陶瓷基复合材料疲劳特性的研究

应用相变增韧、相变-晶须复合及相变-颗粒复合三种方式来改善氧化铝陶瓷的力学性能,研究了陶瓷基复合材料的疲劳特性。 在循环压缩载荷作用下,陶瓷材料的应力集中处(如缺口)会产生垂直于压应力轴的疲劳裂纹,随循环周次的增加,裂纹的扩展由快到慢,最终完全停止。循环压缩疲劳裂纹的形成机理是较大的应力集中使材料内出现以微裂纹为主要形式的不可逆损伤,在随后的卸载过程中,不可逆损伤区产生很高的残余拉应力,使疲劳裂纹形核并逐渐扩展。 陶瓷材料在四点弯曲循环载荷作用下,疲劳裂纹具有较长的亚临界扩展过程。裂纹护展速率与循环载荷的最大应力强度因子K_(max)及应力强度因子幅度△K都有关,且随载荷频率的降低及载荷波形由三角波变为正弦波,裂纹扩展速率增加。陶瓷材料四点弯曲疲劳裂纹的亚临界扩展是材料内损伤逐渐累积的结果。疲劳过程中材料通过形成微裂纹及裂纹分叉、克服增强物的阻碍及裂纹表面的桥接与互锁作用、产生裂尖微区内的塑性变形及部分稳定ZrO_2的相变等方式来消耗能量,在材料内造成以微裂纹为主要形式的微观损伤,从而弱化了材料,使疲劳裂纹得以亚临界扩展。 陶瓷材料在1050℃高温下的强度约为其室温强度的一半。陶瓷材料的高温循环疲劳是高温静载效应与循环载荷效应的迭加,1050℃下,循     

拉-压循环加载下铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应研究

应用弹塑性有限元方法与增量塑性损伤理论指出疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应是裂纹尖端塑性损伤的结果, 建立了在拉-压循环加载下铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的双参数预报模型, 对LY12-M 高强铝合金MT 试件在应力比R=0、-0.5、-1、-2 进行了疲劳裂纹扩展实验。结果表明:当最大应力强度因子K_max相同时, 恒幅拉压加载(应力比R<0)的疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显高于恒幅拉拉加载(应力比R=0)的情况, 拉-压循环载荷的压载荷部分对疲劳裂纹扩展速率具有促进作用。该文得出的LY12-M 铝合金在拉-压循环加载下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率预报模型与实验结果符合较好。     

块体择优取向纳米孪晶铜的优异抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能（英文）

本文研究了具有不同微观结构(如晶粒尺寸和孪晶厚度)的块体择优取向纳米孪晶Cu(NT-Cu)的疲劳裂纹扩展(FCG)特性,着重讨论了裂纹闭合效应和近门槛值区域的本征FCG阻力.与传统无孪晶的粗晶Cu相比, NT-Cu样品表现出显著提升的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力(有效门槛值应力强度因子范围,?K_th,eff).这种增强的裂纹扩展阻力与NT-Cu中特殊的跨孪晶位错滑移模式有关.该位错主导着NT-Cu裂纹尖端的循环变形,有效降低了裂纹尖端循环滑移不可逆水平,从而提高了纳米孪晶材料损伤扩展的本征抗力.     

透明聚碳酸酯材料疲劳断裂行为

研究不同应力比(R)以及退火处理对透明聚碳酸酯(PC)板材疲劳性能的影响规律与机理,并对聚碳酸酯疲劳裂纹扩展过程与机理进行分析。结果表明:退火后聚碳酸酯试样的残余应力明显变小,疲劳性能明显提高,这是由于机加工造成PC试样残余拉应力,而消除残余拉应力能够明显改善PC的疲劳性能;正应力比(拉拉疲劳)情况下,随着应力幅值变大,PC的疲劳性能明显下降,而负应力比(拉压疲劳)对PC的疲劳性能影响较为复杂。断口形貌分析表明,PC疲劳裂纹断口存在明显的裂纹源区、稳定扩展区与失稳区,而PC的疲劳裂纹扩展机理是首先在应力作用下产生银纹,当应力超过银纹中微纤维强度或在多次循环应力作用下疲劳而造成微纤维破坏时,银纹便发展为裂纹。     

无网格法模拟复合型疲劳裂纹的扩展

本文提出了用无网格Galerkin法模拟构件在复合变形作用下疲劳裂纹扩展路径并预估其疲劳寿命的方法。该法能够自然模拟疲劳裂纹的扩展,不需要网格重构,避免了裂纹扩展过程中的精度受损。应用无网格数值结果计算了J积分和应力强度因子IK和IIK;按照最大周向应力理论获得了裂纹扩展偏斜角。基于最小应变能密度因子理论,确定了裂纹扩展量aD,并能获得疲劳载荷的循环周数ND。文末对数值模拟结果和实验拟合结果进行了对照。     

显微组织对Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si合金裂纹扩展行为的影响

两相钛合金由于具有较好的裂纹扩展抗力、断裂韧性及蠕变抗力而被广泛地应用到航空航天领域.小裂纹在较低的应力下就能扩展,且在给定应力强度因子下比长裂纹扩展更快.因此,在高周循环疲劳下,研究清楚钛合金组织对小裂纹扩展行为的影响是至关重要的.     

