Models of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: An empirical evaluation of latent structures.

The present investigation empirically evaluated three competing models of the relations between positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia, namely the I. I. Gottesman et al (see record 2005-09771-003), N. C. Andreasen and S. Olsen's (see record 1982-30452-001), and T. J. Crow's (see record 1981-28160-001) severity-liability model unidimensional bipolar model, independent dual-process model. Using positive and negative symptom ratings based on 220 schizophrenic subjects, the results of a LISREL VI confirmatory factor analysis revealed that Crow's model of positive and negative symptoms provided the best fit to the observed data among the 3 models. The severity-liability model provided a modest fit to observed data, and Andreasen's model fit the data poorly. Results support the validity of the positive and negative symptom distinction in schizophrenia and as providing substantive empirical support for Crow's independent dual-process model. The methodological advantages of confirmatory factor analysis in the specification and evaluation of theoretical models in experimental and developmental psychopathology are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A further note on "Prognostic scales in schizophrenia".

Replies to commentary by A. Farina (see record 2005-10655-011) on the original article by S. L. Garfield and D. M. Sundland (see record 1966-04456-001) regarding prognostic scales in schizophrenia. Marital status and premorbid personality are discussed as prognostic indicators of improvement in schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More on adolescent pregnancy.

Responds to L. Silka's (see record 1982-30189-001) and P. Williams's (see record 1982-30129-001) comments on D. Baumrind's (see record 1982-01029-001) article concerning teenage sexual activity, pregnancy, and birthrate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adolescent sexuality: Comment on Williams' and Silka's comments on Baumrind.

Responds to comments by L. Silka (see record 1982-30189-001) and P. Williams (see record 1982-30129-001) on D. Baumrind's (see record 1982-01029-001) article on teenage pregnancy, reemphasizing that the public health problems presented by teenage abortion and birthrate mandate a return to a less permissive type of sex education in the schools and an increase in social sanctions for irresponsible parenthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Derived IQ estimates from the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Investigated relationships between estimates of IQ derived by S. E. McKay et al (see record 1982-04758-001) and by A. Prifitera and J. J. Ryan (see record 1982-00171-001) from the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) IQ values as the criterion. Ss were 64 severely disturbed neuropsychiatric patients (mean age 31.75 yrs). Findings were similar to those of the previous studies regarding Luria-Nebraska correlations with standard IQ scores and question the utility of IQ estimates when relatively precise indicators of intelligence are required. Subsamples of schizophrenics and depressives are also analyzed. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

H. H. Goddard and the immigrants.

Responds to comments by D. D. Dorfman (see record 1982-25821-001), D. Gersh (see record 1982-25825-001), R. J. Herrnstein (1981), and L. J. Kamin (see record 1982-25833-001) on the source of data cited in H. H. Goddard's (1917) article on mental tests with immigrants. An attempt is made to clarify what the cited data about the immigrants represent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

What about the question of integration? A reply to Apfelbaum and to Ellis

Responds to B. Apfelbaum's (see record 1982-06074-001) and A. Ellis's (see record 1982-06089-001) critiques of the present authors' (see record 1980-30751-001) article concerning the integration of psychoanalytic and behavior therapies. The replies to both authors are addressed separately. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clarification of sampling in some early hardiness articles.

Some of the original studies of hardiness by Kobasa and Maddi and their colleagues in Chicago were characterized by a lack of explicit acknowledgment that samples were drawn from the same large population of business executives and by insufficient information on the number, varying nature, and timing of observations of these research participants. Specifically, two review articles (see record 1990-97699-012) (see record 1988-01423-001) have criticized two early articles (see record 1982-21492-001) (see record 1982-23579-001) as potentially misleading readers about the number of times that the hardiness effect on health has been independently found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity of a revised Jesness Inventory I-Level Classification with delinquents.

Examined the validity of a hand-scorable, mechanical procedure for deriving I-level subtypes using data from the Jesness Inventory collected by the present author in an earlier study (see record 1973-11410-001) involving institutionalized juvenile offenders. The sample comprised 1,131 delinquents tested 1966–1976 and followed for 10 yrs. Results show that 65% of Ss received a single classification, 34% a multiple (dual) classification, and 1% were unclassifiable. ANOVA showed that the subtypes differed across a variety of demographic, psychological, attitudinal, and behavioral measures. Long-term criminality was related to subtype. Regression analyses showed that the differential responses and characteristics of subtypes were not a function of differences in age, ethnicity, SES, or aptitude. Although knowledge of subtype can alert the clinician to important individual differences among delinquents, information about subtype alone is not sufficient for most assessment needs. The I-level classification provides counselors and clinicians with a means for communicating effectively and economically about clients and sorting out, distilling, and integrating the manifold bits and pieces of information about clients so as to better understand them. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Separating ideology from currently available data: A reply to Cotton and Cook and McGlynn.

