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1.
Network formation in free-radical polymerization is investigated both from experimental and theoretical points of view. In a bulk free-radical crosslinking copolymerization, the radical concentration increases significantly due to a decrease in the bimolecular termination rate. Some fraction of radicals is trapped during the course of network formation, and the reactivity of the radicals in liquid state is completely different from that in solid state (trapped radicals) in terms of both propagation and termination. In emulsion crosslinking polymerization, the crosslinking density tends to be fairly high even from the start of the polymerization. The crosslinking density development is substantially different from that in bulk and solution polymerizations, in which the crosslinking density increases with time, at least in the earlier stages of polymerization. Due to the elastic contribution of free energy change, the monomer concentration in the polymer particles is lower than for linear emulsion polymerizations as long as the monomer droplets exist, resulting in an enhanced tendency toward crosslinking reactions. 相似文献
2.
Brendan S. Casey Bradley R. Morrison Robert G. Gilbert 《Progress in Polymer Science》1993,18(6):1041-1096
The kinetics of species in the aqueous phase control many events in emulsion polymerization: the rate of entry of free radicals into particles (equivalent to initiator efficiency), the rate of exit (desorption) of free radicals from particles, the fate of desorbed free radicals and of free-radical species derived directly from aqueous-phase initiator. Aqueous-phase kinetics also dominate particle nucleation and re-seeding (secondary nucleation), and the in situ formation of surfactant. The mechanisms of each of these events are discussed, and it is shown how general methods can be constructed to deduce the ratedetermining events for each of these. The methodology is then applied extensively to styrene, which leads to the following conclusions. (a) The aqueous-phase events which govern entry (initiator efficiency) are propagation and termination, with entry occurring irreversibly when a critical degree of propagation z is reached so that the resulting species (a di- or tri-styrenesulfonate species in the case of styrene with persulfate initiator) is sufficiently surface-active that, once adsorbed onto the particle it does not desorb before it propagates; the actual adsorption event is sufficiently rapid so as not to be rate-determining except during nucleation. (b) Exit of free radicals is governed by transfer inside the particle to form a monomeric radical which may desorb and diffuse irreversibly away from the parent particle before it propagates therein. (c) The fate of desorbed free radicals in the wide range of styrene systems examined is to re-enter another particle and remain therein, rather than the other possible fates (aqueous-phase termination or re-exit until intra-particle termination eventually occurs). (d) Below the cmc, nucleation is by the homogeneous-coagulative mechanism, while above the cmc, nucleation is through a process which combines the essential features of both homogeneous-coagulative and micellar-entry models. (e) Analysis of the aqueous-phase products produced in an emulsion polymerization shows that the species involved in termination, entry and exit also undergo subsequent reactions: hydrolysis and reaction with persulfate. 相似文献
3.
Transport of free radicals out of latex particles into the aqueous phase plays an important role in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate. This so-called “desorption” process involves chain transfer to monomer which generates a mobile and rather stable monomer-unit free radical followed by the diffusion of this free radical out of the latex particle. A kinetic model is developed based on the reaction mechanisms of such an emulsion system. The experimental data available in the literature are used to test the model under various polymerization conditions. Reasonable agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is observed. 相似文献
4.
The kinetic behavior is studied in inverse emulsion polymerization of acrylamide. The polymerization rate in a micelle is proportional to the monomer concentration and the effective average radical concentration. When concentrations of monomer and radical are too low to proceed the polymerization only, some finite final conversion is obtained. The micelles of various sizes have different effective average radical concentrations at the same monomer concentration. Therefore, the polymerization rate and the final conversion are different for various sized micelles. The minimum amounts of emulsifier required to get stable state during reaction is 10 and 7 wt% (based on oil phase) in toluene and n-heptane systems, respectively. Phase inversion is observed with the increase of viscosity during polymerization. The final latex coagulates obviously in the toluene system even with 10 wt% of emulsifier, however, it can be improved more in the n-heptane system with 10 wt% of emulsifier. The crosslinking agent which copolymerizes with the monomer was supposed to remain in the interface of micelles. Such interfacial copolymerization not only hardens particles but improves the stability of the system also, therefore avoiding coagulation among particles. An increase in the content of crosslinking agent leads to a more uniform size of final particles. The microgel added in the alkyd resin decreases the drying time. The greater the amount of microgel added, the shorter the drying time. 相似文献
5.
A randomized, double-blind human trial was conducted to assess the effect of 4- or 12-week astaxanthin supplementation (1 or 3 mg/day) on the carotenoid compositions of erythrocytes in Japanese middle-aged and senior subjects. Erythrocyte astaxanthin concentrations after 4- or 12-weeks of supplementation (3 mg/day) was significantly higher than after placebo or 1 mg astaxanthin supplementations. No differences were observed in either the carotenoid compositions or the phospholipid hydroperoxide concentrations in erythrocytes after astaxanthin intake in both the 1 and 3 mg/day groups. 相似文献
6.
