Effect of different brewing methods on antioxidant properties of steaming green tea

The extracts were prepared from cold or hot brewed steaming green tea at different concentrations (2, 6, and 10%), its antioxidant properties studied and potential antioxidant components determined. The yields of hot water extracts (17.49–28.27%) were significantly higher than those of cold water extracts (11.72–14.70%). EC₅₀ values in antioxidant activity determined by the conjugated diene method and reducing power were 2.19–3.10 and 0.22–0.28 mg/ml, respectively. EC₅₀ values in scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals were 29.45–43.80 and 2.88–3.22 mg/ml, respectively. EC₅₀ values in chelating ability on ferrous ions were 6.45–13.51 mg/ml. Contents of total phenols were 221.71–330.22 mg/g whereas those of total catechins in cold and hot water extracts were 135.05–193.14 and 161.57–195.05 mg/g, respectively. Based on the results obtained, hot water extracts were more effective in antioxidant activity and reducing power. However, cold water extracts were more effective in scavenging ability on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and chelating ability on ferrous ions. Summarily, the cold brewing method would be a new alternative way to make a tea.     

Changes undergone by free amino-acids during the manufacture of black tea

(1) An increase in total free amino-acids during the withering stage of tea manufacture was confirmed, and was found to be dependent on storage conditions which promote the onset of senescence in plucked tea shoot tips (especially desiccation). The rate of increase was positively related to temperature up to the point where the tissues were killed, after which no further changes took place. Individually, all the major amino-acids increase during withering except the most abundant amino-acid, theanine, which shows an appreciable decrease. (2) During the fermentation stage of black tea manufacture the concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, serine, glutamic acid, glutamine, threonine and phenylalanine are appreciably reduced. Other free amino-acids undergo little change in concentration. (3) During the drying stage of tea manufacture there is a small general decrease in free amino-acid concentration. (4) There is an active metabolism of free amino-acids in plucked tea shoot tips. Within 3 h of feeding glycine-¹⁴C, radioactivity could be detected in all the free amino-acids and especially in serine which contained about ten times as much ¹⁴C as did glycine after this period. Caffeine increased in concentration and in degree of labelling with time from feeding of glycine-¹⁴C which suggests that the amino-acids are the precursors of this purine compound in tea shoot tips. (5) The effect of these changes on the organoleptic properties of black tea are discussed.     

Effects of season and nitrogen fertiliser upon the flavanol composition and tea making quality of fresh shoots of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in Central Africa

The concentration of flavanols in fresh apical shoots of tea was highest during the cold season. Shoots plucked during slow growth conditions contained a higher proportion of simple catechins to catechin gallates, (?)-epigallocatechin being most significantly affected. The predominant effect of nitrogen fertiliser was to depress the concentration of (?)-epigallocatechin in the shoot. The significance of these findings with respect to tea quality is discussed.     

不同贮藏时间普洱生茶水提物的特征性成分分析

以同公司、同批号、不同贮藏时间的普洱生茶(7542)为研究对象,真空冷冻干燥制备普洱生茶水提取物,利用分光光度计和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)检测其内含成分,并进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和聚类分析(cluster analysis,CA),得出不同贮藏时间普洱生茶水提物的特征性成分和聚类树状图。结果表明,不同贮藏时间的普洱生茶水提物,随着贮藏时间的延长,茶多酚、儿茶素和游离氨基酸呈逐渐下降趋势,黄酮呈逐渐上升趋势,可溶性总糖和咖啡碱呈不规则变化;不同贮藏时间的普洱生茶提取物经UPLC-MS/MS共检测到107种化合物,经PCA,得到不同贮藏时间普洱生茶水提物的特征性成分包括柠檬酸、没食子酸、表儿茶素、茶氨酸、咖啡碱、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯等26种物质;CA表明,贮藏年份越接近的普洱生茶水提物样越易聚为一类,贮藏时间达到3 a和8 a时,茶叶聚类分类发生较大变化。     

