Coupled‐two‐beam discrete model for dynamic analysis of tall buildings with tuned mass dampers including soil–structure interaction

An equivalent coupled‐two‐beam discrete model is developed for time‐domain dynamic analysis of high‐rise buildings with flexible base and carrying any number of tuned mass dampers (TMDs). The equivalent model consists of a flexural cantilever beam and a shear cantilever beam connected in parallel by a finite number of axially rigid members that allows the consideration of intermediate modes of lateral deformation. The equivalent model is applied to a shear wall–frame building located in the Valley of Mexico, where the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI) are important. The effects of SSI and TMDs on the dynamic properties of the shear wall–frame building are shown considering four types of soil (hard rock, dense soil, stiff soil, and soft soil) and two passive damping systems: a single TMD on its top (1‐TMD) and five uniformly distributed TMDs (5‐TMD). The results showed a great effectiveness of the TMDs to reduce the lateral seismic response and along‐wind response of the shear wall–frame building for all types of soils. Generally speaking, the dynamic response increases as the flexibility of the foundation increases.     

Large‐scale shaking table test on pile‐soil‐structure interaction on soft soils

The two large‐scale shaking table tests of tall buildings on soft soils in pile group foundations are performed to capture the effect of the seismic pile‐soil‐structure interaction (PSSI) on the dynamic responses of the pile, soil, and structure. The two different model conditions are observed, including a fixed‐base structure and a structure supported by 3‐by‐3 pile group foundation in soft soil, representing the situations excluding the soil‐structure interaction (SSI) and considering the SSI, respectively. In the tests, the superstructure is a tall building with 12‐story reinforced concrete frame. The pile‐soil‐structure system rests in a shear laminar soil container, which is designed to minimize the boundary effects during shaking table tests. The two models are subjected to various intensity seismic excitations of Shanghai bedrock waves, 1995 Kobe earthquake, and 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake events. According to the experimental and analytical results, SSI systems have longer natural periods than the fixed‐base structure. In addition, soft soil has amplification effect under smaller seismic excitations and isolation effects under larger earthquake intensities. The strain amplitude at the top of pile is large, and the strain at the middle and tip is relatively small. Whereas the contact pressure is small at the top of pile and large at the middle and tip. From the dynamic responses of the superstructure, it is found that the PSSI amplifies the peak displacements and interstory drifts of the structures supported by pile group foundations by comparing with the fixed‐base structure. Whereas the peak acceleration and interstory shear force of the structure are reduced considering seismic PSSI. The results show that the seismic SSI is not always favorable, however, it may increase certain dynamic responses of the structure. Consequently, the seismic SSI should be considered reasonably, providing insight towards the rational seismic design of buildings rested on soft soils.     

Study on adaptive‐passive eddy current pendulum tuned mass damper for wind‐induced vibration control

Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are used to control wind‐excited responses of high‐rise building as traditional vibration control devices. A TMD will have an excellent control effect when it is well tuned. However, a traditional passive TMD is sensitive to the frequency deviation; the mistuning in frequency and damping ratio both will decrease its control effect. In the previous research, an adaptive‐passive variable pendulum TMD (APVP‐TMD) is proposed, which can identify the TMD optimal frequency and retune itself through varying its pendulum length. However, it is found that the frequency variation will change the TMD damping ratio, and an unreasonable damping ratio will lead to a decrement in the robustness of a TMD. In this study, an adaptive‐passive eddy current pendulum TMD (APEC‐PTMD) is presented, which can retune the frequency through varying the pendulum length, and retune the damping ratio through adjusting the air gap between permanent magnets and conductive plates. An adjustable eddy current pendulum TMD (PTMD) is tested, and then, a single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) primary model with an APEC‐PTMD is built, and functions of frequency and damping ratio retuning are verified. The 76‐story wind‐sensitive benchmark model is proposed in the case study. The original model without uncertainty and ±15% stiffness uncertainty models are considered, and response control effects of different controllers are compared. Results show that because the APEC‐PTMD can both retune its frequency and damping ratio; it is more robust and effective than a passive TMD. It is also found that the APEC‐PTMD has a similar control effect with the active TMD, with little power consumption and better stability.     

