嗜热链球菌M5-5冻干保护剂配方的优化

为了研究不同冻干保护剂在真空冷冻干燥过程中对嗜热链球菌M5-5菌体细胞的保护效果,采用单因素试验和正交试验,以冻干后的菌体存活率为评价指标,考察9种冻干保护剂在冷冻干燥过程中对M5-5菌体的保护效果,以期获得最优保护剂配方。结果表明,海藻糖、甘油和脱脂乳作为单一冻干保护剂时,菌体细胞存活率分别为43.85%、47.51%和40.86%,显著高于其他6种保护剂（P＜0.05）;通过正交试验确定冻干保护剂的最优配方为海藻糖60 g/L、谷氨酸钠20 g/L、甘油20 g/L、脱脂乳150 g/L,此时嗜热链球菌M5-5的冻干存活率可达88.41%。扫描电镜结果显示,添加保护剂配方组菌体细胞完整,表面光滑,说明该保护剂配方能有效减少冷冻干燥过程对菌体细胞的损伤。     

几种保护剂对干酪乳杆菌代田株保护作用的比较

将活化后的干酪乳杆菌代田株制成冻干发酵剂，通过对其复水后活菌数和乳酸脱氢酶的测定，比较了脱脂奶、葡萄糖、谷氨酸钠、海藻糖4种冻干保护剂对干酪乳杆菌代田株的保护效果。结果表明，10%-15%脱脂奶、10%-15%海藻糖对干酪乳杆菌代田株有较好的保护效果，在12个月的保藏期内，冻干保藏的菌种存活细胞总数保持90%以上，并且随着保护剂浓度的增加其保藏效果更好。     

Physical Aging of Amorphous Fructose

ABSTRACT: Physical aging of amorphous anhydrous fructose at temperature 5 °C and at 22 °C was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dynamic glass transition temperature, T_g0 for unaged samples was 16 °C and 13.3 °C for heating rate of 10 °C/min and 1 °C/min, respectively. The fictive temperature, T_f0 for unaged samples calculated by Richardson and Savill method was 12 °C, which is close to the dynamic value obtained from the lower DSC heating rate. The fictive temperature T_f of the aged fructose glasses at temperatures both below and above the transition region was fitted well by a non-exponential decay function (Williams-Watts form). Aging above the transition region (22 °C) for 18 d increased both the dynamic glass transition temperature T_g and the fictive temperature T_f. However, aging below the transition region (5 °C) for 1 d increased the dynamic glass transition temperature T_g but decreased the fictive temperature T_f.     

Gelation and Water Binding Properties of Transglutaminase-treated Skim Milk Powder

Transglutaminase (TGase)-treated skim milk powder (TG-SMP) was prepared by freeze-drying skim milk after TGase treatment (10 U/g milk protein, 40°C for 3 h), followed by TGase inactivation at 85°C for 5 min. TGase modification resulted in significant increases in hardness and water holding capacity (WHC) of heat-induced gels (10% protein, w/v). A marked increase in storage modulus (G') of TG-SMP upon heating suggests that TG-SMP has a greater gelling ability than control-SMP (C-SMP) prepared with predenatured TGase. Acid gels prepared from TG-SMP had a significantly higher WHC at all solid levels (12%, 14%, and 16%) tested and formed a more elastic network than C-SMP.     

Influence of Cooling Rate on Glass Transition Temperature of Sucrose Solutions and Rice Starch Gel

ABSTRACT: The study's objectives were to determine the influence of cooling rate through the primary zone of freezing on T_g in sucrose solutions and rice starch gels. The influence of cooling rate, water content, and annealing on T_g were evaluated. Results indicated that the observed T_g values for sucrose solutions were lower after rapid cooling (70% solids: rapid cooling −66.7°C; slow cooling −64.6 °C; 30% solids: rapid cooling −34.6 °C; slow cooling −33.3 °C). The T_g values of annealed samples are higher than the T_g of both rapidly and slowly cooled samples (70%: −44.2 °C; 30%: −32.7 °C). The T_g of the rice starch gel was −9.0 °C after rapid cooling and −7.5 °C after slow cooling.     

Effect of freeze drying and protectants on viability of the biocontrol yeast Candida sake

The effects of freezing method, freeze drying process, and the use of protective agents on the viability of the biocontrol yeast Candida sake were studied. Freezing at -20 degrees C was the best method to preserve the viability of C. sake cells after freeze drying using 10% skim milk as a protectant (28.9% survival). Liquid nitrogen freezing caused the highest level of damage to the cells with viability < 10%. Different concentrations of exogenous substances including sugars, polyols, polymers and nitrogen compounds were tested either alone or in combination with skim milk. There was little or no effect when additives were used at 1% concentration. Galactose, raffinose and sodium glutamate at 10% were the best protective agents tested alone but the viability of freeze-dried C. sake cells was always < 20%. Survival of yeast cells was increased from 0.2% to 30-40% by using appropriate protective media containing combinations of skim milk and other protectants such as 5% or 10% lactose or glucose, and 10% fructose or sucrose.     