低值单枞茶中茶多酚提取的比较研究

本文对低值单枞茶中茶多酚的提取进行了比较研究。采用热水浸提法、复合酶法、超高压法、复合酶结合乙醇提取法及复合酶辅助超高压提取法对低值单枞茶叶中的茶多酚进行提取,分析比较各提取液的茶多酚含量、儿茶素组分和抗氧化性能评价。结果表明,复合酶辅助超高压提取法提取茶多酚的得率最高达31.07%,其粗提液中抗氧化活性成分明显高于其它提取液,且清除.OH自由基的能力最强。     

粉碎粒径对茶叶水不溶多糖功能特性的影响研究

探讨不同粉碎粒径对茶叶水不溶多糖(ITPs)功能特性的影响。方法:制备不同粉碎粒径的茶叶水不溶多糖,通过持水力(包括水合能力和膨胀力)、吸附性能(包括持油性和胆酸钠结合能力)等功能特性的测定,分析粉碎粒径对茶叶水不溶多糖功能特性的影响。结果:粉碎粒径对茶叶水不溶多糖的功能特性可产生较大影响,其结合水力和膨胀力随茶叶水不溶多糖粒径的减小先减小后逐渐增大,其中结合水力在多糖粒径达超微粉时最大,为粗粉的1.20倍,而膨胀力在多糖粒径达细粉级时最大,为粗粉的1.08倍,粒径达超微粉时出现下降趋势。持油性与结合胆酸钠能力均在超微粉时最大,分别是粗粉的1.42倍和1.22倍。结论:本实验为茶叶的开发利用提供了基础研究数据。     

4种乌龙茶树鲜叶适制绿茶、黄茶、白茶、红茶可行性研究

选用‘毛蟹’、‘丹桂’、‘九龙袍’、‘矮脚乌龙’4个乌龙茶树品种新梢为原料,分别蒸青固样并加工成绿茶、黄茶、白茶、红茶。所制茶样通过感官审评和生化成分分析,分析其茶类适制性。结果表明:用‘毛蟹’试制的绿茶,其氨基酸含量在4个品种中最高,为2.02%,酯型儿茶素含量为10.27%,仅低于九龙袍;用‘毛蟹’试制的黄茶,其水浸出物含量、氨基酸含量和咖啡碱含量分别为40.91%、2.13%、3.96%,均高于其它3个品种;用‘毛蟹’试制的白茶,其水浸出物含量在4个品种中最高,为44.32%,茶多酚含量为24.28%,仅低于矮脚乌龙;用‘矮脚乌龙’试制的红茶,其水浸出物含量、茶多酚含量、儿茶素总量和茶黄素含量均为4个品种中最高,分别为40.17%、23.34%、3.18%、0.42%。感官审评结果表明,‘毛蟹’制绿茶、黄茶和白茶品质均优,‘矮脚乌龙’制红茶品质优,‘丹桂’制白茶品质较优。综上,‘毛蟹’品种茶类适制性强,适制绿茶、黄茶和白茶,‘矮脚乌龙’适制红茶,‘丹桂’适制白茶。     

Antioxidant activity of various extracts of old tea leaves and black tea wastes (Camellia sinensis L.)

The antioxidant activity of various extracts of old tea leaves (OTL) and black tea wastes (BTW) in comparison with that of green tea leaves (GTL) was evaluated. The highest extraction yield and antioxidant activity were found in hot water extracts of GTL. Hot water extracts of OTL and BTW showed the same statistically significant antioxidant activities (P < 0.05). Also, there was no statistically significant difference between the antioxidant activities of OTL and BTW extracts obtained by the other two extraction methods (ethyl acetate and methanolic methods) and, in some cases, BTW extracts acted even better than OTL extracts. The antioxidant activity of tea extracts was not concomitant with the development of their reducing power. This suggested that the antioxidant activity of tea extracts likely involves other mechanisms in addition to those of reductones. Totally, BTW extracts had antioxidant activities comparable with or even better than those of OTL extracts. Hence, OTL and BTW, which are often considered as agricultural wastes, can be used as potent natural antioxidative sources.     

