Evaluation of Breakdown Characteristics of Oil-immersed Transformers under Non-standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms - Method for Converting Non-standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms into Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of oil-immersed transformers and thus reduce equipment cost while maintaining high insulation reliability, it is required to identify the insulation characteristics under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms that are associated with actual surge waveforms in the field and quantitatively compare them with the characteristics under the standard lightning impulse waveform. In the previous research, field overvoltages in the lightning surge time region were analyzed, and four typical non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were defined. These four waveforms were used to measure the breakdown voltages and the partial discharge inception voltages on three models of the winding insulation elements of oil-immersed transformers. The average breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage duration. This paper describes a method for converting of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms with equivalent stress for the insulation. The constructed algorithm was applied to four examples representing two types of non-standard lightning waveforms. Due to the conversion into standard lightning impulse waveforms, the crest values were reduced by 14% to 26%. This seems to be a potential for reduction of lightning impulse insulation specifications of oil-immersed transformers.     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms -

To lower the lightning impulse withstand voltage of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is important to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding researches, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Then, the dielectric breakdown voltage ? time characteristics were measured under several different conditions on the quasi-uniform SF6 gas gaps and partly the coneshaped insulating spacers that represent insulation elements of GIS for six kinds of nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms. In this paper, the resultant breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage duration, which led to their formulation in a unified way. On the basis of these insulation characteristics and their unified formulation, the paper investigated a method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms with equivalent stress for the insulation. When the constructed algorithm was applied to five examples of representative two type waveforms in the lightning surge time region, they were converted into standard lightning impulse waveforms with crest values reduced by 20% to 34%, suggesting potentiality for reduction of lightning impulse insulation specifications of GIS.     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - analysis and generation circuit of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms in actual field

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In this paper, first, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Next, high-voltage circuits that generate these non-standard lightning surge waveforms were designed and constituted using EMTP (electro magnetic transients program) based on a circuit with a gap, inductors, and resistors connected in series and resistors and capacitors connected in parallel. Further, circuits were actually constructed, to obtain voltage waveforms approximately equal to those designed. Finally, the dielectric breakdown voltage-time characteristics were measured under several different conditions for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gap that represents an insulation element of a GIS. As a result, it was found that, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 6% to 32%     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of oil-immersed transformers under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - definition of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms and insulation characteristics for waveforms including pulses

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of oil-immersed transformers and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability in its insulation performance, it is necessary to grasp in an organized way the insulation characteristics under non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms encountered in the field and compare them with the characteristics under the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. As described in this paper, the first step in a series of study for the purpose above was taken by analyzing lightning surge waveforms and restriking surge waveforms such as disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations and identifying four typical non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.24 to 1.0 MHz. Then, two of these non-standard lightning impulse waveforms, the single-pulse waveform which is the most basic type and the waveform with a pulse in the crest and a subsequent flat section, were used to measure the breakdown voltage and the partial discharge inception voltage while changing the parameters, on three models that represent the insulation elements of windings of oil-immersed transformers. Then, the resultant average breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage durations, leading to a result of formulating them in a unified way. In the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher, marking 52% at the maximum, than those under standard lightning impulse waveforms in all the cases, suggesting a possibility of lowering the insulation specifications of an oil-immersed transformer     

特高压变压器雷电冲击伏秒特性研究

随着750 kV、1000 kV输电技术的发展,相应的电力变压器和并联电抗器的容量、尺寸和入口电容随之增大,试验回路尺寸亦相应扩大,这使雷电冲击试验电压的波前时间拉长,无法达到国内外标准的要求。根据500 kV、750 kV和1000 kV变压器和电抗器的实际雷电冲击试验波形,结合油纸复合绝缘结构的雷电伏秒特性,分析了不同波前时间对特高压变压器和电抗器绝缘水平的影响。目前变压器的设计计算和试验电压的选取一般按照标准波头进行,而充油设备的雷电冲击伏秒特性表明,雷电冲击试验电压波前时间的长短与绝缘强度有密切关系,波前时间延长可能会对某些纵绝缘的考核偏松,同时对主绝缘的考核偏严。因此,应在特高压变压器、电抗器的设计研制和试验中,考虑和重视雷电冲击波形波前时间延长所带来的影响。     