A review of relevant microscopic processes, both chemical and physical, which occur during suspension, bulk and emulsion polymerization (both before and after pressure drop) is given. The state of the art of kinetic modelling of monomer consumption rate, reactor pressure, molecular weight and short and long chain branching development and polymer chain microstructure is illustrated. The effects of diffusion-controlled termination and propagation reactions and the significant decrease in initiator efficiency and decomposition rate constant at high monomer conversions on the relative rates of various chemical reactions are discussed. The application of temperature programming and semibatch operation are emphasized. Finally, attempts to model polymer particle morphology are described. 相似文献
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10.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and inelastic neutron scattering were applied to study the phase separation kinetics of Maya asphaltene water-in-oil emulsion by following the water separation from the upper phase. In addition, transformation of the separated water from the free state to the bound and/or restricted state was also investigated. Maya asphaltene in toluene with 0.1 M HCl forms emulsion following ultrasonic or high speed mechanical emulsification. Initially, water molecules in the emulsion are largely free water. The emulsion gradually separates into two phases and at the 7th day over 90% of water molecules have situated at the bottom phase. In the mean time water molecules at the free state initially slowly transform into bound state in a much slower pace (over 100 days) than the phase separation kinetics. 相似文献
11.
Results are given for the effects of two added inorganic electrolytes, potassium chloride and calcium chloride, upon the kinetics of the emulsion homopolymerisation of styrene and of the emulsion copolymerisation of styrene with a minor amount of acrylic acid, using sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate as surfactant and potassium persulphate as initiator. Three reaction systems were investigated. Two were for the emulsion homopolymerisation of styrene, one reaction system using a relatively high level of surfactant and the other a relatively low level of surfactant. The third reaction system was for the emulsion copolymerisation of styrene and acrylic acid using an intermediate level of surfactant. The results show that the effects of added electrolytes can be varied and complex: they depend upon several factors such as the nature and amount of the added electrolyte, the level of surfactant, and the presence or absence of the acidic comonomer. 相似文献
12.
Background
Whole grain (WG) intake is associated with reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, whereas type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term intervention with WG rye on cognitive functions, mood and cardiometabolic risk markers in middle-aged test subjects.Method
Rye-based breads were provided to 38 healthy test subjects (aged 52-70y) during three consecutive days in a crossover study design, using white wheat flour bread (WWB) as a reference. The rye-based bread consisted of a WG rye kernel/flour mixture (1:1 ratio) supplemented with resistant starch type 2 (RS2) (RB?+?RS2). The last bread portion was ingested at 2100 h, and cognitive function, mood and cardiometabolic risk markers were determined the following morning, 11???14 h post intake.Results
In comparison to WWB, the RB?+?RS2 product increased ratings of mood parameters (valance, P?<?0.001; activation P?<?0.05). No differences were seen in the cognitive tests depending on intervention (P?>?0.05). RB?+?RS2 increased insulin sensitivity (P?<?0.05), fasting levels of gut hormones (PYY, P?<?0.05; GLP-2, P?<?0.01) and fasting concentrations of plasma acetate, butyrate and total SCFA (P?<?0.001). In contrast, fasting levels of IL???1β were decreased (P?<?0.05). Insulin sensitivity was positively correlated with working memory test performance (P?<?0.05).Conclusions
This study display novel findings regarding effects of WG rye products on mood, and glucose and appetite regulation in middle-aged subjects, indicating anti-diabetic properties of WG rye. The beneficial effects are suggested to be mediated through gut fermentation of dietary fiber in the RB?+?RS2 product.Trial registration
The study was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, register number NCT03275948. Registered September 8 2017.13.
The effects of water-soluble and monomer-soluble impurities on the kinetics of emulsion polymerization of monomers following Case II kinetics (e.g., styrene) are investigated. Experimental studies reveal that impurities can have an appreciable effect on both polymer particle nucleation and growth. These effects are shown to be well predicted by a mathematical model. 相似文献
14.
The effect of water- and monomer-soluble impurities on the kinetics of emulsion polymerization for Case I systems (e.g., vinyl acetate and vinyl choride) was investigated. Model predictions on the effect of these impurities on polymer particle nucleation and growth rate are shown to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental results. The effect of monomer-soluble impurities is shown to be quite different from that observed in Case II emulsion polymerization systems. 相似文献
15.
DSC measurements and modelling of the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in water-in-oil emulsion 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The kinetics of formation of clathrate hydrates of methane was investigated in a water-in-oil emulsion using high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry in the range 10-40 MPa, at various temperatures. At high driving force, the heat peak related to the formation of hydrates has a regular and symmetric shape, and its height and width depend on the gas pressure and sub cooling degree. At near equilibrium conditions, hydrate formation is delayed by more than 1 h, but is still clearly observable. A model based on crystal growth theory, coupled with a normal distribution of induction times to take into account the germination in a population of micro-sized droplets, is proposed to represent the hydrate formation rate versus time in the particular case of water-in-oil emulsions. It uses four parameters which appear strongly correlated to the experimental conditions: the growth rate constant, the over saturation of gas in the water phase, the average and standard deviation of the induction time distribution. 相似文献
16.