金属疲劳裂纹扩展形式和过程的研究

金属疲劳断裂,是指金属材料在低于拉伸强度极限的交变应力反复作用下缓慢发生的疲劳裂纹,经逐步扩展后导致突然破坏的断裂。根据交变载荷(应力)振幅的大小,一般可分为应力和应变疲劳,或称高循环和低循环疲劳。 疲劳问题的重要性,不但在于绝大多数工程零件(估计约占90％)的提前破坏属于疲劳断裂,而且因为疲劳裂纹的产生和扩展,往往     

镍基合金超声疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测研究

针对发动机结构材料承受高频循环载荷的特点,应用超声疲劳试验技术开展了镍基合金材料的疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究。考虑高频载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的温升效应,测试了超声疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的温度变化,基于温度变化对材料弹性模量的影响和热膨胀效应,数值计算了疲劳裂纹扩展应力强度因子。研究了温度变化对超声疲劳裂纹扩展的影响机制,并在现有模型基础上,建立了考虑温度影响的超声疲劳裂纹扩展模型,完善疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测方法。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的疲劳裂纹扩展规律

针对熔模铸造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的等幅疲劳裂纹扩展速率和疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值进行了研究。结果表明：该钛合金CT试样的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值高于CCT试样的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值,同一类试样的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值随着应力比的增加呈下降趋势;疲劳裂纹扩展速率随着平均应力的增加以及应力水平的增加而增大;根据疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据拟合了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金Paris方程和Walker方程中的相关材料参数,以为材料的使用寿命评估及损伤容限设计提供参考。     

声发射技术监测疲劳损伤探讨

在实验室的高频疲劳试验机上,对紧凑拉伸试样进行疲劳损伤试验,用声发射技术记录声发射参数的变化.使用小波分析识别降噪方法和外触发采集卡(只在裂纹扩展时才采集数据,裂纹闭合时不采集数据)等措施,将各种噪音分离出去,最后只有试样的疲劳损伤裂纹起裂和扩展的声发射波形信号,经处理后获得的疲劳裂纹扩展长度与应力循环次数关系,接近于人工测得的疲劳裂纹扩展长度与应力循环次数关系曲线.     

Inclusion-controlled high cycle fatigue behavior of a high V alloyed powder metallurgy cold-working tool steel

Axial loading fatigue tests were carried out to study the influence of inclusion on high cycle fatigue behavior of a high V alloyed powder metallurgy cold-working tool steel (AISI 11). The fatigue strength of 1538 MPa with endurance life of 10⁷ cycles were obtained by stair-case method. The fatigue specimens were also subjected to a constant maximum stress of 1650 MPa to investigate the relationship among inclusion origin size (10-30 μm), fish-eye size (70-130 μm) and fatigue life (10⁵-10⁷ cycles). The fatigue life was found to be dependent on the inclusion size and the crack propagating length. A compressive residual stress of 300-450 MPa turned out to be present at the specimen surface, and finally induced the interior failure mode. Further investigation into the correlation between stress intensity factors of inclusion origin and corresponding stages of fatigue crack growth and fatigue life revealed that the high cycle fatigue behavior was controlled by crack propagation. According to the fractographic investigation, two distinct zones were observed in fish-eye, representing Paris-Law and fast fatigue crack growth stage, respectively. Threshold stress intensity for crack propagation of 3.9 MPa√m was obtained from the well correlated line on the ΔK_I-log N_? graph. The fracture toughness can also be estimated by the mean value of stress intensity factor ranges for fish-eye.     

A comparative study on thermomechanical and low cycle fatigue failures of a single crystal nickel-based superalloy

The cyclic deformation and lifetime behaviors of a single crystal nickel-based superalloy CMSX-4 have been investigated under out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue (OP TMF) and isothermal low cycle fatigue (LCF) conditions. OP TMF life exhibited less than a half of LCF life although smaller inelastic strain range and lower mean stress level during OP TMF were observed compared to those during LCF. During OP TMF cycling, the maximum tensile strain at the minimum temperature was found to accelerate the surface crack initiation and propagation. Additionally, the multiple groups of parallel twin plates near crack provided a preferential path for crack propagation.     

