真丝织物天然染料染色综述

回顾了中国天然染料及其对真丝织物染色的历史,介绍了近年来各种天然染料如茶叶、茜草、艾蒿等对真丝织物染色的研究进展,分析了真丝织物天然染料染色在来源和价格、结构和性能、染色牢度及色谱等方面存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了利用生物技术开发天然染料新资源,补充色谱;完善天然染料的提取工艺,从植物的根、茎、叶、花和果实,以及其他工业生产的废料中获得染料,降低成本;研究天然染料的化学结构、染色原理和保健功能;探索新的染色工艺,寻找新的媒染剂,在提高染色牢度和得色量的同时减少对环境的污染。认为真丝织物天然染料染色具有良好的发展前景。     

选择性氧化壳聚糖对真丝织物姜黄染色性能的影响

针对姜黄天然染料对真丝织物直接染色表面色深度(K/S值)低、染色牢度差的问题,利用壳聚糖与TEMPO-Na OCl-Na Br氧化体系制备选择性氧化壳聚糖改性剂对丝织物进行改性.与未经改性的真丝织物相比,经氧化壳聚糖改性织物的姜黄上染率明显提高,且随着壳聚糖氧化程度增加,改性真丝织物的姜黄上染率呈上升趋势.以姜黄改性真丝织物的上染率为指标,确定氧化壳聚糖对真丝织物最佳整理工艺为:氧化壳聚糖质量分数1%,温度65℃,时间1.5 h,浴比1∶50.经氧化壳聚糖改性的真丝织物具有良好的K/S值和染色牢度.     

冬青叶染液的提取及其对真丝织物的染色研究北大核心

优化冬青叶天然染料提取的条件及提取液对真丝织物染色的条件。通过正交试验分析讨论了提取温度、提取时间、料液比对冬青染液吸光度的影响以及染色温度、染色时间、浴比对织物上染率的影响,并分析了预媒染、同浴媒染、后媒染3种染色方式及媒染剂用量对真丝织物上染率及色牢度的影响。结果表明,冬青染液提取的最佳工艺为:温度80℃,时间80 min,料液比1∶20;直接染色的最佳工艺为:温度60℃,时间60 min,浴比1∶35;后媒染方式对冬青叶染料染色真丝绸的上染率有明显提高,媒染剂用量为6 g/L,媒染染色对真丝染色牢度无明显影响,且耐汗渍色牢度达国家优级品标准。     

冬青叶染液的提取及其对真丝织物的染色研究

优化冬青叶天然染料提取的条件及提取液对真丝织物染色的条件。通过正交试验分析讨论了提取温度、提取时间、料液比对冬青染液吸光度的影响以及染色温度、染色时间、浴比对织物上染率的影响,并分析了预媒染、同浴媒染、后媒染3种染色方式及媒染剂用量对真丝织物上染率及色牢度的影响。结果表明,冬青染液提取的最佳工艺为:温度80℃,时间80 min,料液比1∶20;直接染色的最佳工艺为:温度60℃,时间60 min,浴比1∶35;后媒染方式对冬青叶染料染色真丝绸的上染率有明显提高,媒染剂用量为6 g/L,媒染染色对真丝染色牢度无明显影响,且耐汗渍色牢度达国家优级品标准。     

天然染料姜黄对真丝织物的染色性能研究

对天然染料姜黄在真丝织物上进行染色试验，选择萃取色素的条件、染色温度、染浴pH值、NaCl的加入、媒染剂（铝盐媒染、铁盐媒染等）进行正交试验。结果表明：染料萃取用20g/LNaOH为宜，染浴pH4有利于染色。酸性条件下加盐使得上染率减小，中性条件加盐上染率略有提高。用铝盐或铁盐作媒染剂可提高染色牢度。     

薄荷天然染料提取及真丝织物染色性能

研究了薄荷染料提取工艺,及对真丝织物进行染色,讨论了乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、液料比对薄荷染液提取的影响,及染色温度、染色时间、浴比、p H值、不同媒染方法对真丝织物染色效果的影响,测试了真丝织物的上染率、染色牢度。结果表明,提取薄荷色素最佳条件为:乙醇浓度为60 mol/L,在60℃下提取135 min,料液比为1∶10。真丝织物的染色优化工艺为:室温20℃染色20 min、浴比1∶85、调节染液p H值为10。薄荷提取液染色真丝织物色牢度好,媒染染色可提高真丝织物的上染率。     

双活性基染料在丝绒上的染色工艺研究

讨论了Cibacron-LS型双活性基团染料对真丝的上染、固色条件及盐和酸对真丝染色的影响，并在此基础上探讨了人丝和真丝同浴染色以及丝绒织物染色工艺，测定了丝绒织物的染色牢度。     

防紫外整理对真丝绸染色性能的影响

采用整理剂吸收法对真丝织物进行防紫外整理。通过比较整理前后织物的K／S值、上染率及染色牢度等,探讨防紫外整理对真丝织物染色性能的影响,进而说明自制的紫外吸收剂WZ－1、WZ－2对真丝织物具有良好的防老化效果。     

稀土及皂土对姜黄染色真丝织物性能的影响

探索稀土、皂土在姜黄植物染料对真丝织物染色中的作用,为植物染料新型媒染剂的开发应用提供参考,选用了硫酸铝钾、硫酸亚铁、皂土、稀土4种媒染剂,以天然姜黄色素为染料对真丝织物进行染色,测试并分析不同方法染色试样的K/S值、摩擦色牢度和耐洗色牢度等。结果表明:皂土和稀土作媒染剂的最佳工艺是浴比为1︰50,始染温度40℃,媒染温度90℃,媒染时间45 min,质量浓度均为0.6 g/L(3%o.w.f)。皂土和稀土作媒染剂可以提高上染率,提高染色织物的表面深度,改善染色牢度。不同媒染剂在提高上染率、改善色牢度的同时,还可使染料的色相发生多种变化,丰富天然染料的色相。     

阳离子荧光染料在真丝上染色性能的研究

对真丝织物用阳离子荧光黄X-10GFF和半菁染料DHEAsPBr-C4染色,研究温度、pH、染料浓度对染色的影响,并测定上染百分率、反射率和各项染色牢度.结果表明,黄X-10GFF和DHEAsPBr-C4适宜在酸性低温的条件下上染真丝.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the