Glossary

<正>Editor’s Note:The observation on China’s urban development since the 1950s till today reveals that it has been closely related to the construction of a number of mega-projects,such as the 156 industrial projects aided by the former Soviet Union in the 1950s,the"Three Lines"war preparation projects in the 1960s,the directly imported production projects from the West in the 1970s,the special development zone projects in the 1980s,and the industrial or economic development zone projects in the 1990s.That makes the construction of mega-projects a key character of China’s contemporary urban development,which has greatly influenced not only the socio-economic development but also the physical environment of Chinese cities.During this process,urban design,as an important complement     

Conceptual Model for Collaborative Planning in Iran with Emphasis on the Role of Urban Planners： A Case Study of Anzali＇s Development Strategy

Nowadays, public participation is one of the most important factors to improve the feasibility, legitimacy and quality of urban plans. In Iran, due to lack of comprehensive understanding about the participation notion and its necessary socio-economic and political infrastructures, participatory decision-making has faced with some serious challenges in both processes of preparing and implementing. The present paper focuses on providing practical strategies for preparing collaborative urban plans in Iran＇s conditions. Also it seeks to answer this question： What is the role of planners to prepare a real collaborative plan？ It is assumed that a conceptual model for collaborative planning can be fitted with Iran＇s conditions by means of integrating the fundamental philosophic ideas of participatory planning such as theories of Paul Michel Foucault and Jürgen Habermas, given the fact that the present situation of collaborative planning in Iran needs a supportive theory which is compatible with power structures of Iranian urban planning system. In this regard, the Habermas＇ theory of “communicative action” and the Foucault＇s theory of “power structures” are reviewed by a comparative analysis methodology to present an integrated conceptual model for collaborative planning in Iran＇s condition. At the end, the CDS （City Development Strategy）---making process of Anzali City of Iran is analysed to examine this claim in the practice. The results yield that enabling urban planners to act as communication facilitators during planning can direct the collaborative planning in Iran from theory to a real practice by means of integrating the positive aspects of communication and power.     

Glossary

Editor’s Note: Due to insufficient attention to the social transformations amid its transition from planned economy to socialist market economy, China had to face the challenge of a series of social problems when celebrating its admirable achievements of economic development in the past decades, such as the enlargement of regional disparity, the tendency of social stratifi cation, the defi ciency of public services, and the inequality of social welfare, etc. These problems can also be clearly seen in the physical environment of cities, such as the spatial segregation of housing, the uneven distribution of public facilities, the unequal access to public services, and so on. Great efforts have been made to deal with these social problems after the "people-oriented" principle was put forward by the Central Government of China in 2003 as an important part of the Scientif ic View of Development. In the field of urban planning, these efforts include to promote social planning at macro level and to encourage community planning at micro level. In spite of that, social considerations should be further strengthened in urban planning so as to create a better living environment and a harmonious society at the same time.     

Research on New Urban Area Planning Based on TOD Mode:A Study on Binhu New District of Hefei City

As an urban development mode,the TOD (Transit-oriented Development) mode,targeted at energy-saving and based on the public transportation system,has positive significance for solving problems like disordered urban sprawl and traffic congestion in Chinese cities.This article takes Binhu New District of Hefei as an example to illustrate the practice of the TOD mode in the urban design of large and medium-sized cities.The paper analyzes the relationship between the new district,central urban area,and public transportation development,and puts forward that the TOD mode is suitable for Bihu New District.It states that the TOD mode can be realized through methods such as the building of a "double-rapid" comprehensive public transportation network,the setting up of decentralized-compact urban clusters and TOD communities,the mixevd land-use,as well as the scenery design with complete walking space.The paper also proposes that certain flexible methods can be adopted in order to promote the TOD mode,including making full use of bus transit when rail transit is lacked,setting up TOD communities surrounding the transport hubs,etc.     

