Service level agreements (SLAs) parameter negotiation between heterogeneous 4G wireless network operators

We are currently witnessing a growing interest of network operators to migrate their existing 2G/3G networks to 4G technologies such as long-term evolution (LTE) to enhance the user experience and service opportunities in terms of providing multi-megabit bandwidth, more efficient use of radio networks, latency reduction, and improved mobility. Along with this, there is a strong deployment of packet data networks such as those based on IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 standards. Mobile devices are having increased capabilities to access many of these wireless networks types at the same time. Reinforcing quality of service (QoS) in 4G wireless networks will be a major challenge because of varying bit rates, channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation and global roaming support among heterogeneous wireless networks. As a mobile user moves across access networks, to the issue of mapping resource reservations between different networks to maintain QoS behavior becomes crucial. To support global roaming and interoperability across heterogeneous wireless networks, it is important for wireless network operators to negotiate service level agreement (SLA) contracts relevant to the QoS requirements. Wireless IP traffic modeling (in terms of providing assured QoS) is still immature because the majority of the existing work is merely based on the characterization of wireless IP traffic without investigating the behavior of queueing systems for such traffic. To overcome such limitations, we investigate SLA parameter negotiation among heterogeneous wireless network operators by focusing on traffic engineering and QoS together for 4G wireless networks. We present a novel mechanism that achieves service continuity through SLA parameter negotiation by using a translation matrix, which maps QoS parameters between different access networks. The SLA matrix composition is modeled analytically based on the G/M/1 queueing system. We evaluate the model using two different scheduling schemes and we derive closed form expressions for different QoS parameters for performance metrics such as packet delay and packet loss rate. We also develop a discrete event simulator and conduct a series of simulation experiments in order to understand the QoS behavior of corresponding traffic classes.     

Design and implementation of QoS-provisioning system for voice over IP

In this paper, we address issues in implementing voice over IP (VoIP) services in packet switching networks. VoIP has been identified as a critical real-time application in the network QoS research community and has been implemented in commercial products. To provide competent quality of service for VoIP systems comparable to traditional PSTN systems, a call admission control (CAC) mechanism has to be introduced to prevent packet loss and over-queuing. Several well-designed CAC mechanisms, such as the site-utilization-based CAC-and the link-utilization-based CAC mechanisms have been in place. However, the existing commercial VoIP systems have not been able to adequately apply and support these CAC mechanisms and, hence, have been unable to provide QoS guarantees to voice over IP networks. We have designed and implemented a QoS-provisioning system that can be seamlessly integrated with the existing VoIP systems to overcome their weakness in offering QoS guarantees. A practical implementation of our QoS-provisioning system has been realized.     

自相似流量下包丢失的尺度特性

IP网络上的设备故障与流量拥塞经常导致网络数据丢包现象,研究网络上丢包行为的特性对于拥塞控制机制的设计、网络性能分析和服务质量保证都具有重要意义。文章基于ON/OF模型构造了具有长相关性包到达过程的链路流量,研究了在单路复用网络模型上的丢包特性,分析了丢包过程中体现的长相关特性,以及流量长相关性、缓冲区大小、输出链路速率因素与其长相关特性的关系。     

Quality of Service Support in RPL Networks: Standing State and Future Prospects

The development of IP-based Internet of Things (IoT) networks would facilitate more effective end-to-end IP network architectures, but it remains a challenge. Network routing needs to be effectively addressed in the IoT environments of scarce computational and energy resources. Accordingly, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has specified the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) to provide a bespoke IPv6-based routing framework for IoT networks. However, RPL comes with no Quality of Service (QoS) support which is an essential requirement for many IoT applications. The network research community has introduced a number of research proposals enhancing RPL with different QoS solutions. This paper presents a review of these proposed solutions and aims to establish a firm understanding of recent QoS developments for RPL and possible areas for future IoT routing research. The focus is on comprehending the protocol and networking properties that can affect QoS performance in RPL networks. Consideration is also given to different objective functions developed for addressing varying QoS aspects such as throughput, delay, and packet loss. RPL is also extended in a number of QoS solutions following different approaches at the MAC, network, and application layers. However, there is still a need for further developments to address effective QoS support, particularly for dynamic RPL networks.     