The kinetics and morphology of polyaniline film prepared by using ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidant and dodecylbenzoyl
sulfonic acid (DBSA) as both emulsifier and dopant were studied in this paper. The kinetics of the formation of polyaniline
film was determined by using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and the film morphology was characterized by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). The reaction exhibited half-order kinetics with respect to APS concentration and first-order kinetics
with respect to aniline concentration. The activation energy is 41.15 kJ/mol, and the growth rate of PANI film increased with
increasing temperature and decreased with increasing concentration of DBSA. 相似文献
17.
A. F. Mabrouk 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1964,41(4):331-334
The kinetics of the autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsions activated by carbohydrates likely to be present in meat, with
special reference to the effects of functional groups, number of carbon atoms and configuration have been investigated by
the rate of oxygen uptake. On the basis of equimolar concentrations of aldoses in the system, oxidation rate of methyl linoleate
increases as the number of carbon atoms in the sugar molecule decreases, reaching a maximum in the presence of glyceraldehyde.
Configuration of the aldose has a slight effect on the oxidation rate of methyl linoleate emulsions.
At comparable molar ratios of hexose to methyl linoleate, the rate of oxidation was found to be: ketohexose > aldohexose >
hexahydroxy alcohol.
Replacement of the primary alcohol group in an aldohexose with a methyl group decreases the oxidation rate of methyl linoleate
emulsion. An opposite effect is observed when the primary alcohol group is substituted with a carboxyl group, i.e., in the
presence of sodium glucuronate.
2-Deoxy-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose exhibit a lesser effect on the autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsion than glucose
and ribose, respectively.
Oxidation rates in the presence of reducing disaccharides, maltose, lactose and cellobiose, are more rapid than in the presence
of the non-reducing disaccharide sucrose.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Toronto, 1962.
American Meat Institute Foundation Journal Paper No. 254. 相似文献
18.
The influence of dietary restriction on cholesterol transport and metabolism was investigated in rabbits given standard or
cholesterol-rich diets (0.2 g cholesterol/kg body weight daily) eitherad libitum or with 50% caloric ration. Dietary restriction which has only a slight influence in control rabbits markedly aggravated
the disturbances induced by exogenous cholesterol. With limited feeding, control rabbits presented a moderate increase in
plasma cholesterol, whereas marked aggravation of hypercholesterolemia was observed in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Analysis of
the lipoprotein profile showed that the excess of plasma cholesterol with the restricted cholesterol-rich diet corresponded
to an increase in the concentration of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) without any
additional changes in the composition of these lipoproteins. No significant change appeared in the high density lipoprotein
(HDL) concentration. The parameters of cholesterol metabolism were determined, from the curves of [3H] cholesterol radioactivity decrease, using a two-pool model. The increase in cholesterol turnover rate induced by the cholesterol-rich
diet was accentuated by dietary restriction, whereas rabbits on standard restricted diet showed a slight decrease. The large
increase in the size of both pools A and B in cholesterol-fed rabbits was even more pronounced with limited feeding. Dietary
restriction induced additional accumulation of cholesterol in the aortic wall and the grade of the lesions was also aggravated. 相似文献
19.
Some peculiarities concerning the mechanism and the kinetic behaviour of the vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization are described. Seeded emulsion polymerizations in the presence of an adequate mixture of anionic and non-ionic surfactants were carried out in order to avoid the micellar initiation. New kinetic parameters were determined from the experimental data as follows: (i) MSA, the minimum surface area of polymer seed particles necessary to capture all ion-oligoradicals generated in aqueous phase at a given initiator concentration; (ii) MCCI, the maximum critical concentration of initiator per unit surface of polymer particle under which the formation of new polymer particles is avoided; (iii) PVR1, the polymer volume per active growing radical, necessary to be within the particle for 1 s. It was found that the average number of propagating radicals per particle, n, depends on the size of the polymer particle, as a resultant of entry and exit and then of the initiation and termination reactions. The practical consequences of the accurate control of the polymer particles growing during seeded emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride were emphasized. 相似文献
20.
M. Legallais S. Fourcade U.-C. Chung D. Michau M. Maglione F. Mauvy C. Elissalde 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2018,38(2):543-550
The re-oxidation kinetics of BaTiO3 ceramics sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was investigated using in-situ impedance spectroscopy. Thanks to the flexibility of the SPS process, the grain size of the dense ceramics was tuned from 0.5 μm to 10 μm. The re-oxidation kinetics are found to be very fast regardless of the grain size and a full re-oxidation of the ceramics are achieved after 20 h of exposure to an ambient environment at only 600 °C. The residual density of charge carriers is reduced when using finer starting powders. SPS ceramics made with micrometer size grains demonstrate a residual charge-carrier density that is one tenth that of ceramics made from 10 μm particles. Grain-boundary conduction is dominant through fine-grain SPS ceramics. This latter feature is similar to BaTiO3 sintered using the conventional route with 10 μm size grain. Finally, the critical grain size for optimal dielectric permittivity is found to shift from 0.7 μm in standard ceramics to 1.5 μm in SPS ceramics. 相似文献