Experimental study of across‐wind aerodynamic damping of super high‐rise buildings with aerodynamically modified square cross‐sections

Across‐wind aerodynamic damping ratios are determined from the wind‐induced acceleration responses of 10 aeroelastic models of square super high‐rise buildings in an urban flow condition (exposure category C in the Chinese code) using the random decrement technique. Moreover, the influences of amplitude‐dependent structural damping ratio on the estimation of aerodynamic damping ratio are discussed. The validity of estimated damping is examined through a comparison with previous research achievements. On the basis of the estimated results, the characteristics of the across‐wind aerodynamic damping ratios of modified square high‐rise buildings are studied. The effects of aerodynamically modified cross‐sections, such as chamfered, slotted and tapered cross‐section, on the across‐wind aerodynamic damping ratio are investigated. The results indicate that modifications of cross‐sections are not always effective in suppressing the aeroelastic effects of super high‐rise buildings. Low corner‐cut ratios (chamfer ratios from 5% to 20% and slot ratios from 5% to 10%) and low taper ratio (1%) significantly decrease the magnitudes of absolute aerodynamic damping ratios. However, large modifications of cross‐sections (slot ratio of 20% and taper ratios from 3% to 5%) increase wind‐induced responses by changing the aerodynamic damping ratios. According to the database, empirical aerodynamic damping function parameters are fitted for high‐rise buildings with aerodynamically modified square cross‐sections. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of tuned mass damper on correlation of wind‐induced responses and combination coefficients of equivalent static wind loads of high‐rise buildings

Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are employed to control the wind‐induced responses of tall buildings. In the meantime, TMD may have an impact on the correlation of wind‐induced responses and combination coefficients of equivalent static wind loads (ESWLs). First, the mass matrix and stiffness matrix were extracted in this paper in accordance with the structural analysis model of two high‐rise buildings, and on that basis, the wind‐induced vibration responses analysis model with and without TMD was established. Second, the synchronous multipoint wind tunnel test to measure the pressure was performed for two high‐rise buildings, and the time history of wind‐induced vibration responses with and without TMD was studied. Finally, the impact of TMD on the correlation of wind‐induced responses and combination coefficients of ESWLs was discussed. The results of two examples suggest that after the installation of TMD, the increase of ρ_xy was 2.1% to 35.0% and ρ_yz was 2.8% to 45.6% at all wind directions for Building 1, and the increase of ρ_xy was 3.9% to 17.1% and ρ_yz was 6.8% to 38.3% for Building 2. The combination coefficients of ESWLs of two buildings were 3% to 6% larger than that of the original structure. The conclusion of this paper can be referenced by the wind resistant design of high‐rise buildings with TMD.     

Optimum design of pendulum‐type tuned mass dampers

The equations of motion are derived for a translational single degree of freedom system equipped with a ‘pendulum‐type’ tuned mass damper (TMD) under dynamic force and base acceleration excitations. The complex frequency response functions are obtained. Following response minimization procedures, the optimum parameters of the TMD under random white noise excitations are determined. The effect of the TMD in reducing the response is expressed in terms of an equivalent viscous damping. The optimum design parameters and the corresponding efficiency of the TMD under both wind and earthquake dynamic loads are presented in design charts. The effect of the structure inherent and aerodynamic damping on the optimum parameters is studied and simplified charts to account for such effect are provided. Moreover, a design chart for the over‐optimum‐damped TMDs is presented. The translational‐type TMD is treated as a special case of the pendulum‐type. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of wind loads on super‐tall buildings from field‐measured wind‐induced acceleration response

With the nonstationary wind‐induced acceleration data from full‐scale measurements, an approach for estimation of the wind‐induced overturning bending moments for super‐tall buildings was proposed in this paper. The empirical mode decomposition was employed to decompose the measured acceleration data into a set of intrinsic mode functions and a residual component. To remove the baseline offset, the residual component and the intrinsic mode function components with long‐period were eliminated before their integrations into velocity and displacement components. Then, the intrinsic mode function components, which have the same dominant periods as the natural periods of the studied tall buildings, were extracted from the original signals, and the natural frequency and damping ratio for the first vibration mode of the building were identified. Finally, the wind‐induced overturning bending moments of the building were obtained from the generalized wind loads for the first vibration mode, which could be obtained from the time history analysis of dynamic equation. The Hilbert spectrum of wind‐induced overturning bending moments was utilized to observe its characteristics in both time and frequency domains, and the Strouhal number was thus identified. The proposed scheme and some selected results may be helpful for further understanding of wind effects on super‐tall buildings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal design and seismic performance of Multi‐Tuned Mass Damper Inerter (MTMDI) applied to adjacent high‐rise buildings

