含时间效应的硬石膏隧道弹-膨胀解析模型

为了研究隧道硬石膏围岩膨胀作用下的位移变化规律,基于湿度应力理论,考虑硬石膏膨胀性的时变特征,建立含时间效应的隧道弹-膨胀解析模型.将模型应用于梁忠高速礼让隧道,获得隧道临空面位移变化规律的定量结果,隧道围岩响应曲面以及位移特性曲面.对模型各参数进行敏感性分析,结果表明：1）围岩岩性越好,临空面位移越小,隧道结构越稳定,结果与实际规律相一致;2）隧道临空面位移与隧道支护应力、围岩弹性模量呈负相关,与隧道洞径、静水压力、吸水率、围岩膨胀模量、膨胀时间、吸水系数及线膨胀系数呈正相关.     

应变软化与扩容特性极弱胶结围岩弹塑性分析

极弱胶结岩体具有显著的峰后应变软化与体积扩容变形特性,这是造成极弱胶结地层巷道围岩产生大变形的主因.基于极弱胶结岩体应变软化与扩容特性,建立了考虑岩体应变软化与扩容特性的围岩弹塑性力学模型,分析了力学计算模型、扩容系数、软化系数及支护抗力对围岩塑性区范围与位移的影响规律.将巷道围岩塑性区及位移的理论解答与数值计算结果进行了对比分析,验证了极弱胶结岩体扩容大变形本构模型的适用性.结果表明:考虑极弱胶结岩体的扩容和应变软化特性使得分析更加合理准确,研究成果对极弱胶结地层巷道支护设计与施工具有一定指导意义.     

某露天矿山边坡岩体力学参数取值研究

岩体力学参数取值方法成为了边坡稳定性分析的关键技术。以某露天矿山边坡岩体力学参数取值研究为例,开展室内试验得到岩石的单轴抗压强度、抗剪强度,抗拉强度、弹性模量以及泊松比,并在此基础上采用RQD法和CSIR法对岩体质量进行评价,再结合Hoek-Brown强度准则对岩石力学参数进行折减,得到的岩体力学参数与实际现场原位试验得到的结果特征基本一致。     

地下厂房围岩参数场位移反分析

提出地下厂房围岩参数场的概念,利用增量位移和遗传算法优化反演其值.针对地下厂房围岩特性,认为其力学参数不是均一的,而是一个由不同量值的参数组成的参数场.结合某水电站地下洞室工程中地下厂房的开挖,建立了模拟动态施工的有限元模型,对洞室附近的围岩弹性模量进行了反演计算.结果表明:所得增量位移与实测值符合较好,岩体力学参数分布符合实际规律.     

巷道围岩渐进破坏的粘弹塑性软化分析

本文以岩石的变形与破坏特性为依据,提出了岩石渐进破坏的线性粘弹塑性软化模型;给出了综合考虑岩体蠕变、软化和膨胀特性的围岩性态解答。理论分析说明,巷道围岩的渐进破坏主要是岩体强度衰减和蠕变性质影响的结果。合理的支护设计应优先考虑到岩石内加固方法与外支撑方法的联合支护形式。     

各向异性黏弹性隧道开挖位移时变解析解

针对各向异性初始应力状态(侧压力系数K0不等于1)的岩体隧道开挖问题,假定开挖岩体为Max-well黏弹性模型,从各向异性条件下围岩位移解答出发,通过对应性原理求解圆形隧道施工开挖过程中的围岩位移时变解,探讨各因素对围岩位移的影响.结果表明:对于隧道顶点,当各向异性参数(侧压力系数)K0＞1时,先是向围岩方向产生位移,...     

考虑爆破效应的隧道开挖损伤区及渗流场分析

针对爆破效应对围岩力学参数及渗透系数的劣化问题,根据岩石弹塑性力学、连续损伤力学、有效应力原理及渗透系数演化方程,提出了基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体弹塑性损伤模型,并给出了模型的有限元数值求解算法.以甄峰岭隧道为工程依托,对所选断面开挖损伤区进行数值分析,通过声波检测手段确定爆破扰动范围及损伤值,修正计算力学参数和渗透系数.结果表明,考虑爆破效应后的开挖损伤区,位移值和涌水量均大于不考虑爆破效应时的数值,进行工程稳定性评价时应充分考虑爆破因素的影响.     

对轴对称荷载作用圆巷围岩理想弹塑性分析解的讨论

对轴对称荷载作用圆巷围岩理想弹塑性分析解——Kastner解适用于软岩和小变形情况,若用于非软岩和大变形情况,从Kastner方程会导得：不论巷道围岩塑性变形多大,巷道周边切应力恒等于岩体峰值强度;围岩所承受的地应力可以随围岩塑性区半径增大而持续增大,随巷道周边位移增大而持续增大;此外,Kastner解中切应力分布曲线在围岩弹、塑性区交界处有尖峰向上的应力集中.采用符合岩石实际的弹性、非线性硬化和软化光滑连接的应力-应变关系得到的巷道围岩分析解,可以弥补以上三点不足,恰当地反映巷道临界深度和巷道围岩自承地应力极限问题;所绘出的切应力分布曲线在围岩弹、塑性区交界处光滑连接,因而有更广的适用性和精确性,对巷、隧道围岩大变形支护设计有参考作用.     