Dissipation of imidacloprid in Orthodox tea and its transfer from made tea to infusion

Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide used widely in controlling mites, mealy bugs and other related pests in fruits, vegetables and tea. The dissipation behaviour of imidacloprid residues in green tea shoots, made tea and its transfer potential from made tea to infusion in hot water was studied. Analysis in tea matrices of imidacloprid was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Under field conditions, imidacloprid dissipation rate was found to be faster in the wet season than the dry season. Half lives in green shoots were in the range 1.14–1.23 and 1.03–1.09 days, and 1.14–1.25, 1.04–1.07 days in made tea, for the dry and wet season, respectively. The percent transfer of imidacloprid residue from made tea to infusion was in the range of 29.2–42.0% during the dry and wet season; however, 38.2% and 57.9% of the residues remained stuck to the spent leaves during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. On the basis of transfer of residues from made tea to hot water infusion, a waiting period of 7 days after pesticide application at a recommended dose for tea plucking is suggested.     

Magnesium nutrition on accumulation and transport of amino acids in tea plants

BACKGROUND: Free amino acids in young tea shoots are important chemical constituents, remarkably influencing the quality of green teas. Nutrient solution, soil pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of magnesium nutritional status on accumulation and transport of free amino acids in tea plants ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). RESULTS: A sufficient supply of Mg in nutrient solution increased biomass production and concentrations of free amino acids, notably theanine in young shoots and roots, without affecting total N in the leaves, absorption rates of inorganic N and glutamine synthetase activity. Amino acids in xylem saps and phloem exudates or total sugars in phloem exudates of tea plants from pot and field experiments showed their highest levels in bud breaking and shoot extension in early spring (March and early April). Application of Mg increased the amounts of amino acids and total sugars in the xylem saps and phloem exudates. CONCLUSION: Adequate supply of Mg nutrient promoted the synthesis of theanine in roots and its accumulation in the young shoots of tea plants. Magnesium nutritional status was an important factor influencing the mobility of amino acids and sugars via xylem and phloem especially when N and C reserves remobilized to support spring growth of young shoots. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

红景天速溶保健茶的工艺研究

以高原狭叶红景天为原料，经提取浓缩，再配以红茶、沙棘、枸杞等的提取物，经喷雾干燥，制得热水可溶，汤体透明，药香茶香醇厚，营养丰富，具抗缺氧、抗疲劳作用的保健型速溶茶。     

HPLC Determination of Caffeine and Theobromine in Coffee, Tea, and Instant Hot Cocoa Mixes

Popular brands of instant and ground coffee, instant and bag tea, and instant hot cocoa mixes were prepared according to manufacturer's directions and analyzed for caffeine and/or theobromine content. After extraction into boiling water, the methylxanthines were separated by high performance liquid chromatography using a reverse phase C₁₈ column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile and water (8:92, v/v). Caffeine content ranged from 32.4–35.0 mg/cup in instant tea, 30.2–67.4 mg/cup in bag tea, 1.0–7.8 mg/cup in instant hot cocoa mixes, 46.7–67.6 mg/cup in instant coffee, and 93.0–163.5 mg/cup in ground coffee. Theobromine concentrations ranged from 1.4–2.3 mg/cup in instant tea, 1.2–4.4 mg/cup in bag tea, and 39.5–79.5 mg/cup in instant hot cocoa mixes.     