The tuned mass damper inerter (TMDI) is an enhanced variant of the tuned mass damper (TMD) that benefits from the mass‐amplification effect of the inerter. Here, a multi‐TMDI (MTMDI) system (comprising more than one TMDI) linking two adjacent high‐rise buildings is presented as an unconventional seismic protection strategy. The relative acceleration response of the adjacent structures triggers large reaction forces of the inerter devices in the MTMDI, which in turn efficiently improve the seismic performance of the two buildings. By addressing a real project of two adjacent high‐rise buildings connected by two corridors equipped with the proposed MTMDI system, the displacement‐, interstory drift‐, and acceleration‐based parametric optimizations are separately performed by employing Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA‐II) under 44 ground motions from the FEMA P695 far‐field record set. It is found that the frequency content of the seismic input has strong impact on the MTMDI mitigation performance. Adopting realistic mass ratio constraints, the optimally designed MTMDI outperforms both conventional MTMD and single TMDI in acceleration control, while it is not much effective in mitigating the displacement response due to the highly flexible nature of the high‐rise buildings, in contrast to other literature studies generally focused on low‐to‐medium rise buildings.     

Identification of damping ratio and its influences on wind‐ and earthquake‐induced effects for large cooling towers

Standard 5% damping ratio for high‐rise concrete structures is generally used for dynamic analysis under the action of wind and earthquakes in the existing cooling tower regulations and researches. But considering the unique configuration and material attributes of large cooling towers, the actual damping ratio must be far smaller than the recommended. However, only a few field measurements of damping ratio for large cooling towers have been conducted; neither are there thorough investigation into the qualitative and quantification of wind and seismic effects under different damping ratio. To fill this gap, field measurements of a large cooling tower standing 179 m in northwestern China was performed and acceleration vibration signals at representative positions of the tower under ambient excitation were obtained. The vibration signals were preprocessed combining random decrement technique and natural excitation technique. Three pattern recognition methods (auto‐regressive and moving mean model, Ibrahim time domain, and spare time domain (STD)) were applied to analyze the frequencies, damping ratios, and modes of vibration for the first 10 order modes. Following the line of thought of modal combination, the equivalent synthetic damping ratio was derived. Under 5 damping ratios (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5%), a comparative analysis on the dynamic responses of the cooling tower to wind and single seismic loading by using full transient method was performed. On this basis, the patterns of influence of damping ratio on wind‐induced vibration, wind vibration coefficient, and time history and extrema of seismic responses were extracted. Finally, different combinations of dead weight, wind, temperature in winter, sunshine duration, and seismic intensity and those of accidental seismic effects (8 working conditions) were considered, using equivalent synthetic damping ratio and standard damping ratio. Thus, the most unfavorable working conditions were identified under actual and standard damping ratios for the large cooling tower. Our research findings provide reference for determining the value of damping ratio in large cooling towers and deepening the understanding on the influence mechanism of damping ratio.     

Wind tunnel test and field measurement study of wind effects on a 600‐m‐high super‐tall building

Ping An Finance Center with a height of 600 m and 118 storeys, located in Shenzhen, is currently the second tallest building in China. This paper presents a comprehensive study of wind effects on the supertall building through wind tunnel testing and field measurement. The wind‐induced loads and pressures on the skyscraper were measured by high‐frequency force balance technique and synchronous multipressure sensing system, respectively. In the wind tunnel study, a whole range of characteristic properties, including mean and r.m.s force coefficients, power spectral densities, coherences, correlations, and phase‐plane trajectories, wind‐induced displacement, and acceleration responses were presented and discussed. In addition, a field measurement study of the dynamic responses of Ping An Finance Center was conducted during a tropical cyclone, which aimed to verify the design assumptions and further the understanding of the dynamic properties and performance of the 600‐m‐high supertall building, including natural frequencies, damping ratios, and wind‐induced structural responses. Then, the serviceability of the skyscraper is assessed on the basis of the experimental results and field measurements. The outcomes of this combined model test and field measurement study are expected to be useful for the wind‐resistant design of future supertall buildings.     

Dynamic characteristics and seismic response of frame–core tube structures,considering soil–structure interactions

In order to study the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of high‐rise buildings with a frame–core tube structure, while considering the effect of soil–structure interactions (SSIs), a series of shaking table tests were conducted on test models with two foundation types: fixed‐base (FB), in which the superstructure was directly affixed to the shaking table, and SSI, consisting of a superstructure, pile foundation, and soil. To increase the applicability of the model to the dynamic characteristics of real‐world tall buildings, the superstructure of test models was built at a scale of 1/50. This simulated a 41‐floor high‐rise building with a frame–core tube structure. The mode shape, natural frequency, damping ratio, acceleration and displacement response, story shear, and dynamic strain were determined in each of the test models under the excitation of simulated minor, moderate, and large earthquakes. The SSI effect on frame–core tubes was analyzed by comparing the results of the two test models. The results show that the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of the two systems were significantly different. Finally, these results were verified by performing a numerical analysis on the differences in the seismic responses of the FB and SSI numerical models under various simulated seismic conditions.     

