非饱和岩石温度-渗流-应力耦合模型研究

以研究岩石孔隙比和含水量两个基本量为出发点,考虑温度对渗流黏滞系数和孔隙比的影响、温度梯度引起的流体流动以及流体流动引起的热对流的影响,应用修正的Darcy定律、Fourier定律等,推导出非饱和岩石在温度–渗流–应力耦合作用下的平衡方程、流体物质守恒方程、气体质量守恒方程和能量方程。并将建立的多场耦合力学模型应用于一泥岩竖井的开挖、支护过程,重点分析围岩和衬砌内温度场、渗流场的变化规律,以及泥岩竖井在开挖、支护和运行过程中饱和度的变化规律。研究成果对我国地下石油、核废料储存以及高寒地区的隧道工程设计与施工具有重要的指导意义。     

多孔介质中化学–热–水力–力学耦合过程本构模型和数值模拟

本文发展了一个多孔介质中的化学–热–水力–力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型。该模型基于文献[1]中多孔介质热–水力–力学(THM)本构模型、文献[2,3]中的污染物传输本构模型和文献[4]提出的化学–力学本构模型。在本构模型中引入化学软化函数以模拟孔隙水中有机污染物对多孔介质力学性质的影响。考虑了温度对污染物传输机制的影响。本文CTHM耦合本构模型已在多孔介质的热–水力–力学–污染物传输数学模型中建立。在CTHM本构模拟框架中对计及化学塑性效应、描述在热–水力–污染物传输耦合作用下多孔介质力学行为、在应力–吸力–温度四维空间中包含了五重屈服面的耦合本构模型发展了一致性切线模量矩阵。数值结果突出显示了污染物浓度在多孔介质化学–热–水力–力学(CTHM)耦合系统中的影响。     

DECOVALEX_IV TASK_D项目的热-水-力耦合过程的数值模拟

核废料地下处置系统研究的国际合作项目DECOVALEX(development of coupled models and their validation against experiments) 致力于高放射性核废料地质处置系统围岩中多个物理场的耦合过程研究和工程屏障的可行性评估.中国研究小组第一次参加DECOVALEX计划.介绍了其子课题Task_D的情况和阶段性研究结果,包括2种处置方式--瑞士FEBEX和美国Yucca Mountain类型的1×104 a以上的预测模拟及其比较分析.建立一套复杂的非饱和多孔介质中热液力(THM)耦合过程的非等温流动和形变控制方程,涉及到固、液、气三相和四种组分(固体骨架,水,干空气和水蒸汽).其表现为相对独立同时又相互交叠的4类模型(1) 考虑有效应力、热膨胀应力和膨润土的水膨胀应力变形模型;(2) 考虑水与蒸汽在蒸发凝结时物质交换的流动模型;(3) 包含蒸汽/干空气相对运动的蒸汽分子扩散和对流模型;(4) 三相局部非等温过程的热交换模型.在此基础上根据Task_D的设定要求简化为较为实用的方程,并发展了相应的程序对1×106 a THM耦合行为进行了预测模拟,其结果在2005年2月Task_D讨论会和DECOVALEX工作会议与多个国家相互独立的研究结果进行对比,吻合程度很高,这给模型的建立和程序发展都带来了信心.     

Parametric study of thermo-hydro-mechanical response of claystone with consideration of steel corrosion

In this paper,the thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)response of claystone is studied via a series of parametric studies,considering the evolution of mechanical properties and deformation behavior of corroded steel.The numerical simulations are performed by using a coupled THM finite element code and two different constitutive models:a visco-elastoplastic model for geological formation and a von Mises type model for steel liner.The mechanical properties and deformation behavior of corroded steel are described in a conceptual model.Finally,a disposal tunnel supported by a steel liner is studied and a series of parametric studies is defined to demonstrate the corrosion effects of steel liner on the THM response of the claystone.The comparison of different numerical calculations exhibits that the volumetric expansion related to corrosion products has an important impact on the stress and displacement fields in the claystone surrounding the disposal tunnel.However,the evolutions of temperature and liquid pressure in the claystone are essentially controlled by its THM properties and independent of the steel corrosion.     

