CL-20粒度对GAP/AP/Al高能推进剂燃烧性能的影响

为了研究CL-20粒度对含Al高能固体推进剂燃烧性能的影响,通过捏合浇铸工艺制备了含不同粒度CL-20(14μm、115μm)的GAP/AP/Al高能推进剂,采用靶线法测定了推进剂在不同压强下的燃速,并计算了压强指数;利用微型高温热电偶测温技术、燃烧火焰单幅照相技术研究了CL-20粒度对该推进剂燃烧性能影响的机理。结果表明,7～18MPa下含粗粒度(115μm)CL-20的GAP/AP/Al推进剂的燃速比含细粒度(14μm)CL-20的推进剂高7%～37%;2～10MPa下前者压强指数为0.52,后者为0.46;粗粒度CL-20较细粒度提前进行部分分解,分解产物除催化自身分解反应外,还促进了AP的分解,从而提高了相应推进剂凝聚相反应区的温度攀升速率,并使推进剂的燃速更高。     

AP/Al/SMX/HTPB四组元推进剂能量特性的理论研究

采用推进剂性能评估软件(PEP),计算和比较了2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硝酸酯(SMX)和HMX取代高氯酸铵/铝粉/丁羟黏合剂(AP/Al/HTPB)推进剂中AP对配方能量性能的影响。用高温化学平衡计算代码模拟计算了AP/Al/SMX/HTPB和AP/Al/HMX/HTPB复合固体推进剂的能量和标准发动机工作过程。结果表明,与HMX相比,SMX能在更大的配比范围内提高HTPB推进剂的能量水平。在质量分数14%HTPB、18%Al的配方中,SMX能有效将推进剂的平衡流比冲提高到2 622.5N·s/kg,比HTPB三组元能量优化配方高27.5N·s/kg。在质量分数14%HTPB、15%Al的配方中,SMX取代AP后,比冲最高可达2 634.2N·s/kg,比HTPB三组元能量优化配方高39.2N·s/kg。在质量分数15%Al、HTPB质量分数为12%和10%的配方中,SMX质量分数可分别达到45%和65%;最高比冲可分别达到2 652.9和2 679.3N·s/kg,比HTPB三组元能量优化配方分别高57.9和84.3N·s/kg。在不含Al或Al含量很低的配方中,SMX可取代全部AP。     

DB/AP系燃烧剂的设计与性能研究

设计了以双基(DB)推进剂、高氯酸铵(AP)为主要组分的燃烧剂,并加入金属可燃剂B、Mg、Al来调整燃烧剂的燃烧性能,采用全自动量热仪、数码摄像机、热电偶和TG-DSC测试了燃烧剂的燃烧热、燃速、火焰温度和热性能.结果表明,金属粉的加入可以提高燃烧剂的燃烧热、燃速和火焰温度,并可以改变其火焰结构;对于长距离、高沸点物质的引燃,3种金属粉中B粉的效果最佳,DB/AP/B的火焰温度可达1 070℃,火焰长度达25cm,其燃烧过程也更稳定,而DB/AP/Mg和DB/AP/Al在燃烧过程中产生大量的火星;AP和金属粉对DB推进剂的热分解没有影响.     

含呋咱衍生物富燃料推进剂的能量性能

采用最小自由能法,研究了含呋咱衍生物的Al/Mg/HTPB/AP富燃料推进剂的能量性能,结果表明,随着呋咱衍生物含量的增加,富燃料推进剂比冲明显增加,其中含质量分数为25%的DAAzF(4,4'-二氨基-3,3'-偶氮呋咱)的富燃料推进剂比冲可达7 522.9 N·s·kg-1,比相同质量含量下含CL-20富燃料推进剂比冲高260N·s·kg-1.含呋咱衍生物富燃料推进剂气相平均相对分子质量((-M)g)约为29,补燃室火焰温度(Tc)约为2 200K,且二者随着呋咱衍生物含量增加而略有增加.     

一种新型压伸复合推进剂性能

介绍了一种新型压伸复合推进剂,采用惰性黏合剂体系,添加了质量分数75%的AP、5%的Al粉。3～10 MPa下的压强指数为0.036,0.1～12 MPa下的压强指数为0.27。特别在5～10 MPa范围内,压强指数为–0.21,呈麦撒燃烧。在室温(8℃)条件下的φ36 mm发动机中,比冲达2 255 N·s/kg(230 s),是一种能量较高、燃烧性能优良的新型压伸复合推进剂。     

