Modeling the keyhole shape and dimension in plasma arc welding

It is of great significance to model the keyhole shape and dimensions to optimize the plasma arc welding process parameters. In this study, through employing a combined volumetric heat source mode, the weld pool in keyhole plasma arc welding is determined firstly, and then the dynamic force-balance condition on the interface between the plasma jet and the molten metal is dealt with in describing the keyhole formation inside the weld pool. The effects of welding current on the shape and size of keyhole are numerically analyzed. The sharp transformation from a partial keyhole to a full-penetration keyhole is quantitatively demonstrated.     

Numerical analysis of keyhole establishment time in keyhole plasma arc welding

Numerical analysis of keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time is of great significance for selection and optimization of the process parameters in keyhole plasma arc welding. In this paper, a three-dimensional transient model is developed to analyze the evolutions of keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time in continuous current plasma arc welding process. Firstly, a combined volumetric heat source model is used to simulate the transient variation of temperature field. And then the surfaced formation equation is adopted to calculate dynamic features of the keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time inside weld pool, in which the force action on weld pool surface is considered. Experiment is conducted to validate the numerical simulation results. The predicted keyhole size and keyhole establishment time are in agreement with the experimental measurement. And the calculated fusion zone geometry is consistent with the measured one.     

等离子弧焊接小孔形状和穿孔过程的数值分析

根据小孔壁面上的力学平衡条件,建立了穿孔等离子弧焊(PAW)的小孔模型.利用该模型,对6 mm厚不锈钢板PAW准稳态小孔的形成过程进行了数值计算,得到了不同工艺参数下准稳态小孔的形状和尺寸.根据达到准稳态时小孔壁面的受力状态,对PAW过程中小孔从盲孔到穿孔的转变机制进行了探讨,分析计算了小孔壁面上各区域的作用力大小.随...     

受控脉冲PAW过程小孔动态变化的数值模拟

受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接(PAW)过程中,小孔形状随焊接电流动态变化,经历形成—长大—缩小—闭合的变化过程.本文在对受控脉冲PAW瞬态温度场进行数值模拟的基础上,通过分析焊接熔池表面的受力状态,建立了小孔形状的模型,考虑了盲孔(小孔深度小于工件厚度)和穿透小孔2类情况.对焊接熔池内三维小孔在一个脉冲周期内的变化过程进行了数值计算.进行了受控脉冲PAW工艺实验,验证了穿孔持续时间的数值分析结果.     

Numerical analysis of weld pool geometry in pulsed current plasma arc welding

Numerical analysis of weld pool shape and size is of great significance for selection and optimization of the process parameters in pulsed current plasma arc welding (PAW). In this paper, a mathematical model and relevant algorithm are developed to determine the temperature profiles and weld pool geometry in pulsed current PAW through employing an adaptive heat source model. The volumetric heat source consists of semi-ellipsoid at upper part and a conic body at lower part along the workpiece thickness direction. The dynamic variation features of weld pool shape during a pulse cycle are numerically simulated. The calculated weld cross-section is consistent with the measure one.     

基于小孔形状的TCS不锈钢激光+GMAW-P复合焊热场模型

为合理描述激光能量在小孔内的分布特征,采用光线追踪法处理光线在小孔内的多次反射和孔壁的Fresnel吸收,对线热源小孔模型做出了改进.根据小孔形状尺寸的计算结果,确定激光焊体积热源的分布参数.将标定后的激光焊体积热源分布参数应用于激光+熔化极脉冲电弧(激光+GMAW-P)复合焊的组合式体积热源模型,对TCS不锈钢复合焊准稳态温度场进行了数值分析.开展了TCS不锈钢复合焊工艺实验,将复合焊焊缝形状尺寸的模拟结果与实测结果进行了对比,验证了所建立的复合焊热场模型.基于小孔形状的复合焊热场模型能较好地模拟TCS不锈钢复合焊温度分布与焊缝成形.利用该模型计算了不同工艺条件下TCS不锈钢焊接HAZ形状尺寸以及HAZ内不同位置处的热循环曲线,分析了TCS不锈钢复合焊的热循环特征,为接头组织与性能的预测分析奠定了基础.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of pure nickel PAW and PAW-TIG welded joints