Microbiological Shelf Life of Pasteurized Milk in Bottle and Pouch

ABSTRACT:  Shelf life of pasteurized milk in Brazil ranges from 3 to 8 d, mainly due to poor cold chain conditions that prevail throughout the country and subject the product to repeated and/or severe temperature abuse. This study evaluated the influence of storage temperature on the microbiological stability of homogenized whole pasteurized milk (75 °C/15 s) packaged in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pouch, both monolayer materials pigmented with titanium dioxide (TiO₂). The storage temperatures investigated were 2, 4, 9, 14, and 16 °C. Microbiological evaluation was based on mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts with 7 log CFU/mL and 6 log CFU/mL, respectively, set as upper limits of acceptability for maintaining the quality of milk. The microbiological stability for pasteurized milk packaged in HDPE bottle and stored at 2, 4, 9, 14, and 16 °C was estimated at 43, 36, 8, 5, and 3 d, respectively. For milk samples packaged in LDPE pouch, shelf life was estimated at 37, 35, 7, 3, and 2 d, respectively. The determination of Q₁₀ and z values demonstrated that storage temperature has a greater influence on microbiological shelf life of pasteurized milk packaged in LDPE pouch compared to HDPE bottle. Based on the results of this study, HDPE bottle was better for storing pasteurized milk as compared to LDPE pouch.     

Survival and Activity of Probiotic Lactobacilli in Skim Milk Containing Prebiotics

ABSTRACT: Seven strains were cultured anaerobically at 37 °C for 48 h in 12% (w/v) reconstituted skim milk containing 5% (w/v) Hi-maize, lactulose, inulin, or raftilose. Their viability was determined before and after 4 wk of storage at 4 °C. Doubling time (Td) was also determined. Concentrations of acetic and lactic acids produced during fermentation and storage were determined. The Td ranged from 301 to 751 min. In general, the viability of lactobacilli after storage was greatest with inulin. The pH after storage in skim milk ranged from 4.34 (for ASCC 1520 with raftilose) to 4.10 (for ATCC 15820 with inulin). Survival of lactobacilli in prebiotic was strainspecific but in general their survival was enhanced.     

Effects of gas atmosphere, antimicrobial dip and temperature on the fate of Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes on minimally processed lettuce

The growth and survival of inoculated strains of Listeria innocua and L. monocytogenes on minimally processed lettuce were studied. The effects of package atmospheres (lettuce sealed within packages after flushing with 100% N₂ or without flushing with N₂, lettuce sealed within perforated packages), antimicrobial dips (100 p.p.m. chlorine solution for 5 min, 1% citric acid solution for 5 min) and storage temperatures (3°C and 8°C) were investigated. Populations of L. innocua and L. monocytogenes on undipped lettuce stored at 3°C gradually decreased (by 1–1.5 log cycles) during a 14 day storage period. By contrast counts on lettuce stored at 8°C did not change significantly ( P > 0.05). Flushing packages of lettuce with 100% N₂ followed by storage at 8°C resulted in a significant increase ( P < 0.05, by 2–3 log cycles) in L. innocua and L. monocytogenes counts during storage. L. innocua , strain NCTC 11288, behaviour was similar to that of L. monocytogenes (strains ATCC, 19114 and NCTC 11994) under these storage temperatures and atmospheres. Using L. innocua as a model for L. monocytogenes , it was found that dipping lettuce in a chlorine or citric acid solution followed by storage at 8°C resulted in a significant increase ( P < 0.05, by 2 log cycles) in L. innocua populations compared with undipped samples. It is concluded that N₂ flushing or use of antimicrobial dips combined with storage at 8°C, both enhanced the survival and growth of Listeria populations on shredded lettuce.     

基于人工神经网络耦联遗传算法（BP-GA）优化干酪乳杆菌LTL1361冻干保护剂配方

为提高干酪乳杆菌LTL1361在真空冷冻干燥过程中的冻干存活率,以脱脂乳为基础保护剂,通过单因素实验以及Plackett-Burman试验确定影响干酪乳杆菌LTL1361冻干存活率的主要因素,基于上述试验结果进行Box-Behnke响应面试验设计构建数据集,并构建人工网络耦联遗传算法（BP-GA）模型对干酪乳杆菌LTL1361的冻干保护剂配方进行深层模拟预测。结果表明:采用单因素及Plackett-Burman试验筛选出主要影响菌株冻干存活率的三个因素为:海藻糖、谷氨酸及甘露醇,并确定将上述三种因素与基础脱脂乳为优化条件开展后续试验。通过构建BP-GA模型进行全局寻优,得到干酪乳杆菌LTL1361的最佳保护剂浓度配比为脱脂乳10.3%、谷氨酸0.8%、海藻糖6.7%和甘露醇4.0%,此时菌株的最高冻干存活率达到89.56%,经过与响应面模型结果比较,发现BP-GA模型具有更好的预测性能。利用BP-GA模型,本研究探索出了一种较高冻干存活率的益生菌冻干保护剂配方,并对制备高活性菌株冻干制剂以及商业化直投式发酵剂研发提供参考。     