Review and Exploration of the Development of Planning for the Conservation of the Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China

To comprehend the development of the famous histori-cal and cultural cities in China and their conservation plan-ning, it is necessary to understand, first of all, the back-ground of their history and present condition. This back-ground has taken shape in the historic development of thecities and is influenced by many complicated factors of thepresent time. To discuss these factors in simple way, theycan be summarized as follows:The impact of the historical and cultural ideas;The impact of the physical and environmental condi-tion;The impact of the present socialand economicsituation.The impact of the historical and cultural ideasChina is a country with ancient civilization. TheChinese cultural has been shaped through development, in-heritance and harmony in a history of 5000 years on the ba-sis of the ancient Huaxia Culture with the Yellow River andthe Yangtse River as the main arteries.The rising of ancient cities in China can be traced backto over 3500 years ago. China is a multinational country. Int     

A Fresh Understanding of Cities and Their Planning

In city planning,only by strengthening the research on basic theory can we haveclear picture of the nature of various problems of the existing society.In order to have a betterunderstanding of the goal of our planning,the author tries to make a reassessment of some im-portant conceptions such as cities,the relationship between cities and countryside,city planningand so on,by analysing the social structure,and hopes his analysis will evoke the conceptionalchange of the planners.     

The Idea of ＂Architecture Stage＂： A Non-material Architecture Theory

The purpose of this study is to find ＂the new theory＂ in the process of having quality ＂form＂ in architecture field which is usually visualized by the ruler through his ideology of his architectural work which is created by his architects. The study is about an urban design in architectural field related with space-power-knowledge. To reveal the meaning of the architecture objects is need to analyze the architectural object ＂form＂ as the culture-material, and to reveal the meaning of the objects through the hidden things related to the presence of the metaphysical data. To find ＂the new theory＂ used ＂grounded theory research＂, the method is part of qualitative research which refers to Glaser and Strauss. The achievement study is finding the idea of＂architecture stage＂ of the ruler, represented by Soekamo as the first Indonesian President. Through visual observation and spatial experiences in his several architectural works concerning the ＂Project＇s Lighthouse＂ as his architectural work in Jakarta in the 1960s the idea of connectedness was found. He composes his architecture＇s work by inserted the ＂architecture drama analogy＂ as metaphor for representing himself and his ideologist by exploring the Javanese Ancient＇s as the basic design in the modem architecture at that time the east meet west.     

Take Tradition as Bronze Mirror——Some Points of Physical Space in our Modern Cities contrary to the Traditionally Spatial Concept and Means

Take bronze mirror, one can be properly dressed. Take tradition asbronze mirror, we can know some problems of urban planning and designin modern cities. This article is intended to relatively analyse theinadequate space in modern cities on the basis of the traditional ideas andmeans recaardincf space in 9 aspects in order to seek the ways of reform.     

Environmental Problems of Openning Cities in China During the Development of Internationalization

The Seventy of Environmental Problems ofMetropolis in Developing CountriesSince the human society entered by the era ofindustrialization and internationalization,thecontracdiction between urban development and environ-ment has been always besetting scholars governments andsocieties:especially that the formation and development ofextra—large cities in many developing countries were madeat the expense of sacrificing the environmental and livingqualities.Not only various morbid states ever besetting thedeveloped countries have reappeared,but the”excessive ur-ban diseases”due to urban spawl going beyong the econom-ic development also appeared in those cities:excessive den-sity of constant urban population and rudimentary indus-tries,over loading of low-level urban infrastructure and avariety of serious industrial and bio-chemicalpo pulations…,from which various kinds of explosiveecological.economical and social crisis have arrisen making some extra-large cities of poor countries the mostunstable and uns     

Transition of Implementation Pattern Under the Predicament of Urban Renewal:A Perspective of Spatial Governance

The recent prevalence of property-led urban renewal in Chinese cities has generated problems such as "nail households"~(1) and the loss of public welfare. This paper begins with the theoretical framework of spatial governance in urban renewal and then discusses the problems of property-led urban renewal. From a perspective of spatial governance, it proposes the framework, process, and policy design for the transition of the urban renewal model characterized by "government leadership and self-renewal of village collectives." By taking an urban village within a large city in south China as a case study, this paper compares the profit distribution among each party between the property-led urban renewal model and the village collectives’ self-renewal. It concludes with the significance of this new model for the establishment of a spatial governance system and highquality urban and rural development in China.     