A plasma arc welding( PAW)-tungsten inert gas( TIG) hybrid welding process is proposed. And this paper investigated the microstructure and properties of pure nickel N6 joints by PAW-TIG hybrid welding. Compared with the conventional PAW method,the characteristic of PAW-TIG welding process is that there is no interaction between the two arcs.The addition of TIG can enhance the intrinsic high-efficiency peculiarity and the stability of the keyhole status of PAW. The joints made using PAW and PAW-TIG,respectively,were subjected to microstructural evaluations and tensile testing so as to analyze the effect of TIG arc energy on the microstructure and mechanical properties of these joints. The results of this investigation indicate that significant grain coarsening was observed in the weld metal( WM) and heat affected zone( HAZ)and it is found that the extent of grain coarsening increased with the addition of TIG arc. And the microstructure in hybrid joint,with wider weld width and the smooth surface,is coarser than in PAW joint. Furthermore,the microhardness and ultimate tensile strength( UTS) of hybrid joint is slightly lower than that of PAW joint. The fractograph observation shows that the fracturing mechanism of PAW joints ductile,while the hybrid welding joints exists as brittle-ductile fracture mode. The outcome of this work shows that in the condition of same deposited rate,TIG arc post-weld heat treatment can improve the welding efficiency and welding speed. The proposed PAW-TIG hybrid welding process is demonstrated to be suitable for welding nickel and its alloys in industry application.     

Effects of controlled pulse current waveform on key-holing condition in plasma arc welding

To overcome the shortcomings of conventional plasma arc welding (PAW), the' controlled pulse key-holing' strategy is proposed and the keyhole PAW experiment system is developed. The efflux plasma voltage signal is detected in real-time to characterize the keyhole size and dimension. The welding current waveform for controlled pulse key-holing strategy is implemented, and two slow-decreasing slopes are added at the dropping point from peak current to base current to further reduce both heat input and arc force so that the controllability of keyhole dynamics is improved. Two kinds of PAW tests are conducted, and the different parameters of the controlled pulse current and the relevant efflux plasma voltage are measured in real-time to investigate the effects of welding current waveform parameters on the key-holing condition.     

等离子弧焊中电弧反翘现象的数值模拟

根据流体的质量、动量、能量守恒方程,建立了穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中的等离子电弧三维数学模型,用磁矢量法求解磁场问题.模型包括了一部分喷嘴和钨阴极,小孔也被包含进模型中.利用ANSYS有限元分析软件求解模型,得到等离子电弧的温度分布,以研究等离子弧焊中电弧反翘现象.结果表明,等离子电弧反翘随小孔尺寸的增大而减弱,电弧尾焰随小孔尺寸的增大而增强;而适当的增加焊接速度以使小孔轴线与电弧轴线之间形成一定的偏差是形成等离子电弧反翘现象的必要条件;焊接电流主要是通过改变小孔尺寸而对电弧反翘产生影响.     

等离子与钨极双面电弧焊接热过程的数值模拟

利用由等离子电弧(PAw)与钨极电弧(TIG)构成的单电源双面电弧焊接(DsAw)工艺可以获得深宽比较大的焊缝，该工艺具有高效、低成本的特点，是一种先进焊接技术．本文综合考虑影响等离子弧小孔形成的等离子流力、重力、表面张力等力学因素，建立了小孔形成过程的数学模型，并以此为基础建立了DSAW电流密度分布和焊接传热的控制方程．采用数值模拟技术对上述方程进行耦合求解，定量分析了双面电弧焊接条件下的传热规律及热影响区性能，同时作为对比也模拟了PAW焊接的传热现象，揭示了DSAW大幅度增加熔深、改善热影响区性能的机理，为工艺参数优化设计提供了依据．     