一种基于DiffServ的IP电话QoS实现方案

如何为IP网络中的业务提供QoS保证正成为lP技术所要解决的关键问题。文中基于Diffserv提出了一种IP电话QoS方案，并对其基本思想及实现方法作了详细介绍。该方案将不同的分组数据包设置成不同的优先级，其中系统控制分组数据包优先级最高，语音分组数据包次之，普通数据分组数据包最低，使得系统控制分组和语音分组数据包的平均等待时间缩短。研究结果表明，对不同数据包进行优先级设置是改善IP电话QoS的一种可行方法。     

PTN网络中基于Diff-Serv TE的QoS研究

在电信业务IP化趋势推动下,传送网承载的业务从以TDM为主向以IP为主转变。分组传送网（PTN）正是IP/MPLS,以太网和传送网3种技术相结合的适合分组传送的下一代传送网技术。在当前的T-MPLS、PBT二种主流的PTN技术中,T-MPLS在标准化过程中抢得先机,较为成熟。IP网络对服务质量（QoS）的支持一直是网络技术研究的热点,有几种协议支持IP网络的QoS。文中描述了综合服务结构模型（IntServ/RSVP）、区分服务结构模型（Diff-Serv）和MPLS TE的原理,分析了Diff-Serv TE的技术原理并提出了基于T-MPLS Diff-Serv TE实现多种业务服务质量保证的方案。     

Enhanced packet routing queuing model in optical burst switching network using queue-based dynamic optical route scheduling

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) for all future optical network technology signatures. In OBS, the IP packet is known as a large explosion of data that is assembled in the input packets. The pre-assembly burst is sent to its intended location for offset time. It has shown that there are some security issues, but they do not resolve the node's ability to separate them. When they have suffered great losses to ensure that they are indispensable. If they are not safe, it may not waste resources on the optimal path.Current communication paradigms such as broadcast and multicast. Therefore, in optical networks, it is necessary to support these paradigms. Implementation of IP QoS policies does not apply to Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks. These QoS requirements include controversy, optical signal quality, reliability, and delay.This work recommends the use of shared encryption for secure message traffic on OBS networks. The information is divided into as many strands as possible, and then it transmits at different times between pair of nodes and the different paths or routes. The proposed method to analyze the three strategies likely traffic analysis and route scheduling, packet header analysis,and authentication key verification.This proposed method,Queue-Based Dynamic Optical Route Scheduling (QDORS), provides flexible and efficient integrated packet-based traffic in OBS functions and Internet-based networks. It considered exploding a valid huge amount of data plans to reduce better channel usage, higher efficiency, and blocking probability.     

Interworking of heterogeneous access networks and QoS provisioning via IP multimedia core networks

Moving towards packet networks, where IP will have a prominent role, constitutes nowadays a widely accepted perception of future communications, the first instance of which has begun to materialise with the IP multimedia core network subsystem (IMS). By specification, IMS is the first implementation towards reaching converged communications which allows users to communicate with video, audio and multimedia content, via any fixed, mobile and wireless access network type, with controllable QoS. To enable IMS communications across heterogeneous networks, incorporating UMTS, WLAN and fixed IP access points, 3GPP and ETSI’s TISPAN currently work on schemes for controlling bandwidth allocation at the service level by employing logical interfaces that carry SIP messages. This article analyzes how interconnection between such heterogeneous networks may be performed on real platforms. In this effort, special attention is paid to the way the various interconnection possibilities can affect end-to-end QoS provisioning.     

无线Mesh网络中VOIP的QoS性能分析

针对VoIP(Voice over IP)业务在无线Mesh网上进行传输时存在服务质量(QoS)需求难以保证、带宽利用率低的问题,介绍了VoIP的QoS影响因素,分析了端到端时延、时延抖动和丢包率等几个重要参数,并对VoIP在无线Mesh网中的传输性能进行了论述。提出了基于无线Mesh网络的QoS保证机制,可以为端到端的数据传输公平的分配带宽,并能在保证QoS下实现大规模的实时任务的多跳转发。仿真试验表明能有效降低端到端时延,有着更好的QoS性能。     

A cross-layer elastic CAC and holistic opportunistic scheduling for QoS support in WiMAX

QoS provisioning is an important issue in the deployment of broadband wireless access networks with real-time and non-real-time traffic integration. An opportunistic MAC (OMAC) combines cross-layer design features with opportunistic scheduling scheme to achieve high system utilization while providing QoS support to various applications. A single scheduling algorithm cannot guarantee all the QoS requirements of traffics without the support of a suitable CAC and vice versa. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer MAC scheduling framework and a corresponding opportunistic scheduling algorithm in tandem with the CAC algorithm to support QoS in WiMAX point-to-multipoint (PMP) networks. Extensive experimental simulations have been carried out to evaluate the performance of our proposal. The simulation results show that our proposed solution can improve the performance of WiMAX networks in terms of packet delay, packet loss rate and throughput. The proposed CAC scheme can guarantee the admitted connections to meet their QoS requirements.     