岩质隧道施工过程变形时空问题的位移释放系数法

岩质隧道施工过程变形具有显著的成洞时间效应与开挖面空间效应。由于应力释放率与施工过程参数、围岩力学性态等的关系难以量化,应力释放系数法在解析岩质隧道施工过程变形问题时存在局限性。为描述岩质隧道与时间、空间相关的复杂的施工力学过程,假设围岩为Burgers体和Drucker-Prager组合模型。利用弹性-黏弹性对应原理与非关联流动法则建立无支护隧道变形解,采用位移释放系数法描述隧道施工过程变形的时空效应。获得的2维平面应变无支护隧道最大径向位移的数学函数形式与Manh解一致;当不考虑时间因素时,本文解可退化为Park解。通过与既有数值解和解析解对比,验证了本文解的正确有效性。进而分析隧道时空变形曲线,包括隧道蠕变特征曲线、围岩变形径向分布曲线和隧道纵剖面变形曲线,得到关于黏聚力、内摩擦角、扩容角与延迟时间等参数的敏感性规律。结果表明：随着时间推移或纵向距离的增大,隧道变形非线性递增;随着围岩深度的增加,隧道变形递减,隧道变形和塑性区半径均为黏聚力与内摩擦角的非线性递减函数;围岩扩容加剧了隧道变形;延迟时间控制了隧道变形的时程规律;隧道时空变形对介入参数的敏感性与其物理意义一致。位移释放系数法成功描述了岩质隧道施工过程变形的时空效应,可为施工过程提供理论指导。     

黄土隧道围岩特性曲线及其数值计算方法

隧道围岩体系与支护体系的相互作用是隧道工程研究的核心问题。对于黄土隧道而言,基于约束收敛法分析围岩变形规律,进而对围岩稳定性进行评价是一种黄土隧道研究的新方向新思路。本文基于FLAC3D大型通用有限差分软件,采用双线性应变软化遍布节理模型模拟黄土垂直节理特性,对三种不同弹性模量下大断面黄土隧道进行模拟并详细给出围岩特性曲线的数值求解方法。结果表明,在求解复杂边界条件下围岩特性曲线推荐采用数值计算的方法,本文采用的反向荷载计算法能有效地求解复杂围岩条件下黄土隧道的围岩特性曲线。随着位移的增加,也就是支护时机的推后,所需要的支护力在逐渐减小,围岩自承的荷载比重在增大。随着黄土隧道围岩弹性模量的增大,隧道拱顶在达到相同位移所需要的支护力在减小,说明围岩条件较好的时候可以适当减小支护强度。     

Mechanism of zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass around deep tunnels

In order to study the mechanism of the zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP), both experimental and theoretical investigations were carried out. Firstly, based on the similarity law, gypsum was chosen as equivalent material to simulate the deep rock mass, the excavation of deep tunnel was modeled by drilling a hole in the gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were measured in the model, and ZDP in the enclosing rock mass around deep tunnel was simulated in 3D gypsum model tests. Secondly, based on the elasto-plastic analysis of the stressed-strained state of the surrounding rock mass with the improved Hoek-Brown strength criterion and the bilinear constitutive model, the maximum stress zone occurred in vicinity of the elastic-plastic interface due to the excavation of the deep tunnel, rock material in maximum stress zone is in the approximate uniaxial loading state owing to the larger tangential force and smaller radial force, the mechanism of ZDP was explained, which lay in the creep instability failure of rock mass due to the development of plastic zone and transfer of the maximum stress zone within the rock mass. Thirdly, the analytical critical depth for the occurrence of ZDP was obtained, which depended on the mechanical indices and stress concentration coefficient of rock mass. Foundation item: Projects(50525825, 90815010) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2009CB724608) supported by the Major state Basic Research Development Program of China     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in rock mass surrounding deep tunnels

Zonal disintegration is a typical static phenomenon of deep rock masses. It has been defined as alternating regions of fractured and relatively intact rock mass that appear around or in front of the working stope during excavation of a deep tunnel. Zonal disintegration phenomenon was successfully demonstrated in the laboratory with 3D tests on analogous gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were observed in the test. The linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was used with a constitutive model that showed linear softening and ideal residual plastic to analyze the elasto-plastic field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep tunnel. The results show that tunneling causes a maximum stress zone to appear between an elastic and plastic zone in the surrounding rock. The zonal disintegration phenomenon is analyzed by considering the stress-strain state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone. Creep instability failure of the rock due to the development of the plastic zone, and transfer of the maximum stress zone into the rock mass, are the cause of zonal disintegration. An analytical criterion for the critical depth at which zonal disintegration can occur is derived. This depth depends mainly on the character and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass.     

