用“消防假人”测定消防员人体烧伤程度

本文阐述了人体皮肤烧伤的分度和严重度的分类，以及皮肤烧伤与温度和时间的关系，详细说明了如何运用“消防假人”测得的温度分布状况来计算和判定消防员人体皮肤的烧伤程度。     

浅谈皮肤为何易烧伤以及烧伤后的急救措施

“天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福”。在日常生活中有些灾祸往往防不胜防，尤其是家庭火灾的“光顾”更使人胆战心惊、如临大敌；而一旦火魔临身，烧及皮肤，我们应该如何应对呢?在这里本人浅要地谈一下，皮肤为什么容易被烧伤，以及烧伤后针对烧伤程度的不同，采取什么样的手段和措施来应急处理。     

容易受伤的皮肤

人体容易被烧伤，是因为人的皮肤对热的忍受是有限度的。一般来说，在较低的温度环境里忍受的时间要长一些，在较高的温度环境里忍受的时间要短一些。而这里的长短取决于空气的温度、衣着的数量和质量。通常在温度超过９５°C时，人的忍受力便急剧下降，时间很快缩短，达到１２０°C时可忍受１５分钟，到１４５°C时即使是５分钟也无法忍受，当温度上升到１７５°C时，不需要１分钟，人体的皮肤便会出现烧伤。而这些温度远远低于火焰的温度。一般在距离火焰３米上风处，温度可达１５０°C，在火焰上方１米则温度可超过５４３°C。当然，…     

老年烧伤患者卧悬浮床适宜温度探讨

目的:探讨悬浮床治疗老年烧伤患者创面的适宜温度,以提高疗效,减少老年烧伤患者创面疼痛程度及并发症。方法:将入睡悬浮床治疗的20例老年烧伤患者,随机数字表法分为观察组及对照组各10例,两组均入院清创包扎后即入卧悬浮床,观察组将悬浮床的温度设置为30~33℃,对照组温度设置为34~37℃。比较两组患者的创面疼痛、创面干痂形成时间、痂皮厚度、脱痂时间、创面愈合时间、创面细菌培养阳性率及脱水症发生率7项指标。结果:两组患者创面疼痛、创面干痂形成时间、痂皮厚度、脱痂时间、创面愈合时间比较,差异有统计学意义;两组患者创面干痂形成时间比较差异无统计学意义。结论:悬浮床温度设定为34~37℃。治疗老年烧伤患者创面,能减轻疼痛,避免创面损伤,促进创面愈合,提高老年烧伤患者救治成功率。     

烧伤疤痕的治疗

皮肤严重烧伤后常会发生增生性疤痕，其表现多样，多高出正常皮肤可达1-2mm以上，表面高低不平，可见毛细血管扩张，呈红色或紫色，质地较硬，后期与周围皮肤深部组织粘连不     

烧伤与自救

烧伤指各种热水、蒸气、火焰、化学物质、电流及放射线、峻、碱、磷等作用于人体后，造成特殊性损伤，重者可危及生命，[第一段]     

负压封闭引流联合烧伤外科技术在治疗大面积皮肤撕脱伤中的应用

目的:探讨负压封闭引流联合烧伤外科技术治疗大面积皮肤撕脱伤的临床效果。方法:选择2012年9月-2014年10月在本科治疗的大面积皮肤撕脱伤患者13例,根据伤情特点急诊行创面清创、采用负压封闭引流,培养创面肉芽组织生长,并联合烧伤外科技术,行皮片移植或皮瓣转位。观察创面愈合时间、外观及功能恢复情况。结果:13例患者经联合治疗后创面均得到良好的修复,瘢痕增生不明显,功能得到最大限度恢复。结论:负压封闭引流联合烧伤外科技术治疗大面积皮肤撕脱伤,疗效满意,在临床上值得推广应用。     

火场急救首要冷却伤口

在日常生活中，人们可能会遇到很多烧伤、烫伤的情况，如蒸汽、热水、热金属等导致的伤害。烧伤、烫伤可对人体造成伤害甚至危及生命，只有冷静、正确处理，才能将伤害减至最小。     