Modeling and performance analysis for IPv6 traffic with multiple QoS classes

This paper focuses on the modeling and performance analysis for IPv6 traffic with multi-class QoS in virtual private networks (VPN). The multi-class QoS is implemented on differentiated service basis using priority scheme of 4 bits defined in the packet header of IPv6. A VPN-enabled IP router is modeled as a tandem queuing system in which each output link consists of two parallel priority output queues. The high-priority queue is used to carry the delay sensitive traffic while the low-priority queue is used to carry the delay insensitive traffic. On the other hand, multiple thresholds are implemented in each queue, respectively, for packet loss priority control. The performance analysis is done using fluid flow techniques. The numerical results obtained from the analysis show that the differentiated service based on the priority schemes defined in IPv6 is able to effectively satisfy the multi-class QoS requirement for supporting multimedia services in VPN. The performance trade-off between the delay sensitive traffic and delay insensitive traffic in terms of traffic throughput, packet loss probability and end-to-end delay in VPN networks is presented.     

A novel path protection scheme for MPLS networks using multi-path routing

Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) is an evolving network technology that is used to provide traffic engineering (TE) and high speed networking. Internet service providers, which support MPLS technology, are increasingly demanded to provide high quality of service (QoS) guarantees. One of the aspects of QoS is fault tolerance. It is defined as the property of a system to continue operating in the event of failure of some of its parts. Fault tolerance techniques are very useful to maintain the survivability of the network by recovering from failure within acceptable delay and minimum packet loss while efficiently utilizing network resources.In this paper, we propose a novel approach for fault tolerance in MPLS networks. Our approach uses a modified (k, n) threshold sharing scheme with multi-path routing. An IP packet entering MPLS network is partitioned into n MPLS packets, which are assigned to node/link disjoint LSPs across the MPLS network. Receiving MPLS packets from k out of n LSPs are sufficient to reconstruct the original IP packet. The approach introduces no packet loss and no recovery delay while requiring reasonable redundant bandwidth. In addition, it can easily handle single and multiple path failures.     

无线传感器网络中基于信息质量的跨层QoS支持

本文中提出了一种基于数据的信息质量而提供QoS支持的跨层协议,文中先阐述了无线传感器网络与传统网络在QoS支持上的不同的需求和特点,并提出了跨层优化的概念,指出无线传感器网络采用跨层优化的可行性和必要性.本文通过划分优先级来对网络提供不同的服务质量.数据包的优先级主要反应了数据包中所含的信息质量,由网络的应用层决定,而后再根据数据优先级的不同在MAC层提供不同的服务,从而实现跨层的QoS支持.     

Availability of end-to-end ideal QoS in IP packet networks

Network processor technology has advanced to the point where high-precision time-based store-and-forward logic is readily incorporated into packet switches and routers. With appropriate scheduling, packets from multiple flows can be serviced without contending for link resources. Accordingly, packet flows traversing a network of switching elements can have both path and time determinacy attributes which support ideal end-to-end QoS (zero jitter, zero loss, acceptable end-to-end latency) for real-time UDP packet flows and guaranteed goodput for TCP flows. One approach to packing a network with a relatively large number of such deterministic flows, i.e. achieving high availability of the ideal QoS service in a network, uses precise buffering of packets at each switch, which introduces latency. This paper describes analysis methods for quantifying how much buffering may be necessary to achieve high (99.999%) availability. For typical network topologies the analysis shows that buffering latency requirements are very small compared to transport delays, even when the network is highly utilized with heterogeneous (e.g. voice, video, circuit emulation, and data) traffic. Actual physical implementations have empirically validated the analysis results as well as the scalability of the end-to-end, time-based forwarding approach and the end-to-end availability of ideal QoS services in IP packet networks.     

Two efficient packet aggregation mechanisms and QoS support in a slotted dual bus optical ring network

In this paper, a novel approach for efficiently supporting IP packets directly into a slotted optical wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) layer with several quality of service (QoS) requirements is presented and analyzed. The approach is based on two main features. First, an aggregation cycle is performed at fixed time intervals by assembling several IP packets into a single macro-packet of fixed size, called an aggregate packet. Second, since IP packets have variable size, the aggregation process may allow or not the segmentation of an IP packet if it does not fit into the remaining gap in the aggregate packet. As a key element of our proposition, an efficient QoS support access mechanism is presented. The new QoS control performs aggregation in a loop manner by always beginning the aggregation cycle with the highest priority class. The aggregation cycle ends if the aggregate packet cannot accommodate more IP packets, or if the lowest priority class is reached. We introduce two analytical models that allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of the aggregation technique with and without segmentation. On the other hand, a third analytical model is presented to analyze the standard case (where no aggregation is performed), and comparisons between the three models are carried out. The aggregation models are validated by simulations, and the effect of self-similarity is also analyzed. The application of the proposed approach takes place in a slotted dual bus optical ring network (SDBORN), where we prove that a good fairness and high bandwidth efficiency are achieved, and that only two QoS classes (real-time and non-real-time classes) at the access interface (IP domain) are sufficient in order to fulfill the strict delay requirements of real-time data traffic.     