半主动电涡流单摆式调谐质量阻尼器减震性能研究

为了提高传统的调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）对建筑结构的减震效果,提出了一种可实时调整频率和阻尼的半主动电涡流单摆式调谐质量阻尼器(SAEC-PTMD)。由Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)识别结构的瞬时频率,通过基于HHT的控制算法实时调节SAEC-PTMD的摆长进行频率的调节。研究并拟合了电涡流有效阻尼系数与磁导间距之间的关系,通过基于线性二次型高斯(LQG)的控制算法实时调节磁导间距,以实时调节阻尼系数。为了验证SAEC-PTMD对建筑结构的减震效果,对一单自由度结构模型在地震激励下的震动响应进行数值模拟。数值模拟中,采用一经优化设计的被动TMD (PTMD)作为对比,并考虑由主结构的累积损伤引起自身频率下降而造成PTMD的失调效应。以主结构的加速度和位移时程峰值、整体均方根值及其加速度和位移反应谱作为评价指标,评估了SAEC-PTMD在结构发生损伤前后对PTMD的改良效果。数值模拟结果表明,在结构发生损伤前后,SAEC-PTMD均比经优化设计的PTMD具有更好的减震效果。     

Shaking table model test and FE analysis of a reinforced concrete mega‐frame structure with tuned mass dampers

To study the damage characteristics and to evaluate the overall seismic performance of reinforced concrete mega‐frame structures, a shaking table test of a 1/25 scaled model with a rooftop tuned mass damper (TMD) is performed. The maximum deformation and acceleration responses are measured. The dynamic behavior and the damping effect with and without TMD are compared. The results indicate that the mega‐frame structure has excellent seismic performance and the TMD device has a significant vibration reduction effect. A finite element (FE) model simulating the scaled model is also developed, and the numerical and experimental results are compared to provide a better understanding of the overall structural behavior in particular those related to the dynamic characteristics and damping effect. Upon verification of the FE model, other important structural behavior can also be predicted by the FE analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking table test and numerical simulation on vibration control effects of TMD with different mass ratios on a super high‐rise structure

In this paper, the influence of mass ratio on the vibration control effects of tuned mass damper (TMD) on a super high‐rise building has been investigated. A 1/45 scaled model of a super high‐rise building was constructed, and the TMD with the mass ratio of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03, respectively, was suspended on the top. Shaking table test and the corresponding numerical simulation were carried out to make a further understanding of the damping mechanism. The structural performance with or without TMD was comparatively studied. The results show that larger mass ratio can improve the control effects under frequent earthquake, but the control effects increase little with the increase of mass ratio under rare earthquake due to structural damages, accompanied by stiffness degradation and nonlinear behavior of the main structure. In addition, some suggestions on the mass ratio selection are also proposed to generalize its applications.     

Three‐dimensional coupled wind‐induced vibration calculation method for super high‐rise buildings based on high‐frequency force balance technology

High‐frequency force balance test is a major technical means to evaluate the wind effect of super high‐rise buildings. Most super high‐rise buildings have the characteristic that the first two‐order modal frequencies are close, and thus, considerable modal coupling effects (MCEs) may occur under wind load. For a balance model system (BMS), MCEs increase the difficulty of correcting aerodynamic distortion signals. For the wind‐induced vibration analysis of a structural system (PSS), the calculation results of the wind‐induced response and the equivalent static wind load (ESWL) may be significantly affected without considering MCE. Based on the above‐mentioned signal distortion of BMS and the modal coupling problem of PSS, this study proposes a wind‐induced vibration calculation method for the two coupled systems (BMS and PSS). The method uses the second‐order blind identification technique based on complex modal theory and the Bayesian spectral density method considering full aerodynamic characteristics to achieve effective correction of the distortion signal in BMS. In addition, it deduces the calculation method of the wind‐induced response and ESWL considering the three‐dimensional coupled vibration of a super high‐rise building. The wind effect calculation results of a 528‐m super high‐rise building confirm the necessity and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Serviceability‐based damping optimization of randomly wind‐excited high‐rise buildings