特高压GIS设备现场标准雷电冲击耐压试验技术的应用

气体绝缘金属封闭组合电器(GIS)在电力系统中应用广泛,其运行安全可靠对电力系统至关重要。现场雷电冲击耐压试验受制于设备体积和回路电感,难以在GIS变电站,尤其是特高压GIS变电站应用。本文分析了目前GIS设备冲击耐压试验现状,并从波形参数、电压极性和加压间隔时间等方面阐述了GIS设备冲击电压绝缘缺陷检出影响因素。基于研发的特高压GIS变电站现场冲击耐压试验用的可移动式气体绝缘标准雷电冲击试验成套设备,成功在1000 kV南京站和苏州站开展了现场标准雷电冲击耐压试验。     

Breakdown characteristics of gas‐insulated switchgear for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms under nonuniform electric field

To improve the insulation specification of gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS), it is necessary to recognize the insulation characteristics of SF₆ gas during actual surges (called nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms) occurring at field substations. The authors observed the insulation characteristics of SF₆ gas gap under various types of nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms and compared them quantitatively with those obtained with standard lightning impulse waveforms. The experimental results were used to derive an evaluation method for real surges, which was applied to typical surges for various UHV and 500‐kV systems. In the preceding study, therefore, only the case of a quasi‐uniform electric field (with a typical range of field utilization factors in the bus of a GIS) was investigated. In the present investigation, the insulation characteristics of an SF₆ gas gap for a nonuniform electric field were observed experimentally and an evaluation method for converting nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms equivalently to the standard lightning impulse waveform was investigated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(1): 11–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21144     

Insulation characteristics of CO2 gas for nonstandard lightning impulse oscillations: Evaluation method of nonstandard lightning impulse waveform for CO2 gas insulation

SF₆ gas is widely used in electric power apparatus such as gas‐insulated switchgears (GIS), because of its superior dielectric properties; however, it has been identified as a greenhouse gas at COP3 in 1997, and alternative insulation gases to SF₆ have recently been investigated. One of the candidates is CO₂ gas, which has lower global warming potential (GWP). However, CO₂ gas has a lower withstand voltage level than SF₆ gas; therefore, it is necessary to rationalize the equipment insulation level and reexamine the insulating test voltage for electric power apparatus as low as possible. From our previous investigation, in SF₆ gas insulation system, we obtained that the insulation requirements of the real surges (called nonstandard lightning impulse waveform) are not as severe as those of the standard lightning impulse waveform. This paper describes the evaluation method for real surges, based on insulation characteristics of CO₂ gas gaps. Furthermore, the method was applied to typical field overvoltage waveform in the lightning surge time region for 500‐kV systems and it is obtained that the equivalent peak value of the standard lightning impulse waveform is possibly reduced by 10 to 15%. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 1– 9, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20560     

冲击电压下500 kV油浸倒置式电流互感器局部放电特性研究

为了研究油浸式电流互感器在运行过程中的局部放电特性,搭建500 kV油浸倒置式电流互感器在冲击电压下的局部放电试验回路,对试品施加标准雷电冲击电压和操作冲击电压,使用安装在试品末屏接地引下线处的非接触式高频局部放电传感器采集局部放电信号,通过高采样率示波器显示放电波形。在冲击试验后进行工频局部放电测量、油中溶解气体成分分析、高电压介质损耗因数测试、频域介电谱测试,以检测试品的绝缘状况。研究结果表明:油浸式电流互感器在冲击电压下发生局部放电,绝缘损坏,放电熄灭电压低于正常运行电压,放电无法自熄灭,长期累积作用造成设备故障。     

特快速瞬态过电压和雷电冲击作用下特高压GIS绝缘特性

随着电压等级的提高,气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)的额定雷电冲击(LI)耐受电压和特快速瞬态过电压(VF-TO)水平的差异越来越小,由VFTO引起的绝缘事故也日益严重。为研究特高压GIS在VFTO下的绝缘耐受水平,设计了VFTO模拟产生装置,研究了不同气压下SF6棒-板和球-板间隙在VFTO和雷电冲击下的绝缘特性。实验结果表明:稍不均匀电场间隙在VFTO下的击穿电压高于雷电波;对于高气压下棒-板间隙,负极性VFTO下的击穿电压和伏-秒特性曲线位于雷电波之下;雷电冲击下棒-板间隙极性效应在一定的气压下会出现反转现象。分析表明:在不同冲击波前和振荡波尾的VFTO和雷电波作用下SF6气体间隙击穿特性的差异与放电过程中空间电荷行为的差异有关。     

