北海维京地堑Beryl湾中、晚侏罗世高分辨率沉降分析及其意义

在Beryl湾发育南北向、北西向和北东向三组正断层。根据北海维京地堑Beryl湾73口井的高分辨率层序地层学分析和高分辨率沉降分析,阐明中、晚侏罗世沉积和沉降模式,确定应力场的变化及边界断层的连锁对沉积和含油气系统的控制作用。高分辨率(1~2Ma)允许评价不同走向断层随时间的演化。不仅阐明了东舍德兰断层连锁的时间和机侧,而且阐明了对沉积相的控制作用。研究结果表明,在中、晚侏罗世同裂谷期Beryl湾伸展方向发生了45°的顺时针旋转;东舍德兰断层在早、中牛津期由两段连锁为一条统一的断层。     

沥青质加氢热裂解和催化加氢裂解反应动力学与选择性

A pentane-insoluble mixture of asphaltenes was processed by thermal hydrocracking and catalytic hydrocracking over Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in a microbatch reactor at 430 ℃.The experimental data of asphaltene conversion adequately fit second-order kinetics to give the apparent rate constants of 2.435×10-2 and 9.360×10-2 (wt frac)-1 min-1 for the two processes,respectively.A three-lump kinetic model is proposed to evaluate the rate constants for parallel reactions of asphaltenes producing liquid oil (k1) and gas+coke (k3),and consecutive reaction producing gas+coke (k2) from this liquid oil.The evaluated constants for asphaltenes hydrocracking,in the presence and absence of the catalyst,respectively,show that k1 is 2.430×10-2 and 9.355×10-2 (wt frac)-1 min-1,k2 is 2.426×10-2 and 6.347×10-3 min-1,and k3 is 5.416×10-5 and 4.803×10-5 (wt frac)-1 min-1.As compared with the thermal hydrocracking of asphaltenes,the catalytic hydrocracking of asphaltenes promotes liquid production and inhibits coke formation effectively.     

MINERALOG Y OF ASPHALTENES SEPARATED FROM CRUDE OILS AND TAR POLLUTANTS By X-Ray, Polarizing Microscope, IR and NMR Techniques

The asphaltenes separated from some Middle East, crude oils and tar pollutants were studied by different modem techniques in order to identify its inorganic and organic composition. The relationship between the crude oils and tar pollutants were also determined. Each area studied has revealed specific inorganic composition and its mineralogy were, for the first time, identified: silica-solid solution, Al-silicate, Al-oxides, other sulphates were identified in its composition. IR and NMR spectra show the same characteristic bands of tar asphaltenes Compared with that of crude oils.     

Kinetics and Selectivity of Asphaltene Thermal Cracking,Thermal Hydrocracking,and Catalytic Hydrocracking

Abstract

A pentane-insoluble asphaltene was processed by thermal cracking, thermal hydrocracking, and catalytic hydrocracking in a microbatch reactor at 430°C. The experimental data of asphaltene conversion fit second-order kinetics adequately to give the apparent rate constants of 1.704 × 10^?2, 2.435 × 10^?2, and 9.360 × 10^?2 wt frac^?1 min^?1 for the above three cracking processes, respectively. A three-lump kinetic model is proposed and solved to obtain rate constants of parallel reactions of asphaltenes to produce liquid oil (k₁) and gas + coke (k₃) and a consecutive reaction from liquid to gas + coke (k₂). The value of k₁ is 1.697 × 10^?2, 2.430 × 10^?2, and 9.355 × 10^?2 wt frac^?1 min^?1; k₂ is 3.605 × 10^?2, 2.426 × 10^?2, and 6.347 × 10^?3 min^?1; and k₃ is 6.934 × 10^?5, 5.416 × 10^?5, and 4.803 × 10^?5 wt frac^?1 min^?1 for asphaltenes thermal cracking, thermal hydrocracking, and catalytic hydrocracking, respectively. Analysis of selectivity shows that the catalytic hydrocracking process provides the highest liquid production, and the coking process provides the highest coke formation, as expected. An induction period of coke formation was found to increase from thermal cracking to thermal hydrocracking to catalytic hydrocracking process.     

SOURCE ROCK QUALITY VARIATIONS OF UPPER JURASSIC – LOWERMOST CRETACEOUS MARINE SHALES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OILS IN THE VALDEMAR FIELD,DANISH NORTH SEA