干燥工艺对重庆沱茶及其毛茶风味品质的影响

以重庆地产茶鲜叶为原料加工重庆沱茶,比较60 ℃烘干（1号）、80 ℃烘干（2号）、晒3 h＋60 ℃烘干（3号）、晒3 h＋80 ℃烘干（4号）4 种干燥工艺对重庆沱茶及其毛茶风味品质的影响。结果表明,1、2号毛茶、沱茶综合感官品质好于3、4号毛茶、沱茶。3号毛茶茶多酚质量分数较低为31.3%,游离氨基酸、水浸出物、香气物质质量分数较高分别为2.2%、43.9%、182.57 μg/L,烯、醇类较多分别为16、7 种。1号毛茶香气种类数量和含量均最多分别为54 种、190.27 μg/L,2、4号毛茶香气含量较少。经压制后,各沱茶游离氨基酸、醇、醛、烯、酸含量降低,咖啡碱含量升高,3号沱茶茶多酚、游离氨基酸、水浸出物含量无显著变化,香气种类数量以及含量均最多分别为50 种、252.11 μg/L,酮类、酯类含量增加较多分别为64.6%、113%,1号沱茶酮类增加2 种,2、4号沱茶香气种类、含量减少。正交偏最小二乘法判别分析共识别出11 种差异性香气物质,其中烯类5 种,1、3号毛茶差异性香气物质种类较多,其对应的沱茶正二十一烷含量较高。β-紫罗酮在各茶样中的气味活度值（odor active value,OAV）大于10,芳樟醇在1号、3号毛茶及沱茶中的OAV均大于1。综上所述,1号、3号毛茶及沱茶综合品质较好,其对应的干燥工艺更适合于重庆沱茶加工。     

对破壁处理灵芝孢子粉功能特性的测定与分析

采用球磨法对灵芝孢子粉进行破壁处理,测定对比灵芝孢子粉破壁前后的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的溶出量,粗多糖和总三萜的生物活性物质溶出量,测定分析了水、醇提取物DPPH·、ABTS·清除能力和还原能力。结果表明:灵芝孢子粉破壁前后水分和灰分变化不显著,粗蛋白溶出量增加了33.96%,粗脂肪溶出量提高了2.94倍;灵芝孢子粉粗多糖和总三萜活性物质溶出量分别增加了40.90%和55.21%;破壁后灵芝孢子粉抗氧化能力显著提高。     

Temperature and Time of Steeping Affect the Antioxidant Properties of White,Green, and Black Tea Infusions

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most highly consumed beverage in the world next to water. The common way of preparation is steeping in hot water which is varying for different type of tea. We investigated the antioxidant properties of 6 type of tea leaves under different time and temperatures of extraction method used. In general, all samples tested in this study demonstrated high levels of antioxidant capacity and antioxidant activity. The results indicate that the antioxidants activity is significantly affected by time and temperature of steeping and the highest was depending on the variety. White state values, green and black teas showed different levels of antioxidants under different extraction conditions. Overall, the highest activity for white tea was in prolonged hot and in some assays prolonged hot and cold extracts, whereas for green tea the highest activity observed in prolonged cold steeping while, for black tea was in short hot water infusion. The results of this study showed the antioxidant capacity of white and green tea was greater than black tea.     

红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶活性成分抗氧化性研究

目的与方法：通过醇提得到各种茶多酚提取液,酒石酸亚铁法测定了多酚的含量;水提得到各种茶多糖提取液,用硫酸- 苯酚法测定其中多糖的含量。通过DPPH·法、水杨酸法及邻苯三酚法测定不同茶叶中多酚、多糖含量对自由基的清除作用的影响,对比研究八种茶叶的抗氧化能力。结果：不同茶叶中多糖的含量从2.19%增大到2.89% (半发酵乌龙茶＞红茶＞绿茶),抗氧化能力：红茶＞绿茶＞乌龙茶(DPPH·法);红茶＞绿茶＞乌龙茶(水杨酸法);红茶＞乌龙茶＞绿茶(邻苯三酚法);不同茶叶中多酚的含量从1.71% 增大到9.75% (绿茶＞半发酵乌龙茶＞红茶);结论：茶多糖和多酚是茶叶的主要抗氧化成分。绿茶的抗氧化作用主要来自茶多酚,红茶的抗氧化作用主要来自茶多糖。除乌龙茶多糖提取液外,两种抗氧化成分的抗氧化能力与其含量成量效关系。     

