含量较高,影响了合成气的品质,限制了生物质气化技术的应用。在生物质气化过程中应用催化剂可以有效的降低焦油的含量,调整合成气组成。对国外生物质催化气化催化剂的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了我国生物质催化气化技术的研究方向。     

生物质气化技术和气化炉研究进展

简单介绍了生物质气化的基本原理及生物质气化炉的分类,阐述了不同类型气化炉的特点及技术指标.介绍了国内外生物质气化技术在集中供气、供热和发电方面的发展现状和应用情况,重点介绍了适用于大规模生物质气化合成液体燃料的气化炉;指出了生物质气化技术需要解决的问题,提出了我国在生物质气化领域的重点研究方向.     

高温水蒸气生物质催化气化的研究进展

在粮食加工副产物资源化利用的背景下,生物质气化技术成为生物质利用研究的重点内容。生物质气化技术的发展和应用,对推动生物质利用的节能化、环保化发展有着重要的意义。主要论述了高温水蒸气生物质催化气化的相关内容。     

生物质工艺技术策略分析

本文概述了生物质气化技术的原理和工艺,分析了生物质气化工艺的影响因素,最后指出生物质气化存在的问题和研究方向。     

生物质气化制合成气技术研究进展

介绍了生物质气化制合成气技术的优势和主要用途,着重论述了国内外生物质气化制合成气技术的研究进展,对存在的主要问题进行了分析和探讨,并对该技术的前景进行了展望,指出新型气化合成技术、高效气化反应器以及高效催化剂是今后研究的重点.     

生物质气化重整技术的研究进展

介绍了生物质气化重整的研究发展现状,主要包括催化气化重整和高温介质气化技术。总结了催化气化重整过程中催化剂的研究情况,归纳了催化剂的作用,重点介绍了天然矿石催化剂、镍基催化剂和贵金属催化剂在生物质气化重整中的应用,并分析了生物质气化催化重整方法在工业应用中存在催化剂易失活的生物技术难点。此外,还介绍了当前出现的生物质高温介质气化技术,包括高温空气气化技术和高温水蒸气气化技术,阐明了其研究重点以及未来发展方向。     

生物质半焦气化及应用研究现状

介绍了近些年来生物质半焦气化及应用的研究现状,主要分析了不同气化剂和催化剂对生物质半焦气化的影响、生物质半焦作为催化剂对生物质气化及焦油产物催化裂解及其吸附重金属等吸附性能的研究。     

生物质半焦气化及应用研究现状

介绍了近些年来生物质半焦气化及应用的研究现状,主要分析了不同气化剂和催化剂对生物质半焦气化的影响、生物质半焦作为催化剂对生物质气化及焦油产物催化裂解及其吸附重金属等吸附性能的研究。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。