Effects of pretreatment and various operating parameters on permeate flux and quality during ultrafiltration of apple juice

The central composite design with a quadratic model was used to investigate the effect of temperature (20–40 °C) and transmembrane pressure (TMP) (100–300 kPa) as well as pretreatment with gelatin and bentonite (0:0–300:1500 mg L^?1) on permeate flux and fouling resistance during ultrafiltration of apple juice. The changes in some physicochemical properties were also investigated. Pretreatment of apple juice with gelatin and bentonite and an increase in the temperature and TMP significantly improved the permeate flux. In general, physicochemical properties of apple juice other than polyphenolics were not affected by the applied parameters. Using 150 mg L^?1 of gelatin and 750 mg L^?1 of bentonite for fining significantly reduced the total phenolic content and so did the fouling resistance. Fouling resistance also decreased with increasing temperature, and increasing pressure increased the fouling resistance.     

Reduction of patulin during apple juice clarification

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a number of molds involved in fruit spoilage. This compound is carcinogenic and teratogenic. Various methods are currently used to reduce the levels of patulin in apple juice, namely, charcoal treatment, chemical preservation (sulfur dioxide), gamma irradiation, fermentation, and trimming of fungus-infected apples. Many of these processes are expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, there is a need to find a convenient and economical process to control patulin levels. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of several clarification processes for the reduction of patulin. Clarification was carried out on a laboratory scale. Apple pulp was spiked with patulin, pressed, and clarified using four different processes, namely, fining with bentonite, enzyme (pectinase) treatment, paper filtration, and centrifugation. Patulin was recovered from the clarified juice by liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase chromatography was used for sample clean-up prior to analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The minimum detectable limit using HPLC was 20 microg/liter. Pressing followed by centrifugation resulted in an average toxin reduction of 89%. Total toxin reduction using filtration, enzyme treatment, and fining were 70, 73, and 77%, respectively. Patulin reduction was due to the binding of the toxin to solid substrates that was verified by analyzing the clarified juice as well as the filter cake, pellet, and sediment. The combined concentrations correlated to the spiked concentration. These results reveal that clarification was successful in the reduction of patulin levels in apple juice. However, clarification resulted in high levels of patulin in the pressed pulp after filtration and centrifugation, and this could be harmful if they are used as animal feeds.     

QUALITY CHANGES DURING STORAGE IN KOREAN CLEAR PEAR JUICES CONCENTRATED BY THREE METHODS

Pears of Shingo variety were coarsely ground, and subjected to heat treatment by HTST (high temperature short time) and pectinase treatment to produce a cloudy pear juice. The pear juice was then treated with Viscozyme, gelatin and bentonite, and filtered through an ultrafiltration membrane to produce a clear pear juice. The clear pear juice was concentrated to 3 to 5 fold by vacuum evaporation, freeze concentration, and reverse osmosis methods. The concentrates were diluted to 10° Brix and stored at 4C for 15 days. The single strength juice was evaluated for color, turbidity, heat stability, and sensory preference at 5 day intervals during storage. The pear juice concentrated by the three methods showed only small differences in quality. While the clear pear juice with added ascorbic acid had no quality changes at 4C after 15 days' storage, that without the addition of ascorbic acid resulted in some deterioration in browning, turbidity and heat stability after 10 days' storage. There were small, but significant flavor differences among clear pear juices concentrated by evaporation, freeze concentration and reverse osmosis.     

红树莓果汁澄清剂的选择及澄清工艺的优化

以红树莓果汁为实验材料,选用壳聚糖、明胶、PVPP、果胶酶、皂土五种澄清剂对红树莓果汁进行单因素试验,以红树莓果汁的透光率为指标对比五种澄清剂的澄清效果;从中选择澄清效果较好的澄清剂,再通过正交优化试验筛选出红树莓果汁最佳的澄清工艺条件。结果表明,在单因素试验中,5种澄清剂对红树莓果汁都具有一定程度的澄清和脱色作用,壳聚糖和明胶的对红树莓果汁的澄清效果较好,PVPP和皂土次之,果胶酶的澄清效果不佳;通过正交优化试验和验证试验得出壳聚糖在质量浓度1.8 g/L、澄清温度40℃、澄清时间36 h的条件下澄清效果最佳,可以得到清澈透明且均一稳定,透光率达96.7%的红树莓果汁。该工艺可为红树莓资源的综合开发利用提供参考。     