冲击电压下CVT传递特性及其缺陷故障检测研究

电容式电压互感器（CVT）内部存在绝缘缺陷时,其整体运行状态不会出现明显变化,但CVT频率响应特性会发生改变。为准确检测出CVT内部的绝缘缺陷,通过获取CVT宽频电压传递函数进行CVT绝缘缺陷故障检测。搭建了冲击电压试验平台,通过雷电冲击、操作冲击和振荡操作冲击3种冲击波形,研究了不同类型冲击电压波形下的CVT频率响应特性。研究结果表明,由3种不同类型冲击电压获取的CVT电压传递函数主要参数特征基本一致,在主电容充电电压相同的情况下,振荡操作冲击电压可以提高输出电压,高效地获取CVT宽频电压传递函数。通过对比不同绝缘缺陷条件下由振荡操作冲击电压获取CVT电压传递函数的差异,为利用冲击电压频率响应特性检测CVT内部绝缘缺陷提供了支撑。     

Dielectric characteristics of oil‐filled transformer in the presence of nonstandard lightning surge waveforms

To achieve a rational insulation design for transformers, it is important to evaluate dielectric strength against surges actually impinging on equipment on‐site. This paper deals with the breakdown voltage characteristics of an oil gap under nonstandard lightning surge waveforms combined with oscillatory voltages. It is found that the breakdown voltages of the oil gap under nonstandard impulse waveforms are higher than standard lightning impulse voltages. The results can be ascribed to V–t characteristics of the oil gap in short‐time impulse voltage ranges. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(3): 39–45, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10229     

工频–雷电冲击叠加电压检测GIS金属尖刺缺陷有效性研究

气体绝缘封闭式组合开关设备(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)在电力系统具有广泛应用,GIS运行过程中金属尖刺缺陷严重威胁其绝缘可靠性。然而,高电压等级下金属尖刺缺陷难以被传统现场试验检出。该文提出工频-雷电冲击叠加电压检测法。首先构建工频-雷电冲击叠加电压实验研究平台,针对工频-雷电冲击叠加电压下金属尖刺缺陷放电特性进行研究,继而研究工频-雷电冲击叠加电压检测金属尖刺缺陷方法有效性。结果表明:当交流电压(UAC)大于起晕电压时,同极性叠加导致击穿电压(Us)增大,反极性叠加导致Us减小。叠加相位对Us的影响稍滞后于工频波形。随不均匀度增加,曲线平台期缩短直至消失。在交流电压135°叠加负极性雷电冲击电压,GIS金属尖刺缺陷放电电压最低,外施电压较雷电冲击试验下降24.9%,可以有效检出缺陷。     

Insulation characteristics and its evaluation method of N2 gas for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms

Until recently, SF₆ gas has widely been used as the best insulating medium in substation equipment. However, SF₆ gas was specified to be a greenhouse gas at COP3 in 1997 because of its high global warming potential (GWP), and alternative insulation gases to SF₆ have been sought for a long time. Alternatives using the natural gases are considered to be suitable, but none of them show better properties for insulation as well as good environmental compatibility. Therefore, it is necessary to rationalize the equipment insulation level and reduce the test voltage of electric power apparatus to as low a level as possible. The actual lightning surge waveform (so‐called nonstandard lightning impulse waveform) occurring in the actual field is different from the standard lightning impulse waveform (1.2/50 μs). There are many cases in which the actual lightning surge waveform has a steep rise and large decay of overvoltage, and the insulation requirements are not as severe as those for the standard lightning impulse waveform. In this paper, we focused our research on N₂ gas as an SF₆ substitute and investigated the insulation characteristics of N₂ gas for a single‐frequency oscillatory waveform with various frequencies from 2.7 to 20.0 MHz and damping ratios. Based on the experimental results, it might be possible to reduce the test voltage of N₂ gas insulation by evaluating the crest value of the actual lightning surge waveform that has been converted into an equivalent standard lightning impulse waveform. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 10–20, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20754     