Influences of strain softening and seepage on elastic and plastic solutions of circular openings in nonlinear rock masses

Considering the influence of strain softening, the solutions of stress, displacement, plastic softening region radius and plastic residual region radius were derived for circular openings in nonlinear rock masses subjected to seepage. The radial stress distribution curve, ground reaction curve, and relation curve between plastic softening region radius and supporting force in three different conditions were drawn respectively. From the comparisons among these results for different conditions, it is found that when the supporting force is the same, the displacement of tunnel wall considering both seepage and strain softening is 85.71% greater than that only considering seepage. The increase values of radial displacement at 0.95 m and plastic softening region radius at 6.6 m show that the seepage and strain softening have the most unfavorable effects on circular opening stability in strain softening rock masses.     

支护阻力对不同岩性围岩变形的控制作用

在理论分析和数值计算的基础上,研究了不同岩性条件下支护阻力对围岩变形的作用和机理。阐述了硬岩巷道中支护要是控制塑性区的范围,软岩道中支护阻力提供围压,影响周力岩体的软化笥,遏制围岩破碎区的发展,从而控制围岩的变形。结果表明,岩性质越差,支护阻力控制围岩变形的作用越大,巷道位移量与支护阻力呈负指数函数关系。     

Theoretical analysis of a new segmented anchoring style in weakly cemented soft surrounding rock

According to the tensile failure of rock bolt in weakly cemented soft rock, this paper presents a new segmented anchoring style in order to weaken the cumulative effect of anchoring force associated with the large deformation. Firstly, a segmented mechanical model was established in which free and anchoring section of rock bolt were respectively arranged in different deformation zones. Then, stress and displacement in elastic non-anchoring zone, elastic anchoring zone, elastic sticking zone, softening sticking zone and broken zone were derived respectively based on neural theory and tri-linear strain softening constitutive model of soft rock. Results show that the anchoring effect can be characterized by a supporting parameter b. With its increase, the peak value of tangential stress gradually moves to the roadway wall, and the radial stress significantly increases, which means the decrease of equivalent plastic zone and improvement of confining effect provided by anchorage body. When b increases to 0.72, the equivalent plastic zone disappears, and stresses tend to be the elastic solutions. In addition, the anchoring effect on the displacement of surrounding rock can be quantified by a normalization factor δ.     

隧道围岩-喷射混凝土界面应力解析

根据喷射混凝土支护隧道围岩的界面力学特点,考虑喷层与围岩结合界面受力和变形协调关系,并结合围岩承载拱效应,建立了围岩一喷层结构的复合曲梁共同承载模型,然后通过各微单元静力平衡推导复合曲梁的径向位移的控制微分方程,得到任意分布荷载作用下喷层与围岩界面应力以及喷层与围岩各自内力的解析式,可迅速获取喷层与围岩结合界面的力学状况,进而判断围岩稳定性与预测安全性,为隧道施工决策提供技术支撑。最后经隧道台阶法开挖的算例研究表明,喷层支护通过其与围岩的结合界面上传递应力使围岩内部形成压应力带,有利于围岩的稳定。     

基于Logistic-Verhulst模型的云岭隧道围岩位移预测

隧道围岩的变形是一个非常复杂的非线性演化过程,按照数学思想依据自然界生物生长动态过程建立Logistic-Verhulst模型,模拟计算围岩应力重分布过程的位移.通过在十漫公路云岭隧道实地监测验证,得到在复杂地质条件下,施工过程中软弱围岩变形的超前预报值、收敛趋于稳定的值和趋于稳定的时间,以较高的预测精度,证明了Logistic-Verhulst模型在隧道围岩位移监测应用中的可行性和可靠性.     

Analytical study on pretensioned bolt-cable combined support of large cross-section tunnel

To study the mechanical responses of large cross-section tunnel reinforced by pretensioned rock bolts and anchor cables, an analytical model is proposed. Considering the interaction between rock mass and bolt-cable support, the strain softening characteristic of rock mass, the elastic-plastic characteristic of bolt-cable support, and the delay effect of installation are considered in the model. To solve the different mechanical cases of tunneling reinforced by bolt-cable support, an analytical approach has been put forward to get the solutions of stress and displacement associated with tunneling. The proposed analytical model is verified by numerical simulation. Moreover, parametric analysis is performed to study the effects of pretension force, cross-section area, length, and supporting density of bolt-cable support on tunnel reinforcement, which can provide references for determining these parameters in tunnel design. Based on the analytical model, a new Ground Response Curve (GRC) considering the reinforcement of bolt-cable support is obtained, which shows the pretension forces and the timely installation are important in bolt-cable support. In addition, the proposed model is applied to the analysis of the Great Wall Station Tunnel, a high-speed railway tunnel with a super large cross-section, which shows that the analytical model of bolt-cable support was a useful tool for preliminary design of large cross-section tunnel.