铝合金等离子弧立焊穿孔熔池的计算机模拟

根据流体力学理论和传热学机理，建立了运动等离子弧作用下立焊穿孔焊接熔池流场和温度场的三维瞬态数值分析模型，并采用有限元法对模型进行离散化处理。模型中，考虑了熔池内部液态金属的对流传热和熔池外部的固体导热、材料热物理性能参数随温度的变化、焊件表面通过对流和辐射向周围环境的散热以及熔化／凝固相变潜热对熔池流场与温度场的影响，焊接热源采用高斯分布函数，计算中对边界条件进行了处理，根据穿孔熔池温度场与流场模型的特点，采用非均匀网格对单元进行划分，并采用分区异步长算法确定时间步长，利用ANSYS(一种有限元计算软件)有限元软件对所建立的模型进行了求解。通过试验测量焊缝几何尺寸与计算结果相比较，验证了本模型的计算结果和实际相差不大，是基本正确和可靠的。     

铝合金交流脉冲双面弧焊工艺试验及特点分析

通过工艺试验,详细分析了LYl2CZ铝合金板交流脉冲等离子弧（PA）-钨极氩弧（GTA）双面弧焊（DSAW）的工艺特点。通过与常规钨极氩弧焊和等离子弧焊工艺比较,发现该工艺可以显著增加熔深,减小焊后热变形,提高焊接生产效率。分别采用多孔喷嘴和单孔喷嘴进行了对比试验,其中采用多孔喷嘴能够有效防止双弧的产生,采用单孔喷嘴能够获得较大熔深。当采用小孔型交流脉冲双面弧焊工艺焊接铝合金时,由于小孔的存在,焊接过程中阴极雾化效果降低,影响焊缝成形及质量。     

激光穿孔点焊接瞬态过程数值分析

考虑工件表面等离子体作用，建立了小孔和熔池传热与传质耦合的穿孔点焊数值分析模型. 采用随小孔形状变化的自适应热源模型，热源形态依小孔形状变化而实时改变. 模型考虑了蒸发现象所引起的质量转换和能量损失，利用焓–孔介质法处理焊接过程动量损耗. 主要考虑液态金属蒸发所带来的反冲压力、表面张力和液体静压力并通过流体体积方程计算小孔壁面. 结果表明，小孔形成直至穿孔过程都可能产生向上和向下的飞溅、焊瘤和余高. 激光的瑞利散射、工件表面等离子体的热效应，激光束反射和等离子体膨胀作用，使得工件上/下的焊缝宽度比中间略大. 模拟计算值与试验结果比较，二者在形状和尺寸基本吻合.     

基于SYSWELD的穿孔等离子弧焊接温度场有限元分析

K－PAW焊接时形成具有“倒喇叭”状的焊缝．根据K－PAW的焊缝形状特点,通过比较多种热源作用模式,得到了适合于K—PAW焊接的组合式体积热源作用模式,即,沿板厚方向,工件的上部采用双椭球体热源,下部为中心轴热流峰值线性递增的圆柱体热源．将“双椭球体＋峰值递增圆柱体”组合式热源应用于SYSWELD软件与K—PAW焊接热...     

小孔等离子弧焊接热场瞬时演变过程的数值分析

根据小孔等离子弧焊接的工艺特点,考虑等离子弧对熔池的“挖掘”作用,提出了一种新的焊接热源模型（TPAW）,以描述和反映等离子弧作用下“倒喇叭”状焊缝横断面的特点以及等离子弧热流沿工件厚度方向的分布．在此基础上,对小孔等离子弧焊接热场进行了有限元计算,分析了引弧后熔池及周围温度场的瞬时演变过程．计算出的小孔等离子弧焊缝形状与实验结果基本吻合,达到准稳态的时间与实验测试值一致．     

Sensing controlled pulse key-holing condition in plasma arc welding

According to the strategy of controlled pulse key-holing, a new sensing and control system was developed for monitoring and controlling the keyhole condition during plasma arc welding (PAW). Through sensing and processing the efflux plasma voltage signals, the quantitative relationship among the welding current, efflux plasma voltage and backside weld width of the weld was established. PAW experiments show that the efflux plasma voltage can reflect the state of keyhole and backside weld width accurately. The closed-loop control tests validate the stability and reliability of the developed keyhole PAW system.     