DB/AP系燃烧剂的设计与性能研究（英文）

设计了以双基(DB)推进剂、高氯酸铵(AP)为主要组分的燃烧剂,并加入金属可燃剂B、Mg、Al来调整燃烧剂的燃烧性能,采用全自动量热仪、数码摄像机、热电偶和TG-DSC测试了燃烧剂的燃烧热、燃速、火焰温度和热性能。结果表明,金属粉的加入可以提高燃烧剂的燃烧热、燃速和火焰温度,并可以改变其火焰结构;对于长距离、高沸点物质的引燃,3种金属粉中B粉的效果最佳,DB/AP/B的火焰温度可达1 070℃,火焰长度达25cm,其燃烧过程也更稳定,而DB/AP/Mg和DB/AP/Al在燃烧过程中产生大量的火星;AP和金属粉对DB推进剂的热分解没有影响。     

不同压强下CL-20改性双基推进剂的能量释放规律

采用最小自由能法用REAL计算了不同压强下含CL-20、RDX、Al改性双基推进剂的比冲和燃烧温度,并分析了比冲随压强的变化规律。结果表明,随着压强的增加,推进剂在低压下比冲的提高幅度较大,高压下提高幅度较小。当压强由2.MPa增至4MPa时,含CL-20、CL-20/RDX、CL-20/A1改性双基推进剂比冲增幅大于6%;从18MPa增加到20MPa时,比冲的增值小于1%。与添加RDX相比,添加CL-20或Al后,推进剂在低压区的比冲随压强的增加增幅增大,说明添加CL-20或A1更有利于提高低压下推进剂的能量释放。     

硝酸酯聚醚推进剂的能量特性

采用凝胶色谱(GPC)、DSC、密度计等方法研究了端羟基聚3-硝酸酯甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(PNMMO)的分子结构、理化和安全等性能,其密度(ρ)、生成焓(ΔHf)、玻璃化温度(Tg)和摩擦/撞击感度(H50)分别为1.26g/cm3、-1933.74kJ/kg、-30℃、0%和109.6cm,PNMMO弹性体的最大抗拉强度(σm)和最大延伸率(εm)分别为3.54～7.72MPa和253%～279%.用推进剂能量计算程序计算了PNMMO推进剂与NEPE和GAP推进剂的理论比冲.结果表明,PNMMO推进剂的理论比冲(6.86MPa)比NEPE推进剂的值68～140N·s·kg-1,比GAP推进剂的理论比冲低3～7N·s·kg-1.     

金属粉对NC/TMETN/FOX-7低敏感改性双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响

采用燃速-靶线法研究了铝粉(Al)、镁铝合金粉(Mg-Al)和硼粉(B)以及铝粉含量、粒度等对NC/TMETN/FOX-7改性双基推进剂燃烧性能(燃速和压强指数)的影响;采用单幅放大彩色摄影法研究了其火焰结构。结果表明,推进剂配方中添加金属粉可提高NC/TMETN/FOX-7改性双基推进剂的燃速,金属粉使推进剂燃速的增大幅度由大到小依次为:Al-MgAlB;随着Al粉(粒径12.5μm)质量分数由0增至10%,NC/TMETN/FOX-7推进剂的燃速先增大后减小,当铝粉质量分数为5%时推进剂燃速最高,达到21.19mm/s;NC/TMETN/FOX-7改性双基推进剂的燃速随着铝粉粒度的增大而增大,铝粉粒径由12.5μm增至45μm时,10MPa下推进剂的燃速由21.19mm/s增至24.47mm/s,8～14MPa的压强指数降至0.20以下;NC/TMETN/FOX-7推进剂的火焰结构与NC/NG基推进剂相似,由预热区、亚表面及表面区、暗区和火焰区组成,各区之间的界限不明显。     

降速剂及其作用位点对丁羟四组元推进剂燃烧性能的影响规律

为研究降速剂对丁羟四组元推进剂燃烧性能的影响规律,将典型季铵盐和金刚烷衍生物两种高效降速剂引入核壳结构铝基复合颗粒Al@HMX和AP@Al,使其分别作用于HMX颗粒内部和AP颗粒表面,制备了4种含降速剂的铝基复合颗粒(Al/A@HMX,Al/B@HMX,AP@Al/A和AP@Al/B);采用扫描电子显微镜对样品形貌进行了表征;采用高速红外相机拍摄推进剂燃烧过程的火焰红外照片,并对推进剂的爆热、密度、点火延迟时间和燃速进行了测试。结果表明,加入惰性降速剂会导致推进剂爆热降低,而Al@HMX复合颗粒能部分抵消这一现象,使推进剂爆热值增加了338J/g;降速剂能够抑制AP和HMX的热分解过程,使达到AlO辐射峰值前维持低强度的“平台段”;而引入Al@HMX后,推进剂的点火延迟时间比基础配方减小49.4%;在10～20MPa范围内两种降速剂均能有效降低推进剂燃速,在此基础上采用Al@HMX可使含季铵盐丁羟四组元推进剂20MPa下的燃速降低7.1mm/s(38.4%),压强指数降至0.25;当降速剂作用于AP表面时,含质量分数1%季铵盐的推进剂在20MPa下燃速可降低5.0mm/s(27.3%)...     