高放废物工程屏障的热-水-力耦合作用分析

采用多相多类方法，提出热-水-力耦合作用分析的综合模型，分析考虑多孔介质的三相（固，液，气）和三类（矿物，水分，空气）模型，该模型是根据控制方程，本构关系和平衡条件来建立的，并提出用于模拟高放废物地下处置体系和附近场地性状的热-水-力耦合分析通过程序。热-水-力耦合分析可将工程屏障中不同过程间发生的主要相互作用，以及附近岩石的散热和水化现象都考虑进去，通过试验结果的验证，得出一些关于热-水-力方面的重要结论。     

A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for simulating multiphase flow,deformation and heat transfer in buffer material and rock masses

This paper presents a numerical method for modeling coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes of geomaterials with multiphase fluid flow. A FEM code has been developed and validated for modeling the behavior of porous geological media, and is equally applicable for modeling coupled THM processes in rocks. The governing equations are based on the theory of mixtures applied to the multiphysics of porous media, considering solid phase deformation, multiphase fluid flow, and heat transport. New numerical techniques have been developed for more efficient FEM formulation and equation solution for modeling saturated or partially saturated water flow, gas flow and heat transfer in deformable porous media, as are commonly encountered in performance and safety assessment of underground radioactive repositories. The code has been validated against an experimental benchmark test, which involves bentonite under laboratory conditions, with good results. Several critical outstanding issues for modeling coupled processes of geomaterials are discussed in depth.     

热–水–应力耦合模型及FEBEX原位试验二维有限元分析

从建立应力平衡方程、水连续性方程、能量守恒方程和弹塑性矩阵入手,提出了一个饱和–非饱和孔隙介质中且可考虑膨胀应力的热–水–应力耦合模型,并编制了相应的二维有限元程序。以高放射性核废料地质处置的FEBEX原位试验为模拟对象进行了数值分析,比较了实测值和计算值,从而验证了程序的正确性并从分析结果中得到了一些有益的认识。     

热–水–应力耦合模型及FEBEX原位试验二维有限元分析

从建立应力平衡方程、水连续性方程、能量守恒方程和弹塑性矩阵入手,提出了一个饱和–非饱和孔隙介质中且可考虑膨胀应力的热–水–应力耦合模型,并编制了相应的二维有限元程序。以高放射性核废料地质处置的FEBEX原位试验为模拟对象进行了数值分析,比较了实测值和计算值,从而验证了程序的正确性并从分析结果中得到了一些有益的认识。     

Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of fault discontinuities using zero-thickness interface element

In this paper,a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) simulation in a faulted deformable porous medium is presented.This model involves solving the mass conservation,linear momentum balance,and energy balance equations which are derived from the Biot's consolidation theory.Fluid pore pressure,solid displacement,and temperature are chosen as initial variables in these equations,and the finite element method in combination with the interface element is used for spatial discretization of continuous and discontinuities(fault) parts of the medium to solve the equations.The main purpose of this study is providing precise formulations,applicability,and ability of the triple-node zero-thickness interface element in THM modeling of faults.It should be noted that the system of equations is solved using a computer code written in Matlab program.In order to verify the developed method,simulations of index problems such as Mandel's problem,and coupled modeling of a faulted porous medium and a faulted aquifer are presented.The modeling results obtained from the developed method show a very good agreement with those by other modeling methods,which indicates its accuracy.     

多相流传输THM全耦合数值模型及程序验证

 基于连续介质力学原理和混合体理论,导出多孔介质多相流THM全耦合数学模型。该模型从固、液、气三相系统的动量、质量及能量守恒出发,考虑应力–应变、水体流动、气体传输、蒸气传输、热能传输和孔隙率演化等6个过程的耦合作用,实现对相变、溶解、热驱动、湿度传输和吸湿膨胀等物理现象的模拟,确保THM耦合控制方程组的封闭性和协调性。该模型在THM耦合体系中纳入气体及蒸气传输过程,摒弃以往采用基质吸力和绝对温度定义相对湿度的传统方法,从而使描述介质气体和蒸气运移特性以及THM耦合特性的相对湿度在严格的物理意义上加以定义。通过选取位移、水压、气压、蒸气压、温度和孔隙率为基本未知量,建立有限元数值计算格式,研发三维八自由度多相流THM全耦合有限元程序THYME3D,并采用法国原子能委员会开展的膨润土THM耦合Mock-up试验对数值模型和计算程序进行验证,揭示试验过程涉及的多场耦合机制。研究结果深化对多相流THM全耦合控制方程组、本构关系及计算参数特性的理解,从而为进一步研究THMC全耦合问题奠定基础。     