永春佛手茶对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的辅助保护功能及主要成分分析

为探讨永春佛手茶提取物对溃疡性结肠炎的保护功能和关键功效成分,本实验采用三硝基苯磺酸诱导建立急性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠模型,分别进行清香型、浓香型和陈香型永春佛手乌龙茶提取物灌胃干预（剂量均为200 mg/（kg·d））,研究不同香型永春佛手茶提取物对小鼠体质量、单位长度结肠质量和结肠组织病理情况,以及对小鼠血清白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-6、IL-10、IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α）质量浓度的影响。结果表明,与模型组相比,各干预组小鼠体质量、单位长度结肠质量和结肠组织均得到不同程度的改善,其中造模后5～7 d的浓香组和陈香组小鼠体质量相较于造模前无显著差异（P＞0.05）,清香组和浓香组小鼠单位长度结肠质量显著或极显著降低（P＜0.05、P＜0.01）;不同香型永春佛手茶提取物均降低了小鼠结肠组织炎症程度,抗炎因子IL-10质量浓度均显著或高度显著增加（P＜0.05、P＜0.001）,浓香组小鼠促炎因子IL-1β和IL-6水平显著下降（P＜0.05）。对茶叶提取物主要生化成分和炎症因子的相关性分析发现,黄酮糖苷和N-乙基-2-吡咯烷酮取代的黄烷-3-醇类成分含量与3 种促炎因子（IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α）质量浓度呈负相关,茶氨酸、儿茶素类和黄酮糖苷含量与IL-10质量浓度呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。结论：不同香型永春佛手茶提取物对急性溃疡性结肠炎均有不同程度的改善作用,其中浓香型永春佛手茶提取物效果最为明显,可能是提取物中多酚类成分发挥了重要作用。     

春砂仁根和叶提取物抗氧化活性研究

以水为溶剂对春砂仁根、叶进行超声波浸提。通过测定还原能力及O2-.自由基清除率、.OH自由基清除率、DPPH.自由基清除率,比较春砂仁根、叶提取物与茶多酚的抗氧化活性。结果表明,春砂仁根、叶提取物都有一定的抗氧化性质;根、叶水提取物的还原能力最强;对O2-.自由基清除率大小顺序为:春砂仁叶提取物>茶多酚>春砂仁根提取物;对.OH自由基清除率大小顺序为:春砂仁根提取物>春砂仁叶提取物>茶多酚。     

茶多酚水溶液浸提法生产低咖啡碱茶叶的研究

首次采用茶多酚水溶液浸提法脱除鲜茶叶与干茶叶中的咖啡碱,并保留其中的主要功能性成分茶多酚。鲜茶叶最佳浸提条件为:温度100℃,料液比1:10(g/mL),茶多酚水溶液质量体积分数5%,时间5min。此条件下咖啡碱脱除率达80.61%,比传统热水浸提法提高31.25%,且茶多酚无损失。干茶叶最佳浸提条件为:温度100℃,料液比1:20(g/mL),茶多酚水溶液质量体积分数15%,时间7min。此条件下咖啡碱脱除率达81.61%,且处理后的茶叶中茶多酚含量提高90.02%。研究结果表明,针对鲜茶叶和干茶叶原料,茶多酚水溶液浸提法均能有效脱除其咖啡碱,并有效保留或提高茶叶中的茶多酚,比传统热水浸提法有明显优势,是一种生产低咖啡碱茶叶的新方法。     

热水冲洗对延长绿茶澄清用纸板使用寿命的研究

深层过滤纸板被广泛应用于绿茶饮料的澄清过滤,用于防止和减少绿茶饮料的二次沉淀,但是深层纸板使用寿命短,运行费用高。为了延长深层纸板的使用寿命,通过热水正、反向冲洗对耐反压深层过滤纸板的恢复效果进行了研究,结果表明：热水反向冲洗可以明显降低深层过滤纸板的压差,增加单位面积过滤总量,延长纸板的使用寿命;热水正向冲洗对深层过滤纸板压差的降低几乎没有作用,不能提高其使用寿命。经过热水反向冲洗后再重复使用,过滤总量可提高到3倍左右,且深层过滤纸板经热水反向冲洗前后的绿茶滤出液在质量上没有明显差别。