STUDIES ON THE CLARIFICATION AND CONCENTRATION OF BEETROOT JUICE

Studies on the clarification and subsequent concentration of beetroot juice were carried out. The juice was clarified using enzyme, fining agent (FA), centrifugation and ultrafiltration (UF), while reverse osmosis (RO) and thermovacuum evaporation were used for concentration. The juices were concentrated to 23–25°Brix, and the physicochemical characteristics were evaluated at different stages of processing on the basis of clarity, permeate flux, °Brix, acidity, sugars, pigments and CIE L*, a* and b* (lightness, redness and yellowness, respectively) color values. Average permeate flux during RO was found to be highest (36.08 liters per square meter of membrane per hour [L/m²h]) in the case of enzyme treatment, followed by UF juice, and lowest (30.33 L/m ² h) in the case of enzyme and FA treatments. In terms of clarity of concentrate, the highest value was obtained for juices pretreated with enzyme and UF. Pigment content and L*, a* and b* values showed that pigment loss was higher in the case of RO‐concentrated juice pretreated with enzyme. Comparative evaluation in terms of clarity, color and chemical parameters showed that concentrates obtained using both techniques were comparable.     

In-line dosing for bentonite fining of wine or juice: Contact time, clarification, product recovery and sensory effects

Field tests to evaluate in-line dosing with bentonite followed by centrifugation as an alternative to batch fining for protein haze control in white wine or juice were undertaken. The tests were performed at a commercial winery with a Sultana wine and Gordo (Muscat of Alexandria) juice and using two types of bentonite: Vitiben and SIHA-Active-Bentonite G. Fining performance was monitored by heat testing and quantification of heat unstable protein by HPLC. Heat test turbidity and heat unstable protein concentration decreased to stable values between 30 s and 2 min after bentonite injection. Sensory evaluation of Sultana wine fined with Vitiben by balanced reference duo-trio difference tests detected no difference between untreated, in-line dosed, and batch fined wine. Furthermore the volume of wine or juice occluded in lees can be substantially reduced by centrifugal compaction. However, incomplete separation of bentonite from wine or juice during centrifugation produced a carryover of 30% of the added bentonite into the clarified wine. This carryover problem may be mitigated, inter alia, by reducing operating flowrate through the centrifuge or using multiple centrifugation steps (in parallel or series). Therefore, inline dosing followed by centrifugation provides a rapid processing method for protein haze reduction in wine or juice with a decreased volume of lees. It can reduce significant value losses presently arising in the wine industry from batch fining and the resulting quality downgrades that occur in wine recovered from bentonite lees by rotary drum vacuum filtration.     

不同预处理方式对柠檬果汁超滤澄清效果和膜污染情况的影响

利用超声辅助果胶酶法和超滤技术相结合对柠檬果汁进行澄清。以柠檬汁的透光率、果胶含量为指标,讨论不同预处理方式对柠檬果汁超滤澄清效果和膜污染情况的影响。结果表明,采用切割分子量为50 kDa的聚丙烯腈(PAN)超滤膜澄清果汁,不同预处理方式对超滤膜的稳定通量大小的影响规律是酶+超声处理>酶处理>未经酶+超声处理,其稳定通量分别为30、33.5和13 L·m-2·h-1左右。较优的操作压力可确定为0.1 MPa,此时柠檬汁的果胶含量为0.5%,透光率约99.6%,处理效果较好。超声辅助果胶酶法澄清果汁,有利于提高果汁的透光率,并且在后续膜处理过程中,对于提高超滤膜的通量和缓解膜污染都有显著的效果。     

Effects of fining treatment and storage temperature on the quality of clarified banana juice