The main source rocks for the hydrocarbons at the Valdemar field (Danish North Sea) are the Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous organic-rich marine shales of the Farsund Formation. However, geochemical analyses of retained petroleum in reservoir cores show variations in oil type and maturity which indicate a complex charging history. This paper reviews the organofacies and source rock quality variations in 55 samples of the Farsund Formation from the North Jens-1 well (Valdemar field) within a sequence stratigraphic framework in order to discuss the source of the hydrocarbons. Petrographic and geochemical data, including biomarker analyses, were integrated in order to characterize the kerogen composition, original source rock potential and depositional environment of the Farsund Formation. The thermal maturity, source rock quality and kerogen quality all vary at the sequence level, and in general change upwards from early mature, primarily gas-prone Type II kerogen in the Kimmeridgian Kimm-2 and Kimm-3 sequences to immature, highly oil-prone sapropelic Type II kerogen in the Volg-4 and Ryaz-1 sequences (Volgian, Ryazanian). The kerogen has a maceral composition dominated by fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and liptodetrinite, with variable but generally minor amounts of terrigenous organic matter. The stratigraphic distribution of organic matter is similar to that in regional observations from the Danish Central Graben but minor differences occur, especially in the amount of fluorescing AOM in the Kimmeridgian sequences. The decrease in terrigenous input (vitrinite) upwards through the marine shale succession likely reflects a marine transgression of the Danish Central Graben area during Late Jurassic time. The source potential of the Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous shales in the North Jens-1 well is generally lower than that observed regionally, including an absence of relatively organic-rich, oil-prone intervals in the older part of the succession which have been demonstrated to occur elsewhere in the Danish Central Graben. However, in agreement with the regional trend, back-calculated source rock data and calculated Ultimate Expulsion Potentials show that the uppermost Volgian (Volg-4) and Ryazanian (Ryaz-1) sequences are the most oil-prone intervals. The Ryaz-1 sequence represents a condensed section formed during a period characterised by low sedimentation rates and high preservation of algal organic matter. Biomarker compositions from source rock extracts from the North Jens-1 well cannot be directly correlated to Valdemar reservoir oils, suggesting that the mature organofacies which charged the oils are not represented in the samples from North Jens-1.     

煤焦油加氢脱氮动力学

在小型固定床加氢装置上,选取加氢脱氮催化剂中期缓慢失活阶段,研究煤焦油加氢脱氮动力学。依据加氢装置大量实验数据,运用Levenberg-Marquardt法拟合出各动力学参数,建立了煤焦油加氢脱氮动力学模型和催化剂失活函数表达式。该模型不仅能较为准确地预测不同工艺条件下加氢产品的氮含量,而且可以根据加氢工艺条件和产品指标的要求,预测催化剂的使用寿命。     

煤焦油加氢精制催化剂的级配研究

在小型固定床加氢装置上对煤焦油加氢脱金属催化剂、脱硫催化剂和脱氮催化剂级配比例进行了研究。考察了反应温度和液体体积空速对催化剂加氢反应活性的影响,建立了煤焦油加氢精制动力学模型。通过 Levenberg-Marquardt法拟合出各动力学参数,并根据模型得到了适合煤焦油加氢精制的级配参数。结果表明,该模型可对加氢精制过程的金属、硫、氮脱除率进行预测,并可根据煤焦油加氢操作工艺条件和产品油的要求,推算出适合的催化剂级配比例。     

煤焦油沥青质的表面官能团特性及对悬浮床加氢裂化助剂选择的影响

以煤焦油常压渣油(T AR)为原料,分离出了正庚烷沥青质(T AR HI),通过元素分析、XPS、FT IR手段对该沥青质的表面官能团进行了表征,同时考察了不同助剂作用下T AR悬浮床加氢裂化反应过程中的生焦行为,进而分析了不同助剂对T AR沥青质的稳定作用机理。结果表明,T AR HI表面官能团以C-C、C-H、C-O为主;杂原子中O含量最高,杂原子官能团以含O官能团为主,其中醚类结构(C-O-C)占大多数;含N官能团主要为吡啶、吡咯和胺类,此外含有少量亚砜等含S官能团。表面官能团中,中性官能团总相对浓度为79%,酸性官能团为001%,碱性官能团为147%,沥青质表面呈弱碱性。SDBS、OA、CTAB 3种助剂对T AR沥青质的稳定作用依次降低,稳定作用主要取决于沥青质表面官能团与助剂之间的酸碱作用和氢键作用,其中酸碱作用影响较大。宜选取具有酸性基团的阴离子型双亲分子作为T AR悬浮床加氢裂化的助剂。     

Study on Aging Kinetics of Saudi Arabian Paving Asphalt

Abstract

The changes of n-pentane asphaltene content, penetration, softening point, and ductility of two Saudi Arabian paving asphalts have been studied during aging. Further, aging kinetics of asphalt, based on the change of n-pentane asphaltene content, has been studied. Some correlative kinetic parameters were calculated and the aging kinetics equation of asphalt was gained. The value calculated depending on the equation was in accordance with the experimental data. And the relationship between the composition of the high grade paving asphalt and its aging resistant performances was revealed. It showed that the aging of high grade paving asphalt was a first-order reaction. AH-70 paving asphalt has the following characteristics: higher reaction active energy, less reaction velocity constant, lower aging velocity, and better aging resistance performance compared with AH-90 paving asphalt. The changes of penetration, softening point, and ductility of asphalt during aging further proved that the kinetic model is reliable.     