裂隙岩体水–冰相变及低温温度场–渗流场–应力场耦合研究

 岩体冻融损伤涉及低温环境下温度场、渗流场和应力场的耦合问题。基于水–冰相变理论和能量守恒原理,得出冻结率表达式。运用双重孔隙介质模型理论,根据质量守恒定律、能量守恒定律及静力平衡原理,得出冻结条件下裂隙岩体的温度场–渗流场–应力场(THM)耦合控制方程。最后,通过1个含裂隙隧道低温THM耦合算例,将围岩当作岩块与裂隙介质组成的系统,采用等效热膨胀系数法对夹冰(含水)裂隙的冻胀效应进行模拟,并考虑冻结过程对岩体渗透系数的影响,研究低温THM耦合条件下的温度场、应力场及孔隙压力等的分布规律。     

Numerical thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of compacted bentonite in China-mock-up test for deep geological disposal

The China-mock-up test is to evaluate the performance of the compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite under coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) conditions in deep geological disposal.A numerical study of the test is conducted in this paper.The principal THM characteristics of the bentonite are presented at first.A THM model is then presented to tackle the complex coupling behavior of the bentonite.The model of Alonso-Gens is incorporated to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite under unsaturated conditions.With the proposed model,numerical simulations of the China-mock-up test are carried out by using the code of LAGAMINE.The time variations associated with the temperature,degree of saturation,suction and swelling pressure of the compacted bentonite are studied.The results suggest that the proposed model is able to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite,and to predict moisture motion under coupled THM conditions.     

饱和多孔介质中热弹性波传播特性研究

在饱和多孔介质热流固耦合动力响应模型基础上,建立了饱和多孔介质热流固耦合热弹性波动理论,研究了热物性参数对波的传播特性的影响。通过引入势函数,推导了饱和多孔介质体中热弹性波的弥散方程,重点分析了热膨胀系数对p_{1、p2、T和S波的波速的影响,结果表明:热膨胀系数对p1和p2的影响较大,热流固耦合效应不可忽视。与饱和多孔介质中弹性波的传播特性对比分析验证了本文结果的正确性。}     

Heat and mass coupled transfer combined with freezing process in building materials: Modeling and experimental verification

Newly completed building envelope is always characterized by high initial moisture content, and so the liquid moisture permeability is the main feature of mass transferring on its initial use. The high initial moisture content has strong impact on indoor condition and energy consumption especially in severe cold area where the moisture freezing in building envelope would occur in winter. Therefore, accurately predicting the hygrothermal states of building envelope to obtain useful envelope parameters is very important. In order to analyze the moisture transferring performance of enclosure on building initial use in severe cold area, the paper studied the coupling transfer of heat and moisture in building envelope. The permeability and freezing of the liquid water in porous building material were considered. The moisture content gradient was used as mass transfer driving force, and the temperature gradient was used as heat transfer driving forces. Heat and moisture coupled transfer conservation equations on different transferring conditions were built. An experimental set-up was built to verify the model, and good agreements were obtained, which suggests that the model can be used to simulate the heat and moisture coupled transfer in newly completed building envelope of severe cold area.     

Comparison of numerical codes for coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulations of fractured media

Geo-energy and geo-engineering applications,such as improved oil recovery(IOR),geologic carbon storage,and enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs),involve coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes that result from fluid injection and production.In some cases,reservoirs are highly fractured and the geomechanical response is controlled by fractures.Therefore,fractures should explicitly be included into numerical models to realistically simulate the THM responses of the subsurface.In this study,we perform coupled THM numerical simulations of water injection into naturally fractured reservoirs(NFRs) using CODE_BRIGHT and TOUGH-UDEC codes.CODE_BRIGHT is a finite element method(FEM) code that performs fully coupled THM analysis in geological media and TOUGH-UDEC sequentially solves coupled THM processes by combining a finite volume method(FVM) code that solves nonisothermal multiphase flow(TOUGH2) with a distinct element method(DEM) code that solves the mechanical problem(UDEC).First,we validate the two codes against a semi-analytical solution for water injection into a single deformable fracture considering variable permeability based on the cubic law.Then,we compare simulation results of the two codes in an idealized conceptual model that includes one horizontal fracture and in a more realistic model with multiple fractures.Each code models fractures differently.UDEC calculates fracture deformation from the fracture normal and shear stiffnesses,while CODE_BRIGHT treats fractures as equivalent porous media and uses the equivalent Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the fracture.Finally,we obtain comparable results of pressure,temperature,stress and displacement distributions and evolutions for the single horizontal fracture model.Despite some similarities,the two codes provide increasingly different results as model complexity increases.These differences highlight the challe nging task of accurately modeling coupled THM processes in fractured media given their high nonlinearity.     