空调开启后的人体生理热反应研究

在人工气候室,对室温由29℃分别降至23,25,27℃的3种空调运行环境中室内环境温度和人体6个部位皮肤温度进行了连续测量和主观问卷调查,采用灰色关联度分析方法,研究了空调环境下人体局部皮肤温度、局部热感觉和整体热感觉的变化特性及三者之间的相互关系。结果显示:人体皮肤温度和热感觉呈动态变化,其降低幅度和达到稳定的时间随环境控制温度的降低而增大和延长;控制温度分别为23℃和25℃时局部皮肤温度与局部热感觉显著线性相关,29→27℃工况下线性相关度降低;足背和小腿是空调环境中影响人体整体热感觉的2个关键部位,其影响的重要度随空调环境降温速率的增大而增大。     

空气压力对人体皮肤温度及热感觉影响的实验研究

以问卷调查的方式,对低压环境下人体皮肤温度随空气压力的变化及其对人体热感觉的影响进行了研究.结果表明,在其他环境参数一定的条件下,人体平均皮肤温度和人体热感觉均随压力降低而降低,且二者变化趋势基本一致.经过统计学分析可知,二者在低压环境下具有较好的相关性,因此在低压环境下皮肤温度可作为表征人体热感觉的一个重要指标.     

Heat Transfer Model of Flame Resistant Fabrics During Cooling After Exposure to Fire

Protective clothing is used in many industries to protect firefighters and other workers from fire and other hazards. While skin burns can occur during a fire, protective fabric temperatures remain high for some time even after a fire ends. Therefore, skin burn injuries can occur during the time in which a fabric is cooling. A heat transfer model has been developed that can predict inherently flame resistant fabric temperatures and skin burn injuries during this cooling phase. This paper describes the heat transfer model, including methods used to calculate the apparent heat capacity and the convection heat transfer coefficient as the fabric cools. The new model has been validated using data from bench top tests of Kevlar®/PBI fabric specimens. Parametric studies using the model demonstrate the importance of selected thermal properties and boundary conditions on fabric temperatures and bench top test results.     

Thermal radiative protection of fire fighters' protective clothing

A method for measuring the thermal radiative protection of actual fire fighters' garments to an incident radiative heat flux of 8.4 kW/m² is described. Typical results obtained with several conventional and prototype garments are presented. These results indicate the time to pain, and second degree burn as well as the pain alarm time. The thermal inertia of the garments is also measured based upon burn exposure time. Differences in physical properties such as garment thickness, total weight and number of layers are examined in order to establish the existence of any correlations.Issued as NRCC 26171. Reference: M. Day and P. Z. Sturgeon, Thermal Radiative Protection of Fire Fighters' Protective Clothing,Fire Technology, Vol. 23, No. 1, February 1987, p. 49.     

混合燃烧器在石灰回转窑掺烧高炉煤气的应用

介绍了在高温石灰回转窑上用GJH混合燃烧器在焦炉煤气中掺烧低热值高炉煤气的原理、设计及运行结果 ,说明了在高温工业炉窑上采用低热值煤气是可行的     

负压吸引在老年肢体深烧伤植皮区的应用

目的了解负压吸引（VSD）对老年肢体深烧伤清创植皮区皮片生长愈合的影响。方法观察组选老年肢体深烧伤7例,11个肢体,常规手术清创自体刃厚皮片移植后应用VSD持续吸引,维持负压-0.15～-0.25kPa之间,7～14d,7d更换一次至术后14d拆除VSD装置,对照组选老年肢体深烧伤18例,21个肢体,植皮手术后常规包扎换药,术后48h,7、14d观察2组的创面渗出、愈合时间、植皮片存活率、手术次数。结果观察组的术后创面渗血渗液发生率低,与对照组比较有显著差异（P〈0.01）,表明炎症反应轻,植皮片更易完全存活,创面愈合时间短,平均（11±4）d,对照组则愈合时间平均（18±11）d,且所有患者均不需再次手术,肢体功能恢复好,遗留瘢痕少。结论清创植皮术结合持续VSD在老年肢体深烧伤植皮伤口应用,有利于促进植皮存活,促进创面愈合,减少瘢痕形成,恢复肢体功能。     

Skin Burn Translation Model for Evaluating Hand Protection in Flash Fire Exposures

A model is described for use in translating measured heat flux to predict second and third degree hand burn injury in fire exposures. The model adapts a burn translation algorithm for estimating burn injuries used in established instrumented fire test manikin technologies. It facilitates more accurate prediction of burns to human hands by accounting for the cylindrical geometry of the fingers, bone tissue beneath the skin, and different skin thickness data that represents the different areas of the hand. A numerical modeling approach is used to demonstrate the response of the skin burn model for predicting hand burn injury in heat exposures encountered in fire manikin testing.     