The clarified banana juice was subjected to different treatment namely bentonite, combination of gelatin and bentonite and control and stored at 4, 25 and 37 °C for 24 weeks. The effects of fining treatment, storage temperature and storage time on turbidity, total polyphenol, browning index, microbiological, and sensory quality of clarified banana juice were evaluated during storage. Fining treatment, storage temperature and storage time had a significant (p<0.001) effect on turbidity, total polyphenol and browning index of clarified banana juice. Turbidity and browning index of juice were reduced by fining treatment with bentonite and a combination of gelatin and bentonite but increased with storage temperature and storage time. A significant decrease in total polyphenol content and increase in turbidity and browning index were detected for all juice samples during storage. However, it was noted that changes were significantly greater in control juice stored at higher temperature than in juice stored at 4 or 25 °C for up to 6 months. Sensory evaluation revealed that juices treated with bentonite or a combination of gelatin and bentonite and stored at 4, 25 or 37 °C were acceptable for up to six months, whereas untreated juice stored at 37 °C was only acceptable for up to 16 weeks.     

Optimising clarification of carrot juice by bacterial crude pectinase

This study was undertaken to search for potential use of crude bacterial pectinase enzyme produced from Bacillus subtilis grown on hazelnut shell hydrolysate in clarification of carrot juice and to optimize the enzyme load, pH and time using the Box–Behnken response surface methodology (RSM). The carrot juice was treated with the crude pectinase enzyme (5.60 U mL^?1) at different concentrations (0.1–0.5%), pH (4–7), and time (2–6 h). The obtained enzyme was also compared with commercial fungal pectinase at identical conditions. RSM provided optimal clarification conditions of 0.5% (w/v) enzyme load, 7.0 pH, and 6 h of time estimating 100% clarity, whose experimental counterpart was 94.47 ± 0.01%. High values of coefficient of determination (R² = 0.9631), predicted R² (0.8989) and insignificant lack‐of‐fit (0.12) also showed that the model was successful in predicting % clarity for various combinations. This study also indicated that crude bacterial pectinase providing about 95% clarity is superior to commercial fungal pectinase, which gave 78% clarity under tested conditions, in terms of clarification ability for carrot juice.     

Effect of macerate enzymes on the yield,quality, volatile compounds and rheological property of prickly pear juice

Pectinase and cellulase enzymes were used to investigate efficacy for improving juice yield, stability and quality from prickly pear fruit. Pectinase improved the yield, stable color, color‐assayed as release of anthocyanins or carotinoids and clarity of the juice. A significant increase in the effectiveness of pectinase was observed as the concentration was increased from 0.05 to 0.50% v/w. However, at concentration >0.25% v/w they tended to impart a bitter flavor in the juice. Among three concentrations of pectinase and cellulase, pectinase at 0.50% v/w produced higher yield, a sediment‐free clear juice and high‐quality juice. The results indicated that depectinated clarified prickly pear juice behaves as a Newtonian fluid. It was found that the activation energy (Ea) for viscous flow was in the range of 5.02×10³–20.06×10³ kJ/mol depending on the concentrations of pectinase and cellulase enzyme treatment of prickly pear juice, in contrast to 22.15×10³ kJ/mol in untreated juice. Volatile compound concentrations of twelve compounds were not affected by pectinase and cellulase treatment. Overall the quality of prickly pear juice was better in pectinase‐treated juice compared with untreated and cellulase‐treated juice.     

Optimization of enzymatic clarification of green asparagus juice using response surface methodology

Enzymatic clarification conditions for green asparagus juice were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). The asparagus juice was treated with pectinase at different temperatures (35 °C-45 °C), pH values (4.00-5.00), and enzyme concentrations (0.6-1.8 v/v%). The effects of enzymatic treatment on juice clarity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity were investigated by employing a 3-factor central composite design coupled with RSM. According to response surface analysis, the optimal enzymatic treatment condition was pectinase concentration of 1.45%, incubation temperature of 40.56 °C and pH of 4.43. The clarity, juice yield, and soluble solid contents in asparagus juice were significantly increased by enzymatic treatment at the optimal conditions. DPPH radical-scavenging capacity was maintained at the level close to that of raw asparagus juice. These results indicated that enzymatic treatment could be a useful technique for producing green asparagus juice with high clarity and high-antioxidant activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Treatment with 1.45% pectinase at 40.56 ° C, pH 4.43, significantly increased the clarity and yield of asparagus juice. In addition, enzymatic treatment maintained antioxidant activity. Thus, enzymatic treatment has the potential for industrial asparagus juice clarification.     