An Institutional Analysis on China’s “Urban Disease”

This paper aims to clarify the institutional causes of China’s"urban disease"and propose solutions to counter it.The institutional causes summarized in the paper include the fiscal and taxation system,land system,planning system,the central-local relations,and so forth.By influencing the behavior of municipal governments,these factors not only produce excessive incentives for cities to pursue urban development,but also result in"urban disease"in Chinese cities.Based on such an analysis,this paper puts forward some thoughts and suggestions on gradual reforms in the future to help mitigate China’s"urban disease."     

城市收缩与人口老龄化——基于中国138个县级市的实证

Urban shrinkage is a world-wide phenomenon characterized by population loss in a short period of time.During this process,the decrease of the younger generation will further accelerate the demographic aging process through lowering birth rates.Although many studies have qualitatively addressed that demographic aging could be both a result and cause of urban shrinkage,empirical studies to examine their interrelations are lacking.This paper aims to examine their interrelationships by proposing an integrated model which covers the paths,effects,and interrelationships between shrinking cities and demographic aging in economic,spatial,and social dimensions.Based on the data from 138 county-level cities in China,partial least-square method is used for structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM).The results show that two indirect influence paths exist between shrinking cities and the demographic aging process.First,urban shrinkage has an indirect interaction with the demographic aging process via social and economic factors(path:shrinking cities←→society←→economy←→aging process).Second,urban shrinkage is also indirectly interrelated with the demographic aging process in spatial factors(path:shrinking cities←→space←→aging process).To deal with the double challenges of urban shrinkage and demographic aging,planning policies should integrate with policies in socio-economic and spatial aspects.     

Human Factors in the Analysis of the ＂Tram-Car Drivers＂ at Intersections

The modem tramway has resurfaced as the cure to today＇s urban transport problems such as pollution, road congestion and uneven access to transit. However, trams at intersections often experience frequent and extended delays due to vehicles crossing the tram tracks. There is an increased potential for conflict between trams and vehicles at these locations and crashes are common. The question of the effects of human factors on trams crossroads safety has been little dealt with in literature. The general aim of this article is to further knowledge about the influence of tramway and surrounding environment on car＇s driver behavior at intersections. Understanding these influences, involve conducting a systematic review of the cognitive tasks related to driving and identifying the hazards that can arise at each task, and what factors can make these more or less likely to arise, considering the environmental design at intersections and behavioral factors. To achieve that, the HAZOP （Hazard and Operability Study） approach is conducted for this study. Concerning data collection, the methodology includes site visits to record user behavior and questionnaires to determine the opinion, concerns and knowledge of car drivers in interaction with the tram environment.     

Putting Places First in Competitive Urban Transformation European Urban Creativity Perspectives and the City of Sarajevo

The inter-urban competition seems to be of paramount importance for city-development today. The extensive reliance of competitiveness-oriented urban governance agendas on the knowledge-based, ＂new＂ economy, introduced the notion of ＂creativity＂ into discussion on the future of urban development. Though still on the margins of serious urban theory, the discourse on ＂creative cities＂ that emerged in the early 2000s, has already had massive influence on the ways in which cities are managed and transformed in Europe. After examination of how the competitiveness-oriented strategies based on creativity and related to the qualities of place increase cultural and social sustainability of urban transformation and development, this paper briefly rethinks the current urban development policy of the city of Sarajevo in relation to the notion of ＂place＂, by leaning on the contemporary European urban development paradigm. The conclusion points out that the sustainable increase of urban competitiveness in Sarajevo should be pursued by the development projects of urban transformation promoting creative knowledge sector, based on the inclusive cultural urban narratives related to places, thus assuring simultaneous growth of creative knowledge industries and preservation of diverse social geography.     

