杨房沟水电站地下厂房顶层围岩松弛圈分析与预测

水电站地下厂房开挖过程中控制围岩松弛圈深度,保证围岩稳定,对工程安全有重大意义。我们利用多点位移计和声波法对杨房沟水电站地下洞室围岩松弛圈进行了测试,并根据实测成果对地下厂房洞室群围岩松弛损伤区进行了数值仿真分析,并基于校准后的模型对洞室顶拱和边墙围岩损伤破裂特征进行了分析预测。     

水电站地下洞室超欠挖控制因素及对策探讨

对于水电站导流隧洞及地下发电系统洞室群工程,在开挖施工过程中超欠挖控制是一项极为重要的经济技术指标,特别是大跨度、大断面且有混凝土衬砌的洞室,杜绝欠挖、减少超挖就能减少由此引起的返工和超填,从而提高经济效益、降低经营风险。文章对水电站地下工程开挖施工中影响超欠挖的主要因素及可采取的相应对策作了探讨。     

乐昌峡水利枢纽工程地下厂房区围岩分类及其测试成果比较分析

地下厂房洞室群埋藏较深、开挖面积较大,在工程地质勘察过程中,对地下厂房与各洞室群的围岩类别的正确判别相当重要;目前国内几大行业对地下洞室围岩分类的评价方法有所不同,且较为笼统;该文根据广东省特有的地质条件与在建的乐昌峡水利枢纽工程开挖施工的地下厂房及洞室群围岩类别现状,对地下厂房区围岩分类建立一个较为系统与科学的评价方法,供同行参考。     

三道湾水电站地下厂房洞室围岩支护方案研究

根据甘肃讨赖河三道湾水电站地下厂房区的实际情况,建立了地下厂房洞室典型断面分级开挖和支护的有限元模型,采用弹塑性有限元法对洞室开挖和支护过程进行了仿真模拟分析,并分析评价了围岩稳定性,对开挖支护方案进行论证。比较了有支护与无支护情况洞室围岩的应力、位移与塑性区的分布,得出三道湾水电站地下厂房洞室设计支护形式在技术上是合理的,洞室围岩是稳定的,锚喷支护后围岩整体稳定性有保证,可正常运行。     

国外某抽水蓄能电站三维渗流分析

国外某抽水蓄能电站工程区地下水丰富,地下厂区各洞室位于天然地下水位以下.在电站施工与运行过程中,地下厂房围岩的渗流特性将成为影响工程安全和正常运行的重要因素之一.综合工程地质条件与地下厂房布置特征,建立厂区三维有限元模型,采用稳定渗流分析方法,研究了运行期与施工期地下厂区围岩的渗流场分布特征,并对各洞室的渗漏流量进行了预测,为工程建设提供合理建议.     

精益光面爆破在大华桥水电站中的应用

大华桥水电站地下洞室开挖中采用精益光面爆破施工技术,对钻孔和爆破工艺进行全面细化,在开挖施工过程中不断改进控制手段和方法,优化爆破参数,2个作业面的平均超挖值仅6. 2 cm,地下厂房、尾水调压室和主变室一层顶拱开挖平均超挖值均控制在6～8 cm,爆破成型效果良好。     

基于层次分析法的地下洞室围岩稳定性影响因素评价

影响地下洞室围岩稳定性的因素是相互关联、相互制约的.本文利用层次分析法初步建立了地下厂房洞室群围岩稳定性影响因素评价体系模型,并以乌江构皮滩水电站地下洞室群为工程背景,选取影响地下洞室群稳定性的5个影响因素,分析出各影响因素的权值问题,为将来预测地下洞室稳定性提供一定的依据.     

中国水工地下结构建设50年（下）

本期刊登全文的第三部分（下）主要介绍我国大型地洞室布置以及新奥法、先固后挖法在我国大型地下洞室施工中的运用，特别介绍了小浪底水利枢纽工程洞室群间距新的突破以及大吨位岩壁梁在诸多地下厂房中的运用。还介绍了我国台湾日月潭抽水蓄能电站先固后挖法施工的成功经验。     

大型地下洞室群动态安全信息模型研究

针对地下洞室群围岩稳定性的动态反馈和控制,引入四维模型建立地下洞室群动态安全信息模型,以"前期反演反馈分析结果检验—即时参数动态反演分析—下期开挖洞室围岩力学行为预测"为循环流程,把工程信息、地质信息、安全监测信息、数值仿真信息等耦合到地下洞室稳定性的动态反馈和控制研究中。耦合可视化技术、检测分析理论、参数反演理论、数值仿真技术及计算机技术,同时利用C#.NET编程技术来模拟动态施工过程,建立三维可视化综合集成工程模型与施工过程中动态信息的有效映射关系,实现地下洞室群施工环境下安全状态的快速、准确、实时的反映,从而对施工期设计优化提供参考。     

大孤山水电站引水隧洞Ⅲ标的超欠挖控制

超欠挖控制是地下洞室施工的一个关键,在大孤山水电站引水隧洞Ⅲ标开挖施工中,采用合理的手段对超欠挖进行控制;加快衬砌施工的同时。又有效地控制了衬砌时超填混凝土量,取得了显著的经济效益。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.