甜橙果酒澄清技术研究

甜橙是柑橘属中一个较优良的加工品种,以其酿制的果酒营养丰富,但是果酒的澄清度会影响其品质。为了提高甜橙果酒的品质,通过添加蛋清、明胶、壳聚糖、果胶酶、皂土等不同的澄清剂处理果酒,以透光率作为澄清效果的评价指标,并对处理后的果酒进行酒精度测定和感官评价。结果表明,单一澄清剂对甜橙果酒有澄清作用,其中蛋清、明胶、壳聚糖、果胶酶、皂土最适添加量分别为0.08%、2.0%、0.08%、1.5%和9%,以皂土澄清效果最佳;将明胶及皂土组合得到复合澄清剂,透光率达96.20%,感官评价得分最高为89.6分,对酒精度影响最小。综上,以明胶-皂土的最佳配比明胶2.0%、皂土9%效果最为理想,经过澄清处理后的甜橙果酒呈金黄色,澄清透明,酒体丰满,具有良好的品质。     

The effect of pre-treatment on the anthocyanin and flavonol content of black currant juice (Ribes nigrum L.) in concentration by reverse osmosis

Reverse osmosis process for the concentration of black currant juice was carried using AFC-99 tubular membrane at 30 °C and 45 bar. The contents of selected flavonols and anthocyanins were analyzed after centrifugation; enzyme treatment by Panzym Super E and by Rohapect berry followed by centrifugation; and ultrafiltration black currant juices and juice concentrates. The total soluble solid (TSS) content of the juices increased from the initial 17.6–17.9 °Brix to 24–24.8 °Brix in the case of the centrifuged juice in the concentration process. Similarly, it increased from 14.5–15.5 °Brix to 23.1–23.4 °Brix for the Panzym Super E treated juice, and from 16.1–16.9 °Brix to 22.5–23.1 °Brix for the Rohapect berry treated black currant juices. The ultrafiltered juice had the lowest initial TSS content between 14.1 and 14.9 °Brix and it increased to 22.1–23.1 °Brix. The average permeate fluxes during the concentration process were 7.3 L m⁻² h⁻¹ for the centrifuged juice, 11.9 L m⁻² h⁻¹ for the Panzym Super E treated juice, 9.2 and 13.1 L m⁻² h⁻¹ for the Rohapect berry treated and ultrafiltered juice, respectively. Analysis indicated that the enzymatic treatment resulted in the increase of anthocyanin and flavonol content of the juices. The centrifugation process decreased the amount of anthocyanins and flavonols to some extent. The juice clarified by ultrafiltration had significantly lower concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols, while the juices treated by Panzym Super E had the highest levels of these flavonoids. This study recommends enzymatic pre-treatment by Panzym Super E, since it improves the permeate flux in reverse osmosis during the concentration process, and results in a juice concentrates highest in anthocyanins and flavonols.     

桔子酒澄清剂配方优化

采用单一澄清剂明胶、皂土、果胶酶、硅藻土在冷处理（4 ℃）和室温条件下对桔子发酵原酒进行澄清实验。结果表明,不同质量浓度的澄清剂对桔子酒的处理效果均显著,相对于果胶酶、明胶和皂土的澄清效果,硅藻土的澄清效果不好。冷处理的澄清效果优于室温处理。正交试验结果表明,复合澄清剂的澄清效果优于单一澄清剂,在0.8 g/L果胶酶、0.7 g/L明胶和2.5 g/L皂土构成的复合澄清剂在冷处理（4 ℃）下静置48 h,酒体澄清度最好,可达98.0%。澄清后酒体透明清亮,色泽明快,桔子发酵原酒的风味不变。     