酸奶菌种冷冻干燥保护剂的筛选研究

本研究采用Plackett-Burman设计法，对蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、果糖、葡萄糖、甘油、甘露醇、山梨醇、可溶性淀粉、明胶、抗坏血酸、谷氨酸钠、L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐以及脱脂奶粉等14种材料对德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和唾液链球菌嗜热亚种冷冻干燥的保护效果进行评价。结果表明：对德氏乳杆菌保加利亚哑种在冷冻干燥中有显著保护作用的是蔗糖、甘油、山梨醇以及脱脂奶粉；而唾液链球菌嗜热亚种有效的冷冻干燥保护剂为甘油、谷氨酸钠和脱脂奶粉。     

泡菜乳酸菌冻干保护剂的研究

为了提高泡菜用直投式乳酸菌发酵剂的生物活性,考察了11种保护剂对乳酸菌真空冷冻干燥的保护效果,选择其中效果较好的四种保护剂进行正交试验,结果表明,以10%脱脂乳、5%海藻糖、7%谷氨酸钠、3%山梨醇和3%VC作为复合保护剂,乳酸菌的冻干存活率较高,可达89.5%。将活菌体悬浮于不同pH值的保护剂中进行冻干,结果显示,介质pH值对冻干存活率有影响,当pH值为6.8时,存活率可达到90.5%。     

冷冻保护剂对直投式木葡萄酸醋杆菌发酵剂菌体细胞特性的影响

本文研究了1%谷氨酸、5%海藻糖、10%脱脂乳及复合0.575%谷氨酸+0.075%海藻糖+6.4%脱脂乳作为冷冻保护剂对直投式木葡萄酸醋杆菌(GBX)发酵剂菌体细胞特性的影响,通过测定GBX发酵剂菌体细胞的DNA泄露、细胞液总抗氧化能力、SOD活性、纤维素合成酶活性和ATP酶活性变化等情况来衡量GBX菌体细胞的生理活性变化。结果发现:添加单一1%谷氨酸、5%海藻糖、10%脱脂乳以及复合0.575%谷氨酸+0.075%海藻糖+6.4%脱脂乳作为保护剂均能明显抑制冷冻干燥过程中菌体细胞的DNA泄露,提高细胞总抗氧化能力、SOD活性、纤维素合成酶和ATP酶活性,表明添加冷冻保护剂能够一定程度上保护菌体细胞,其中复合保护剂对菌体细胞的保护效果最佳,电子扫描显微镜也验证了冷冻保护剂能确实降低菌体细胞在冷冻干燥过程中损害程度,从而使菌体细胞保持良好的生理活性。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌冻干保护剂的研究

以菌种冻干后存活率为指标,研究糖类、蛋白质类、多元醇类对鼠李糖乳杆菌的冻干保护作用。实验结果表明,在脱脂乳、甘油、海藻糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、糊精、抗坏血酸、谷氨酸钠、麦芽糖10种物质中保护效果较好的物质分别为脱脂乳、海藻糖、甘油。将它们确定为单因素进行响应面分析,响应面优化结果为:脱脂乳11.12%、海藻糖4.87、甘油2.96%。菌种冻干后的细胞成活率能达到96.48%±1.27%,与理论预测值接近。     

浩乳德用直投式发酵剂保护剂配方优化及应用

以植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）686为试验菌株,以甘油、山梨醇、脱脂乳、葡萄糖、菊粉、海藻糖、谷氨酸钠和谷胱甘肽为保护剂,以冻干存活率为评价指标,通过单因素试验及响应面试验优化发酵剂保护剂配方,用直投式（DVS）发酵剂制作浩乳德（奶豆腐）,并对其品质进行评价。结果表明,菌株686最佳保护剂配方为脱脂乳添加量12.5 g/100 mL、海藻糖添加量6.0 g/100 mL及谷氨酸钠添加量12.5 g/100 mL。在此优化配方条件下,菌株冻干存活率为81.59%。扫描电镜（SEM）观察结果表明,添加最优冻干保护剂的乳酸菌686完整无破碎,用其制作浩乳德的理化指标、鲜味及丰富度均有极大改善。     