Fluid viscous dampers are proved to be effective for reducing the response of high‐rise buildings subjected to wind excitations so as to enhance structural habitability, which serves as a critical performance in serviceability design. High‐rise buildings attached with fluid viscous dampers, however, exhibit nonlinearity and even act as stiff systems in most cases of wind‐induced vibration mitigation. The traditional equivalent linearization methods employed in practices often fail to obtain an accurate solution. Equivalent linearization methods, including the energy‐dissipation equivalent linearization method and the statistical linearization technique, are first studied and validated in this paper by the backward difference formula, which was verified to be of high accuracy through the nonlinear dynamic analysis. The damping optimization for habitability control is then proceeded. Two families of serviceability criteria, the minimization of standard deviation of roof acceleration employed in traditional habitability analysis and the minimization of failure probability of roof acceleration proposed in the present study, are addressed. For the logical treatment of randomness inherent in wind excitations and its influence upon structural reliability, the probability density evolution method is employed. Numerical results reveal that the criterion of minimizing failure probability of roof acceleration has better performance in habitability enhancement.     

A combined tuned damper and an optimal design method for wind‐induced vibration control for super tall buildings

The wind‐induced vibrations of super tall buildings become excessive due to strong wind loads, super building height and high flexibility. Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) and tuned liquid column dampers (TLCDs) have been widely used to control vibrations for actual super tall buildings for decades. To fully use both the economic advantage of the TLCD system and the high efficiency of the TMD system, an innovative supplemental damping system including both TLCD and TMD and called combined tuned damper (CTD), which can substantially decrease the cost of the damper, was proposed to control the wind‐induced vibrations of tall buildings. The governing equations are generated for the motion of both the primary structure and the CTD and solved to anticipate the dynamic response of the CTD‐structure system. Moreover, an optimal design method of human comfort performance is proposed, in which the life cycle cost of the damper‐structure system is considered as the quantitative index of the performance. The life cycle cost includes the initial cost, the maintenance cost and the failure cost. The failure cost can be calculated using the vibration‐sensation rate model, which is based on the Japanese code AIJES‐V001‐2004. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超高层建筑气动弹性效应双向受迫振动风洞试验研究

通过双向受迫振动风洞试验对高347m的长沙世茂广场模型的气动弹性效应进行研究,模拟结构平面两个轴向的一阶振动,同步测量了振动模型上的表面风压和模型顶部位移。在对振动模型横风向和顺风向的气动弹性力分析基础上,识别了该模型气动阻尼比和气动刚度比,计算并分析了气动弹性效应对结构风致响应和等效风荷载的影响。分析结果表明,在100年重现期风速作用下,该模型气动阻尼比为正值,气动刚度为负,气动刚度相对于结构刚度较小,对结构自振频率影响不大。考虑气动弹性参数后,顶部最大位移响应可减小5%,最高居住层最大加速度响应可减小10%,由等效风荷载计算得到的基底总剪力和基底总弯矩减小1.1%左右。分析表明,双向受迫振动风洞试验是一种有效且有实用前景的超高建筑气动弹性参数识别方法。     

钢筋混凝土巨型框架结构及附单向TMD装置的减震结构振动台试验研究

为了研究钢筋混凝土巨型框架结构体系的抗震性能及其地震作用损伤机理,设计制作1/25的缩尺模型,并设计加工了一套调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）装置安装在模型结构顶部,进行振动台试验,得到结构的动力特性和位移响应,并对比分析了TMD的减震效果。结果表明：当在峰值加速度为0.140g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度多遇地震）,模型结构处在弹性工作状态,在峰值加速度为0.400g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度基本烈度）,模型结构出现轻微破坏,在峰值加速度为0.880g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度罕遇地震）,模型结构出现中等破坏,该原型结构可以满足抗震设计的要求;TMD装置具有较好的减震效果。     

Seismic performance of high‐rise building with a rock‐slip isolation system with cables

To avoid the overturning hazard of high‐rise buildings with traditional isolation technology, a rock‐slip structure with cables (RSSC) was proposed to improve their seismic performance. The mechanical model was established, and the motion behaviour equation of the RSSC was derived. Shake‐table tests of the RSSC were performed, and the results were compared with the corresponding finite‐element model simulations. The influences of key structural parameters and earthquake motion characteristics were analysed. The study results showed that the RSSC could effectively reduce the internal seismic force response and interlayer deformation under a severe earthquake, as well as decrease the overturning probability. The seismic reduction effect was influenced by the prestressed force, the aspect ratio of the structure, and the friction coefficient between the superstructure and foundation as well as seismic site type. The motion equation derived in this paper can be used to theoretically predict the motion behaviour of RSSC.