Compact Swelling in Bi1.4Pb0.6Sr2Ca2Cu3.6Oy During the Formation of High-Tc Superconducting Phase

Compact swelling in Pb-doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor has been studied by observing the effects of the size of calcined powders, volatilization of materials, and sintering of high- T _c (2223) powders. The bulk density increases at the early stage of sintering, for about 20 h, and then decreases. Densification occurs when the low- T _c (2212) phase and a liquid phase exist, whereas dedensification occurs with the formation of the 2223 phase regardless of the presence of the liquid. Gas evolution from specimens does not appear to be responsible for compact swelling. Compact swelling is explained by anisotropic growth of thin, platelike 2223 grains in random orientation. When 2223 grains grow in a preferred direction, compact swelling is suppressed.     

Synthetic routes to nanoscale BxCyNz architectures

B_xC_yN_z nanoscale materials, hybrids of h-BN and graphite, have been recently synthesised using various techniques. Here, we present the latest advances in the synthesis and characterisation of B-C-N nanotubes and nanofibres. In particular, we focus on layered BC₂N, BN, BC and CN_x systems, reviewing their production methods as well as their structural and electronic properties. These materials may find important applications in the fabrication of nanotransistors, robust nanocomposites, conducting polymers, storage components and field emission sources.     

Structure Evolution from Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 to La(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3

The crystal structure of lanthanum-modified lead magnesium niobates having composition (Pb_{1− x} La _x ) (Mg_{(1+ x )/3}-Nb_{(2− x )/3})O₃ with X = 0 to 1 was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction. It was found that the fundamental reflections from perovskite structure remain in the whole range of composition. The superlattice reflections from the A(B'_1/2-B"_1/2)O₃ ordered structure are also well preserved for La content greater than 50 at.%; however, a series of extra peaks of mixing indices appears, with intensities gradually enhanced with the increase of La content. For the complete substitution of Pb by La, a splitting of some reflections can be observed in the diffraction pattern. The results indicate that the crystal structure evolves continuously with the La content, from disordered cubic perovskite of space group Pm 3 m for X = 0, to ordered cubic perovskite of space group Fm 3 m for X = 0.5, distorted cubic perovskite of space group Pa 3 for 0.5 < X < 0.9, and finally to a rhombohedral perovskite, possibly belonging to the space group R 3 , for X ≥ 0.9. In the evolution of structure, a linear reduction of the lattice constant of the perovskite cell from 4.048 to 3.964 Å was observed.     

Microwave Dielectric Properties of CaTiO3-CaAl1/2Nb1/2O3 Ceramics Doped with Li3NbO4

The microwave dielectric properties of CaTi_{1− x} (Al_1/2Nb_1/2) _x O₃ solid solutions (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) have been investigated. The sintered samples had perovskite structures similar to CaTiO₃. The substitution of Ti⁴⁺ by Al³⁺/Nb⁵⁺ improved the quality factor Q of the sintered specimens. A small addition of Li₃NbO₄ (about 1 wt%) was found to be very effective for lowering sintering temperature of ceramics from 1450–1500° to 1300°C. The composition with x = 0.5 sintered at 1300°C for 5 h revealed excellent dielectric properties, namely, a dielectric constant (ɛ_r) of 48, a Q × f value of 32 100 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (τ_f) of −2 ppm/K. Li₃NbO₄ as a sintering additive had no harmful influence on τ_f of ceramics.     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Dielectric-State Analysis in Solid-Solution Pb(Yb1/2Ta1/2)O3–Pb(Lu1/2Nb1/2)O3

The structure and temperature dependence of complex lead perovskite dielectrics were investigated for the system (1 − x )Pb(Yb_1/2Ta_1/2)O₃– x Pb(Lu_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃. Superlattice reflections for the compositions 0.8 < x < 1.0 were observed by X-ray diffractometry, and the temperature-composition dielectric-state diagram was determined. In the present study, the disordered middle composition, with 0.2 < x < 0.8, showed a diffuse paraelectric–ferroelectric phase transition, whereas the ordered end compositions, with 0 ≤ x < 0.2 and 0.8 < x ≤ 1.0, revealed successive sharp paraelectric–antiferroelectric and weak antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transitions. The dielectric state was confirmed by examining the variation of polarization ( P ) with electric field ( E ).