Maintaining Quality of Fresh-cut Tomato Slices through Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Low Temperature Storage

ABSTRACT: Quality of fresh-cut tomato slices was compared during cold storage under various modified atmosphere packaging conditions. Chilling injury of slices in containers sealed with Film A was higher than with Film B; these films had oxygen transmission rates of 87.4 and 60.0 ml · h^-1· m^-2· atm^-1 at 5 °C and 99% RH, respectively. While slices in containers with an initial atmospheric composition of air, 4% CO₂+ 1 or 20% O₂, 8% CO₂+ 1 or 20% O₂, or 12% CO₂+ 20% O₂ showed fungal growth, slices in containers with 12% CO₂+ 1% O₂ did not. Low ethylene in containers enhanced chilling injury. Modified atmosphere packaging provided good quality tomato slices with a shelf life of 2 w or more at 5 °C.     

保加利亚乳杆菌冷冻干燥保护剂的筛选

采用响应面分析法筛选并优化了保加利亚乳杆菌冻干保护剂,研究发现在众多物质中脱脂乳、海藻糖、菊粉、麦芽糊精对菌种保护作用突出,以冻干后细胞存活率为响应值,当脱脂乳5.94%,海藻糖7.75%,菊粉8.39%,麦芽糊精9.04%作为混合保护剂使用时,细胞存活率达到90.46%。使用液氮进行预处理并且保护剂的体积为菌体两倍时可以使菌体存活率达到91.93%.     

Use of microfiltration to improve fluid milk quality

The objectives of the research were to determine the growth characteristics of bacteria in commercially pasteurized skim milk as a function of storage temperature; to determine the efficacy of a microfiltration and pasteurization process in reducing the number of total bacteria, spores, and coliforms in skim milk; and to estimate the shelf life of pasteurized microfiltered skim milk as a function of storage temperature. For the first objective, commercially pasteurized skim milk was stored at 0.1, 2.0, 4.2, and 6.1 degrees C. A total bacterial count >20,000 cfu/mL was considered the end of shelf life. Shelf life ranged from 16 d at 6.1 degrees C to 66 d at 0.1 degrees C. Decreasing storage temperature increased lag time and reduced logarithmic growth rate of a mixed microbial population. The increased lag time for the mixed microbial population at a lower storage temperature was the biggest contributor to longer shelf life. For the second objective, raw skim milk was microfiltered at 50 degrees C using a Tetra Alcross M7 Pilot Plant equipped with a ceramic Membralox membrane (pore diameter of 1.4 microm). The 50 degrees C permeate was pasteurized at 72 degrees C for 15 s, and cooled to 6 degrees C. Bacterial counts of raw skim milk were determined by standard plate count. Bacterial counts of microfiltered and pasteurized microfiltered skim milk were determined using a most probable number method. Across 3 trials, bacterial counts of the raw milk were reduced from 2,400, 3,600, and 1,475 cfu/mL to 0.240, 0.918, and 0.240 cfu/mL, respectively, by microfiltration. Bacterial counts in the pasteurized microfiltered skim milk for the 3 trials were 0.005, 0.008, and 0.005 cfu/mL, respectively, demonstrating an average 5.6 log reduction from the raw count due to the combination of microfiltration and pasteurization. For the third objective, pasteurized microfiltered skim milk was stored at each of 4 temperatures (0.1, 2.0, 4.2, and 6.1 degrees C) and the total bacterial count was determined weekly over a 92-d period. At 6 time points in the study, samples were also analyzed for noncasein nitrogen and the decrease in casein as a percentage of true protein was calculated. After 92 d, 50% of samples stored at 6.1 degrees C and 12% of samples stored at 4.2 degrees C exceeded a total bacterial count of 20,000 cfu/mL. No samples stored at 0.1 or 2.0 degrees C reached a detectable bacterial level during the study. When the bacterial count was <1,000 cfu/mL, shelf life was limited because sufficient proteolysis had occurred at 32 d at 6.1 degrees C, 46 d at 4.2 degrees C, 78 d at 2.0 degrees C, and >92 d at 0.1 degrees C to produce a detectable off-flavor in skim milk produced from a raw milk with a 240,000 somatic cell count.     

黑曲霉孢子粉真空冷冻干燥保护剂配方优化

采用单因素试验和混合均匀试验设计,对黑曲霉孢子粉真空冷冻干燥保护剂配方进行筛选和优化。通过Design-Expert软件对实验数据进行回归分析,得到保护剂最佳配方为脱脂奶粉6.43 g/100 mL、蔗糖13.03 g/100 mL、甘油6.88 g/100 mL,孢子存活率预测值为88.82%,实际值为87.03%。