基于AR1688的IP电话机的解决方案

网络宽带化发展迅速,语音、数据和视频的“三网合一”将逐渐实现,然而作为与我们日常生活最密切的电话,也将由传统电路交换转变为分组交换,对直接用于因特网通话良好的IP电话机的需求是十分的迫切。文章提出一种采用AR1688的简洁的IP电话机解决方案,此方法既直接接入到因特网,通话质量又能满足IP电话机的规范要求;阐述了采用AR1688的IP电话机的硬件原理与硬件电路的设计方法;介绍了采用AR1688的IP电话机的软件设计方案;通过对设计的IP电话机进行相关的测试,表明所提出的方案能在因特网运行良好。     

分组交换网络中分布式调度控制算法研究

文章首先对目前分组交换网络中支持QoS的队列调度算法进行了比较研究,分析了其性能指标和技术特点。然后以Internet核心路由器中线卡级和交换级的队列调度设计为例,从控制论的角度提出了一种支持QoS的分布式加权轮询调度控制算法,同时对交换网络进行了仿真实验,吞吐率达到96％的仿真实验结果表明所提出的算法是有效的,最后,文章认为在实际应用中,应针对不同情况设计不同的调度控制算法,以便在复杂性、公平性、快速性及有效性等特性方面取得了一个折衷方案,以使分组交换网络的整体性能更好。     

基于IP/WDM网络的QoS技术研究

IP／WDM是目前网络发展的新动向。WDM技术增大了网络传输容量，为IP业务提供更加方便快捷的服务，但IP业务中的语音、视频、实时多媒体应用却对网络的服务质量QoS提出了更高的要求。介绍了IETF提出的几个QoS服务模型和机制，即集成服务(IntServ)／RSVP模型、区分服务(DiffServ)模型、多协议标签交换(MPLS)以及它们在IP／WDM网中的应用。     

QoS management in heterogeneous home networks

An OSGi (Open Services Gateway Initiative) home gateway system manages the integration of heterogeneous home networks protocols and devices to develop ubiquitous applications. Wired and wireless heterogeneous home networks have different QoS concerns. For instance, jitter and latency are important concerns in web phones, while packet loss ratio is important in on-line video. This study adopts UPnP QoS specification version 1.0 to design an adaptive QoS management mechanism based on the RMD (Resource Management in DiffServ) architecture. This study monitors real-time network traffic, and adaptively controls the bandwidth, to satisfy the minimum but most important quality for each application in home network congestion. Simulation results indicate that the average jitter, latency and packet loss are reduced by 0.1391 ms, 0.0066 s, and 5.43%, respectively. The packet loss ratio is reduced by 4.53%, and the throughput is increased by 1.2% in high definition video stream; the packet loss ratio is reduced by 1.89% for standard definition video stream, and in VoIP (Voice over IP) the jitter and latency are reduced to 0.0407 ms and 0.0209 s, respectively.     

公用IPv6网络承载服务SLA监测研究

分析了NGI中网络承载服务sIA(NSLA)的应用需求,针时NSLA可能的应用场合及IPv6特点定义了适用于NSLA的QoS参数:IP分组传送延迟(IPTD)、IP分组延迟变化(IPDV)、IP分组传送失败率(IPFR)和IP分组吞吐能力(IPTC),其中IPTC能有效刻画公用IP网段集维持业务流量模式的能力.分组识别和时钟同步是IPv6网络NSLA监测的两个关键问题.文中给出了分组识别的解决思路;为降低对同步的要求、支持较低成本的NSLA监测,除IFFD外其余参数均可容忍出入测量点之间存在有限的时钟不同步.此外,综合应用特点、用户感知、IPv6协议等因素,讨论了面向应用NSLA的QoS参数设定.最后设计了一个包括采集器、前端机、分析机、原始数据库和结果库等部件的NSLA监测系统,采用ON-OFF系统抽样方式被动监听自然流量,在各部件的协作下可实现各QoS参数的测量.