220kV板桥变电站母联断路器故障的雷电波过电压分析

针对220 kV板桥变电站220 kV板陈乙线因遭受雷击而导致母联断路器W相静触头支撑绝缘子击穿的故障,利用ATP软件建立3种较为极端进波情形下的气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(gas insulated metal enclosedswitchgear and controlgear,GIS)仿真模型,对雷电波传递过电压进行仿真分析,确认故障的主要原因是故障支撑绝缘子表面存在异物、粉尘等而造成绝缘性能降低,在雷电反射波和工频电压的共同作用下最终发展为外绝缘沿面闪络,提出强化GIS全过程管理的反事故措施建议。     

The electrical breakdown characteristics of oil-paper insulationunder steep front impulse voltages

Disconnecting switch operations in gas insulated equipment cause transient voltages with risetimes as steep as 5 to 20 nanoseconds and magnitudes as high as 2.5 pu. There is very little information on the effect of these transients on oil-paper insulated equipment. There have been reports, however of transformer and bushing failures caused by these transients. The electrical breakdown characteristics of oil-paper insulation under steep front impulse were studied in this project, which was co-sponsored by the Canadian Electrical Association and BC Hydro. V ₅₀ (50% breakdown probability voltage) breakdown data was obtained with steep front (10 ns/2500 μs), lightning and switching impulse waveforms. Insulation breakdown voltage vs breakdown time (V-t) data and multiple impulse breakdown data were obtained with the steep front impulse waveform. The V₅₀ results showed that the breakdown strengths were lower for steep front impulses than for lightning impulses. The multiple impulse breakdown results showed that oil-paper insulation breakdown strength can be lower than 100 kV/mm. These results are alarming, since they suggest that oil-paper insulated equipment subjected to steep front transients will fail at voltages below the lightning impulse design level (BIL). The volt-time data had a discontinuity. The breakdown process at risetimes below about 50 ns was different from the breakdown process at risetimes above 50 ns     

Insulation characteristics of SF6 gas for nonstandard impulse voltage polarity reversal pulse waveforms

Evaluation of insulation strength for lightning surge that actually enters into substations is important in estimating insulation reliability of gas‐insulated equipment. The standard lightning impulse voltage (1.2/50 µs) is used for factory tests. However, the actual lightning surge waveforms in substations are complex and are usually superimposed with various oscillations. Insulation characteristics of SF₆ gas as a function of such complex voltages have not been sufficiently clarified. This paper deals with gap breakdown characteristics in SF₆ gas under submicrosecond pulses. Breakdown voltages are lower under a polarity reversal condition than under a monopolarity condition. The cause of this difference is discussed while observing discharge propagation using an image converter camera. The electrode size effect is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(4): 18–25, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10246     

1200kV冲击电压发生器雷电冲击全波调节方法

通过对1200 kV冲击电压发生器输出的标准雷电冲击全波波形进行理论分析计算,提出一种全新的波形调节方法,即根据两次预施加冲击电压得出试品电容,再根据试品电容计算出需要使用的装置级数、波头电阻和波尾电阻。该方法大大提高了试验效率,操作简单,实用价值高,对今后开展高压设备雷电冲击试验具有很强的指导意义。     

V-t characteristics of SF6 gas during lightning surges

The waveform of a standard lightning impulse differs greatly from those of actual lightning surges acting on GIS. This raises the problem of the equivalence of the standard lightning impulse. This report describes the effect of voltage waveforms on insulating performance in an SF₆ gas gap subjected to fast oscillating impulse voltages simulating actual lightning surges, and the evaluation of V-t characteristics by applying the equal area criterion. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 119(4): 1–11, 1997     

雷电流波形对500kV输电线路耐雷水平的影响

为了研究雷电流波形对超高压输电线路耐雷水平的影响,本文首先在理论上分析了超高压输电线路耐雷水平与雷电流波形的关系。利用EMTP仿真软件中的基础元件建立了雷电流模型、输电线路杆塔模型、绝缘子闪络模型、进线端模型。利用EMTP仿真软件得出超高压输电线路在不同雷电流波形下的耐雷水平。通过所得到的数据分析得出在不同的雷电流波形作用下超高压输电线路耐雷水平及其过电压的变化规律,为超高压输电线路如何采用既经济又安全的绝缘水平提供一定的依据。