核废料地质贮存介质黏土岩的三维各向异性热-水-力耦合数值模拟

为了解黏土岩在放射性废料长期贮存中的热-水-力耦合过程,结合MontTerri核废料贮存地下岩石试验工程中黏土岩各种物理量的各向异性特点,应用多孔介质力学耦合理论研究了该黏土岩在加热和冷却全过程中由于热荷载引起的耦合效应场。研究过程考虑温度升高引起的孔隙水黏滞性改变对渗透系数的影响。研究结果表明,岩体力学参数、水力学参数和热传导参数的各向异性特性是影响岩体的温度场、孔隙压力场和应力场分布的最主要因素。各向异性耦合模型与各向同性耦合模型的数值模拟对比研究结果表明：各向异性模型数值结果能更加客观地反映该地下岩石试验工程中黏土岩在受热状态下的热-水-力耦合效应;同时,也表明岩体在加热过程中一直处于受压状态,而在冷却过程中局部会出现拉应力,从而有可能导致拉裂缝的产生。     

饱和正冻土水热力耦合模型的改进

在深入剖析已建立的饱和正冻土水热力耦合模型不足的基础上,结合冻土力学最新研究成果,基于连续介质力学和热力学定律对原模型进行改进以提高其实用性。首先,引入由冻融过程中的动态变量(应变速率)与温变速率构成的黏弹性耗散势,建立了考虑温度影响的冻土骨架的黏弹性本构关系;在此基础上根据多孔多相介质理论,建立了外载及温度共同作用下冻土骨架的质量守恒方程;其次,在考虑冻土骨架(冰)黏弹性耗散和热力耦合耗散以及水分迁移引起的热对流等主要因素的基础上建立了能量守恒方程;最后,综合各方程构建了准饱和正冻土水热力三场耦合控制微分方程,开发了相应的扩展有限元程序3GEXFEM,通过典型室内试验验证了改进后模型的合理性。     

基于颗粒物质热动力学理论的非饱和土热水力耦合模型研究

基于颗粒物质热动力学理论和混合物理论,结合改进的土水特征曲线(SWCC)模型,考虑温度和饱和度变化引发的颗粒层次能量耗散,提出了一个非饱和土的热水力耦合模型。该模型引入颗粒熵和颗粒温度的概念,通过构建热力学恒等式得出非饱和土非弹性变形的本构关系,并通过迁移系数和能量函数模型将非饱和土体的耗散机制与宏观的物理力学行为建立联系。基于该理论模型,研究了非饱和土的热水力耦合问题,通过模拟结果与试验数据的对比,证实了模型的有效性。模拟结果表明,模型具有描述非饱和土在不同温度和吸力下的固结和剪切特性以及非等温条件下的热体应变特性的能力。     

基于广义热弹性理论的多孔地基在移动荷载作用下的特性研究

 基于广义热弹性理论,引入热松弛时间,对Biot波动方程进行修正,建立了考虑温度效应的多孔饱和地基在移动荷载作用下的动力控制方程。利用Fourier变换方法,得到地基中温度增量、应力、位移和孔隙水压力在变换域中的一般解,结合热源输入条件和地基边界条件,确立时域内的温度增量、应力、位移和孔隙水压力的积分形式解答。利用Fourier逆变换方法和自适应数值积分算法得到了相应的数值结果。结果可退化为静荷载作用下的弹性地基解答,并与经典Flamant解进行比较,显示出较好的一致性。通过数值计算讨论不同的热源输入对地基温度增量场、应力场、位移场以及孔隙水压力的影响。结果表明：温度增量场受热源输入条件的影响很小,而应力、位移和孔隙水压力受热源输入的影响很明显。     

不同场热-水-应力耦合过程二维有限元分析

从建立应力平衡方程、水连续性方程、能量守恒方程和弹塑性矩阵入手,提出了一个饱和-非饱和孔隙介质中的热-水-应力耦合模型和开发了相应的有限元程序.为验证本耦合模型及程序的可靠性和重点探讨不同场的热-水-应力耦合过程,以高放射性核废料地质处置的Prototype Repository Project(PRP)原位试验为模拟对象,对一个处置试验坑道近场进行了水单场、热-水耦合、水-应力耦合、热-应力耦合和热-水-应力耦合条件下的数值分析,考察了工程屏障及围岩中的温度、饱和度及应力的变化、分布情况,并得出了一定的认识.