Numerical Modeling of Heat and Moisture Through Wet Cotton Fabric Using the Method of Chemical Thermodynamic Law Under Simulated Fire

The paper deals with numerical modeling of heat and moisture transfer behavior of a fabric slab during combined drying and pyrolysis. The model incorporates the heat-induced changes in fabric thermo physical properties and the drying process is described by a one-step chemical reaction in the model. The new model has been validated by experimental data from modified Radiant Protective Performance (RPP) tests of fabrics. Comparisons with experimental data show that the predictions of mass loss rates, temperature profiles within the charring material and skin simulant, and the required time to 2nd skin burn are in reasonably good agreement with the experiments. It is concluded that moisture increases the time to 2nd degree skin burn for fabrics exposed to low intensity heat flux of 21 kW/m², but under high heat flux exposures, such as 42 kW/m², moisture tend to increase heat transfer through the thermal protective fabric system and the tolerance time of the same fabrics will reduce. The model can find applications not only in thermal protective clothing design, but also in other scientific and engineering fields involving heat transfer in porous media.     

铜尾渣对水泥生料易烧性及熟料性能的影响

以铜尾渣替代粘土煅烧水泥熟料,研究了生料的易烧性,测定了熟料的f CaO含量,采用X射线衍射（XRD）,热重差热分析（TG DSC),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和压汞仪(MIP)等手段,对水泥熟料的矿物组成、水泥净浆抗压强度、水化产物及孔隙率进行了分析研究,探讨了铜尾渣的作用机理.结果表明:铜尾渣对水泥熟料的烧成和矿物形成有较好的促进作用,掺入铜尾渣后,熟料f CaO含量降低,有效提高了生料的易烧性.掺铜尾渣熟料中C3S和C2S矿物含量多,结晶度好,制成的水泥净浆水化程度好,孔隙少,结构致密,抗压强度高.     

血红素氧合酶-1在大鼠急性烧伤后心肌中的变化

目的研究重度烧伤组和热预处理组大鼠心肌损害及心肌血红素氧合酶-1（HO-1）变化规律。方法将66只Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法分为3组：对照组、烧伤组和预处理组,每组22只。烧伤组造成30%体表面积Ⅲ度重度烧伤（ⅢTBSA）,预处理组大鼠先经肛温42℃热预处理30 min,室温24 h后再予烧伤,烧伤后1、3、6、12、24 h处死大鼠,检测心肌酶、心电图、心肌普通病理以及心肌组织内HO-1 mRNA和蛋白水平的变化等情况。结果对照组大鼠心电图正常,烧伤组烧伤后6、12 hⅡ导联心电图ST段抬高最明显;预处理组烧伤后12hⅡ导联心电图ST段抬高最明显。病理结果显示：烧伤组烧伤后6、12 h心肌细胞结构明显破坏;预处理组烧伤后12 h心肌细胞结构破坏。正常大鼠心肌组织HO-1 mRNA和蛋白水平均较低,与对照组比较,烧伤后HO-1水平明显升高,mR-NA在6、12 h达到高峰,6、12 h的mRNA水平分别是对照组（3.21±0.67）、（2.24±0.52）倍,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,HO-1蛋白则在12 h左右达高峰,为对照组的（9.6±1.8）倍（P〈0.01）。预处理组HO-1 mRNA 6、12 h水平分别是对照组（5.68±0.76）、（3.54±0.55）倍,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;HO-1蛋白水平12 h为对照组（13.3±2.5）倍,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论重度烧伤可造成明显心肌损伤,热预处理可减轻心肌损伤,热预处理减轻重度烧伤后心肌损伤可能与HO-1有关。     

燃气热水器防过热防空烧的设计分析

分析了在家用燃气快速热水器的防过热、防空烧保护设计时应注意的影响因素,提出温控器的动作温度（换热器换热管的中端温度）宜设定为85—100℃。     

The use of Computer fire models in corner burn tests

The reduction of corner burn test data to a smaller number of useful parameters is attempted using an experimentally based calculated flow field and the concept of product yields. This is applied to a range of plastic and natural products, all of which had been tested in our corner burn test facility. Comparison of the experimental results are also made with predictions generated by the OSU Room Fire Model using data taken on the OSU rate of heat release calorimeter as input data. Reference: E. D. Dickens, Jr., and G. F. Smith, The Use of Computer Fire Models in Corner Burn Tests,Fire Technology, Vol. 21, No. 2, May 1985, p. 85. Note: Prepared for the Center for Fire Research 1984 Conference, National Bureau of Standards, October 17–19, 1984.