Study on Aging Kinetics of Saudi Arabian Paving Asphalt

The changes of n-pentane asphaltene content, penetration, softening point, and ductility of two Saudi Arabian paving asphalts have been studied during aging. Further, aging kinetics of asphalt, based on the change of n-pentane asphaltene content, has been studied. Some correlative kinetic parameters were calculated and the aging kinetics equation of asphalt was gained. The value calculated depending on the equation was in accordance with the experimental data. And the relationship between the composition of the high grade paving asphalt and its aging resistant performances was revealed. It showed that the aging of high grade paving asphalt was a first-order reaction. AH-70 paving asphalt has the following characteristics: higher reaction active energy, less reaction velocity constant, lower aging velocity, and better aging resistance performance compared with AH-90 paving asphalt. The changes of penetration, softening point, and ductility of asphalt during aging further proved that the kinetic model is reliable.     

中低温煤焦油加氢裂化集总动力学模型的研究

以煤焦油为原料,在高压固定滴流床反应器中,以工业NiMo/Al2O3为催化剂,考察了360-380℃范围内煤焦油的产物分布,基于此建立了5集总煤焦油加氢裂化动力学模型。动力学模型的集总包括：未反应的煤焦油、柴油、汽油、气体和焦炭。通过对实验产物与模型预测产物的对比数据,发现本文所建立的动力学模型可以用于煤焦油加氢裂化过程。同时,基于动力学模型,进一步分析了煤焦油的加氢裂化机理：在整个煤焦油加氢裂化过程中,柴油馏分可作为反应中间组分。     

煤焦油渣热解特性及动力学分析

采用热重-红外(TG-FTIR)联用技术研究了煤焦油渣在不同升温速率(8、25、50 ℃/min)下的热解特性,得到热解反应特征参数;并利用Freeman-Carroll模型对热解过程进行动力学分析。结果表明：升温速率对煤焦油渣热解反应特征参数具有正相关的影响;对于热解过程,热重曲线呈现明显的三段式分布,升温速率对挥发分的总析出量影响不大;适当提高升温速率使热解产物释放更加集中,挥发分释放更加剧烈,热解速率加快;但过高的升温速率则使挥发分短时间集中释放,颗粒内挥发分与煤焦的接触几率增大,促进了二次反应,二次反应产物沉积在煤焦表面,反而使煤焦产率增大;煤焦油渣的热解反应活化能随升温速率的增加而增大,呈正相关性,适宜的升温速率有利于挥发分的析出和二次反应的发生;热解反应动力学参数在整个反应区间线性拟合效果较好,不同升温速率下的活化能和指前因子存在较好的动力学补偿关系。     

不同洗脱法分离沥青质吸附烃的对比

沥青质是烃源岩抽提物和原油中具有复杂分子结构的重组分,能够吸附很多小分子烃类.前人多利用各种洗脱法来分离被沥青质吸附的小分子烃类,但并未进行系统对比.利用川西北矿山梁地区的天然沥青样品,通过沉淀法、抽提法、离心法和柱层析法分离沥青质中的吸附烃.研究结果表明,不同的洗脱法对沥青质吸附烃的分离效果是不同的,这会使产物的族组...     

煤焦油在电场中的脱水动力学研究

对陕北神木中温热解煤焦油在电场中的脱水动力学进行了研究,得到了煤焦油在电场中脱水的一般规律。通过在电场中加入破乳剂,以von Smoluchowski提出的快速聚集理论为基础,建立了动力学模型,考察了外加电场的电场强度、内部水滴直径、乳化液中水相含量、脱水温度及乳状液黏度对脱水速率的影响;用Matlab软件拟合出各动力学参数,得出模型参数C1=1.35×10-3,C2=6.02×10-5。用实测数据对模型的可靠性进行了验证,模型验证显示相对误差可控制在3%左右,表明此模型对煤焦油在电场中的脱水速率具有很好的预测性,为破乳剂评价和工业化应用提供了可靠依据,具有很好的实用价值。     

台北凹陷鄯勒地区西山窑组一、二段物源分析

鄯勒地区西山窑组一、二段是一套煤系地层,是鄯勒油田的主力含油段,因此物源方向的确定对研究沉积相及其砂体展布特征具有重要意义.通过碎屑组分、重矿物组合、砂岩体积分数、地震等,对研究区西山窑组一、二段物源进行综合研究,认为鄯勒地区西山窑组一段(J2X1)是南部和北部2大物源体系共同作用的产物;西山窑组二段(J2X2)主要受...     

全馏分高温煤焦油悬浮床加氢裂化中试试验

采用150 kg/d悬浮床加氢裂化中试装置,以全馏分高温煤焦油为原料,考察了反应温度、反应质量空速及反应压力对煤焦油加氢裂化反应性能及产物分布的影响。结果表明：升高反应温度和降低反应质量空速,均可以促进煤焦油中重油和沥青质的深度转化,气体和焦炭收率增加,重油收率降低,但过高的反应温度会降低轻油馏分收率;提高反应压力可以抑制气体和焦炭的生成,促进沥青质的加氢转化,保证了较高的轻油收率。在反应温度为465℃,反应压力为22 MPa,反应质量空速为0.5 h-1,氢气/原料油（体积质量比,L/kg）为1 500的最佳条件下,重油和沥青质的转化率分别达到26.05%和62.95%,轻油收率为77.42%,气体和焦炭收率为17.28%。