Transformation of Urban Design from the Perspective of Society-Space Relationship

The New Urban Agenda approved at Habitat III – The United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development in 2016, promises to achieve the urban transition toward sustainability in response to future challenges facing cities worldwide. In the current context of new urbanization in China, urban development is experiencing a transition from incremental development to regeneration. In order to realize people-oriented objectives, planners need to gain scientific understanding of urban development and grasp the basic concepts of urban design and value orientation, so that they can shape spaces that meet diverse needs, achieve social inclusion and enhance the quality of urban life. The purpose of this paper is to reiterate the importance of studying urban development from the "society-space" perspective and the concern about its values in urban design. The paper analyzes and discusses the characteristics of urban development and changes in social needs that appear in the practice of urban design from the perspective of society-space relationship. In addition, it emphasizes the spatial-temporal characteristics and value orientation in the development of urban design theory and practice. Considering China's current urban background, the paper also argues that the current transformation of urban design practice needs to be guided by theories on human settlements and reinforce three important aspects of urban design characteristics and values: seeking truth from science, seeking kindness in humanities, and seeking beauty through art.     

Analysis of Urban Morphology in Core Towns＇ Neighborhoods of Mexico： Santa Barbara＇s Neighborhood as a Case Study

Cities＇ urban morphology is the result of historic, cultural, political and social processes. The historical cores in Mexican cities have high cultural diversity, which also intermingle pre-Hispanic cultures with colonial forms, as well with modernity and post-modernity irruption. The case study is Santa Barbara＇s neighborhood in Toluca City, which was founded in 1524, and the case study was the first neighborhood in Toluca＇s historical core. At present time, this neighborhood is considered as one of the most dangerous places in the city＇s historical core, therefore, it has been abandoned. This paper will display the changes in urban morphology of the neighborhood through the years from 1877 to 2010. For site evaluation, the methodologies of Ashihara （1982） and Lynch＇s （1961） were used in order to analyze positive and negative spaces, as well as main street visual features, street and avenue directions, street circulation and street circulation path configuration. The results show that the focal nodes are a key factor for economic and social reactivation, with which, through urban activation of vacant lots and the traditional use of the streets as public space, is possible to generate centripetal development to restructure the neighborhood.     

Strengthening of the Territorial Position of Valladolid through Planning Strategies： Networks,Patterns and Centralities

The urban condition of the European territory requires new approaches to explain the current development of cities and to propose new planning tools. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that we can support an innovative perspective based on intermediate geographical scales, more useful for outlining the specific features of territory. While we analyze the territory, we should overcome the strictly local scale of the administrative boundaries and create new relationship between contemporary urban concepts （metropolization of territory and metapolis） and the regional ecological patterns. In the case of Valladolid （E） urban/metropolitan area, we focus on both causes and process of city growth. We have understood that it could be inefficient for planning forgetting the real spatial configuration （the city is located in an intersection between two territorial corridors） and misunderstanding the territorial role of the city at different scales （the double centrality in the emerging urban area and in the region）. The significance of this case is to reveal the inter-scalar condition of places as generators of constraints in the contemporary urban fabric and, at the same time, to show the quality and the potential of places in the future urban realm.     

The Sharp Increase of the Urban Floating Population A new problem faced by our big cities

The sharp increase of the floating popu-lation in the cities is a new phenomenonbrought about by the implementation of thepolicy of reform and opening to the outsideworld.It has vitalized the urban economy,but also created new demands for and pres-sure on the city planning,construction andmanagement and become a new problem forthe cities,especially for the big cities in their     

Rise,Growth and Evolution of the Chinese Urban System

The paper explores the rise,historical growth and evolution of the Chinese urban sys-tem in its spatial context and the implication of these characteristics for the spatial distri-bution of cities and economic activity,the pattern of interaction,and the processes ofgrowth and change.The growth of modern city links with its development history,geographical condi-tions,economic basis and political systems of a country.There has been rapidurbanization in China during the last several decades,as in other developing countries.The purpose of this paper is to review the rise.growth,evolution and development ofChinese urban system in the time-spatial context.First,when did the initial cities emerge?Second,when did the Chinese urban system rise? Third,how did the urban system growand evolute?