小孔等离子弧焊接热场的有限元分析

根据小孔等离子弧焊接的工艺特点，建立了相应的热源模型和焊接热场的分析模型。数值模拟结果表明，一般的双椭球体热源和三维锥体热源不能准确描述小孔等离子弧焊接热过程。提出了改进型的三维锥体热源模型，可以较准确地计算焊缝的正面和背面熔宽，但熔合线走向的计算精度仍较低。在此基础上，考虑等离子弧对熔池的热-力作用，建立了符合小孔形态的热源模型，对小孔等离子弧焊接热场进行了有限元分析，计算出的小孔等离子弧焊缝形状与试验结果吻合良好。     

Novel soft variable polarity plasma arc and its influence on keyhole in horizontal welding of aluminium alloys

A novel soft variable polarity plasma arc has been proposed to solve the problems in horizontal welding of aluminium alloys (in 2G position). It is defined as an arc with reduced arc pressure while retaining the ability to maintain a stable keyhole. In this paper, its characteristics were studied and its influence on the stability of keyhole was investigated. The results indicate that it has been changed in the energy and pressure distribution compared with ordinary variable polarity plasma arc. It is beneficial for the stability of keyhole especially for the stability of keyhole shrinking process. The keyhole can be established easily. It can also improve the wetting and spreading of molten metal in weld pool. The reason for a stable keyhole is that the soft variable polarity plasma can provide a suitable heat input and a suitable arc pressure.     

GH4133高温合金激光深熔焊温度场数值模拟

对航空材料GH4133高温合金激光深熔焊接过程进行了有限元数值模拟分析,建立了高斯旋转曲面体热源的热输入模型,得到了基于小孔模型的温度梯度曲线分布.结果表明,激光焊接小孔深度方向的热传导速率大于小孔径向的热传导速率;小孔前端的热梯度远大于小孔后端,小孔和熔池形状均为长椭圆形;距离焊缝不同位置处各点的升温过程相比焊缝中心具有延迟性,且温度峰值大大降低.     

Numerical simulation of molten pool dynamics in high power disk laser welding

A single-phase problem is solved rather than a multiphase problem for numerical simplicity: and the solution is based on the assumption that the region of gas or plasma can be treated as a void because solid or liquid steel has a greater density level than gas or plasma. The volume-of-fluid method, which can calculate the free surface shape of the keyhole, is used in conjunction with a ray-tracing algorithm to estimate the multiple reflections. Fresnel's reflection model is simplified by the Hagen-Rubens relation for handling a laser beam interaction with materials. Factors considered in the simulations include buoyancy force, Marangoni force and recoil pressure; furthermore, pore generation is simulated by means of an adiabatic bubble model, which can also lead to the phenomenon of a keyhole collapse. Models of the shear stress on the keyhole surface and of the heat transfer to the molten pool via a plasma plume are introduced in simulations of the weld pool dynamics. Analysis of the temperature profile characteristics of the weld bead and molten pool flow in the molten pool is based on the results of the numerical simulations. The simulation results are used to estimate the weld fusion zone shape; and the results of the simulated fusion zone formation are compared with the results of the experimental fusion zone formation and found to be in good agreement. The effects of laser beam profile (Gaussian vs. measured), vapor shear stress, vapor heat source and sulfur content on the molten pool behavior and fusion zone shape are analyzed.