原汁青梅果醋酿造技术研究

本实验分析了不同成熟度青梅的品质,研究了果胶酶处理对出汁率的影响,进行了耐高酸醋酸菌的驯化和原果醋的澄清处理实验,结果认为原汁青梅果醋的适宜加工原料成熟度为8成熟;采用200mg/kg果胶酶处理可使其出汁率提高12.0%,且大大降低取汁难度;利用CaCO3对青梅原酒进行降酸处理,采取低酸醋酸发酵逐步接种到高酸的方法可驯化醋酸菌,使其最终可直接发酵高酸的青梅原酒;青梅原醋经过100mg/L的果胶酶处理3h后,再用1.4g/L的皂土下胶,可使其透光率达到92%以上。     

一株低产甲醇的果胶酶菌种选育及产酶工艺优化

红枣加工过程中,由于红枣较普通水果含果胶物质高,用普通果胶酶进行酶解后枣汁中的甲醇含量过高,对人体健康有害。实验筛选出产甲醇低的果胶酶产生菌黑曲霉A11,其产甲醇含量比市售果胶酶低3.63%,并通过响应面试验得到A11发酵产酶的最佳工艺条件为发酵液中果胶的添加量2.99%,pH值6.00,温度36℃,接种量为0.5%,发酵时间48h,酶活力7.72U/mL。     

不同澄清剂对山葡萄酒澄清效果的影响

对不同浓度的4种澄清剂（壳聚糖、果胶酶、皂土、明胶）处理后的山葡萄酒进行澄清度（透光率）、色度、还原糖、总糖、pH、可溶性固形物含量分析,旨在探明不同浓度的4种澄清剂对山葡萄酒澄清效果及理化指标的影响,结合感官分析,确定合理可行的山葡萄酒澄清方法。结果表明,单一使用明胶和皂土对山葡萄酒澄清没有明显效果,壳聚糖最适用量为0.09%～0.15%,果胶酶最适用量为0.04%～0.08%;复合澄清剂（壳聚糖0.09%+果胶酶0.08%）在作用温度15 ℃时对山葡萄酒澄清效果最佳,透光率达到76.2%;理化性质及感官评定分析表明,复合澄清剂澄清后的山葡萄酒口感最优,感官评分为90.5分。     

酶法提高胡萝卜汁中β-胡萝卜素含量

分别采用纤维素酶、果胶酶对提高胡萝卜汁中的β-胡萝卜素含量进行了研究。结果表明,先经纤维素酶处理再经果胶酶处理,胡萝卜汁中的β-胡萝卜素含量最高,与空白相比提取率约增加了14 0 %。且复合酶使用效果优于单一酶使用效果     

果胶酶制剂在澄清苹果汁加工中的应用研究

利用果胶酶制剂处理苹果(品种:国光)、果浆、果汁,结果表明:0.1％的Pectinex Ultra SP果胶酶处理可明显地提高出汁率、可溶性固形物和透光度;降低pH值和相对粘度,处理效果随作用时间增加而增加,对不同贮藏期的苹果处理效果不同。0.1％的TL-enzyme果胶酶与0.1％的纤维素酶结合处理的效果大于0.1％的TL-enzyme果胶酶单独处理的效果。在20～22℃,汁中添加不低于0.1％的黑曲霉(As 3.316)果胶酶或不低于0.001％的Ultrazym100G果胶酶,可分别在8小时和6小时内使果汁澄清;处理温度提高或酶浓度加大,澄清时间缩短。用Ultrazym100G果胶酶澄清的汁,其糖分、滴定酸含量没有明显变化,单宁物质含量降低,矿质元素和沉淀中粗蛋白含量发生变化。     

Haze-Active Protein and Polyphenols in Apple Juice Assessed by Turbidimetry

The amount of haze-active protein in apple juice was determined by adding tannic acid to induce haze followed by turbidimetry. Turbidity was essentially linear with protein concentration. PVPP treatment prior to tannic acid addition appeared to remove endogenous polyphenols and resulted in slightly weaker response. Adding gelatin to apple juices or clarified ciders induced hazes in response to content of haze-active polyphenols. At an appropriate gelatin concentration turbidity was nearly linear with polyphenol concentration. Treatment with bentonite prior to gelatin addition appeared to remove endogenous protein. Temperature control during the induction period was critical to reproducibility.