Responds to criticisms by J. L. Cotton and M. S. Cook (see record 1982-26971-001) and R. P. McGlynn (see record 1982-26992-001) of conclusions reached by the present authors in an earlier article (Johnson et al; see record 1981-05387-001). The data are reexamined, and it is concluded that Cotton and Cook's emphasis on the importance of interactions between goal structures and situational variables was not supported. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A disclaimer.

Responds to the exchange between J. W. Osborne (see record 1982-29343-001) and J. G. Greeno (see record 1982-29237-001) on the hegemony of natural scientific conceptions of learning, dissociating A. P. Giorgi's interpretation of phenomenology from that of Greeno. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Individual and sex differences in the zone of acceptable alternatives.

This study examined the construct of the zone of acceptable alternatives proposed by L. S. Gottfredson (see record 1982-03363-001) in her developmental theory of career aspiration. College students (95 men and 151 women) responded to a demographic questionnaire, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, and the Occupations List. The Occupations List consisted of 155 occupational titles, and subjects were asked to indicate whether they had considered each of the occupations and when. Occupations considered were coded with measurements of sex type and prestige, and 5 indicators were computed for each subject as multiple operational definitions of the zone of acceptable alternatives. Changes in some of the indicators over time were identified. Differences in the indicators were found to be related to gender and sex role orientation of the participants. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for Gottfredson's model and for counseling practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The need to test hypotheses about paranoid schizophrenia: Reply to Clementz and Sweeney.

Responds to the criticism of B. A. Clementz and J. A. Sweeney (see record 1989-32933-001) on the article by the present authors (see record 1988-23546-001) presenting the hypothesis that paranoid schizophrenia is not a true schizophrenia but one of several responses to an underlying depressive mode. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Variability in outcome and clinical significance of behavioral marital therapy: A reanalysis of outcome data.

Reanalyzed the data from the following studies evaluating the effectiveness of behavioral marital therapy to see what proportion of couples improved and how many join the ranks of happily married couples: D. H. Baucom (see record 1982-21665-001), K. Hahlweg et al (see record 1983-26163-001), N. S. Jacobson (see record 1984-21130-001), and G. Margolin and R. L. Wiess (see record 1979-26577-001). Data on 148 couples showed that slightly more than half improved and deterioration was rare. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Seventeen authors in search of a myth: A reply to Cohen et al.

Reviews assertions made by S. Cohen et al (see record 1990-05833-001) on smoking cessation and suggests that the article's exposition did not represent a clear interpretation of the main thrust of S. Schachter's (see record 1982-30809-001) and R. Rzewnicki and D. G. Forgays's (see record 1987-16432-001) contributions. It is further suggested that all of these data are reconcilable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Kurosawa.

Defends the 1st 2 authors' (see record 1982-30838-001) reanalysis of the M. L. Smith and G. V. Glass (see record 1978-10341-001) psychotherapy outcome study and responds to criticism by K. Kurosawa (see record 1984-24820-001) regarding their conclusion that there is convincing evidence for the efficacy of psychotherapy. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Alcoholic subtypes and treatment effectiveness.

With 102 male alcoholic inpatients, the present study achieved a replication of 5 alcoholic subtypes originally identified by V. J. Nerviano (see record 1976-10030-001) using the 16 PF and the Personality Research Form. The replication involved both factor analysis and cluster analysis; the 5 replicated subtypes were aggressive, obsessive–compulsive, impulsive, schizoid, and passive–dependent. Present findings suggest the consideration of a 6th subtype, obsessive–dependent, a mixed category, and a category of no-types. The relationship between the subtypes and treatment outcome was investigated. Principal findings of this phase of the study suggest a relationship between adjustment, as represented by the subtypes, and alcohol treatment success. The least adjusted of the groups, the schizoid type, recorded the least improvement in terms of alcohol consumption over a 6-mo follow-up period, whereas the best adjusted group, the no-types, registered significantly greater improvement than other Ss. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Children's responses to ambiguous messages: A response to Ackerman's reply.

Responds to B. P. Ackerman's (see record 1987-03694-001) reply to the present authors' (see record 1985-25142-001) test of Ackerman's (see record 1982-05434-001) conclusions concerning the ability of young children to understand that verbal messages can be ambiguous, particularly the idea that children's understanding is masked in standard referential communication tasks because of performative bias. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rejoinder to Allen and Condon's and Heilbrun's Replies

The author continues the debate between himself, (see record 1982-21579-001) and T. J. Condon and G. J. Allen (see PA, Vol 64:6153 and Vol 68:1687) and K. Heilbrun (see record 1982-21704-001) regarding subliminal symbiotic stimulation. Several misconceptions, misunderstandings, and substantive issues embodied in the Condon-Allen and Heilbrun replies are addressed. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)