Influence of anodization on the fatigue strength of 7050-T7451 aluminium alloy

In recent years, with higher demand for improved quality and corrosion resistance, recovered substrates have been extensively used. Consequently residual stresses originated from these coatings reduce the fatigue strength of a component. Due to this negative influence occasioned by corrosion resistance protective coatings, an effective process like shot peening must be considered to improve the fatigue strength. The shot peening treatment pushes the crack sources beneath the surface in most of medium and high cycle cases due to the compressive residual stress field (CRSF) induced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence on the fatigue life of anodic films grown on 7050-T7451 aluminium alloy by sulphuric acid anodizing, chromic acid anodizing and hard anodizing. The influence on the rotating and reverse bending fatigue strength of anodic films grown on the aluminium alloy is to degrade the stress life fatigue performance of the base material. A consistent gain in fatigue life in relation to the base material was obtained through the shot peening process in coated specimens, associated to a residual stress field compressive near the surface, useful to avoid fatigue crack nucleation and delay or even stop crack propagation.     

A modification of UniGrow 2‐parameter driving force model for short fatigue crack growth

In this paper, a modification of the UniGrow model is proposed to predict total fatigue life with the presence of a short fatigue crack by incorporating short crack propagation into the UniGrow crack growth model. The UniGrow model is modified by 2 different methods, namely the “short crack stress intensity correction method” and the “short crack data‐fitting method” to estimate the total fatigue life including both short and long fatigue crack propagations. Predicted fatigue lives obtained from these 2 methods were compared with experimental data sets of 2024‐T3, 7075‐T56 aluminium alloys, and Ti‐6Al‐4V titanium alloy. Two proposed methods have shown good fatigue life predictions at relatively high maximum stresses; however, they provide conservative fatigue life predictions at lower stresses corresponding high cycle fatigue lives where short crack behaviour dominates total fatigue life at lower stress levels.     

Fisheye failure analysis and life design approach for case-carburized gear steel based on statistical evaluation of defect size

The high cycle fatigue (HCF) and very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) properties of a case-carburized gear steel were investigated under tension and compression, and the distribution characteristics of defect size was analyzed using four statistical functions including Statistics of Extreme Values (SEV), Generalized Pareto distribution (GP), Generalized Extreme Values (GEV) and Exponential Generalized Pareto distribution (EXPGP). Results show that the interior inclusion-induced failure with the existence of fisheye becomes the predominant failure mode in HCF and VHCF regimes. With the increasing of applied stress amplitude, the effect of crack size within the fisheye on fatigue life is gradually reduced. Based on this, a fatigue strength prediction model associated with the variation of crack size was developed. At a given probability, the predicted fatigue strength is the highest by the estimated maximum inclusion size using the GEV distribution, then followed by using Gumbel distribution and by using GP distribution, and the lowest by using EXPGP distribution, which is inversely proportional to the evaluated maximum inclusion sizes. Based on the good agreement between the predicted and experimental results, the proposed approach based on statistical evaluation of defect size can be well used to predict the HCF and VHCF fatigue lives with interior fisheye failure.     

Elastic–plastic finite element analysis of the effect of compressive loading on crack tip parameters and its impact on fatigue crack propagation rate

The effects of applied compressive stress on the crack tip parameters and their implications on fatigue crack growth have been studied. Four center-cracked panel specimens with different crack lengths are analysed using finite element method. The results show that under tension–compression loading the local crack tip parameters are determined by two loading parameters. The two loading parameters are the maximum stress intensity and the maximum compressive stress in the applied stress cycle. Predictions of fatigue crack propagation behaviour based on the maximum stress intensity and maximum compressive stress agree well with experimental observations.     

Effect of predamage from low cycle fatigue on high cycle fatigue strength of Ti-6Al-4V

Effects of prior low cycle fatigue (LCF) cycling on the subsequent high cycle fatigue (HCF) limit stress corresponding to a life of 10⁷ cycles are investigated for Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature. Tests are conducted at 420 Hz on an electrodynamic shaker-based system at several different LCF maximum loads and under subsequent HCF at R=0.1, 0.5 and 0.8 using a step loading procedure. Under these load combinations, which include the possibility of overload or underload effects if cracks form, there is no statistically significant effect of the prior LCF on the subsequent HCF limit stress. While LCF loading at a high stress of 900 MPa is seen to result in strain ratcheting, no distinct features on the fracture surface and different mechanisms of crack propagation from those obtained at lower maximum loads were observed. LCF loading up to 50% of expected life did not produce any indications of crack formation from either the stress limit data or the fracture surfaces.     

2A12铝合金的多轴加载疲劳行为

采用SDN100/1000电液伺服拉扭复合疲劳试验机对2A12铝合金进行多关键参数的多轴疲劳性能研究,通过对断口的微观分析探究疲劳失效机理。结果表明:等效应力加载条件下,随拉扭相位差的增加疲劳寿命降低,0°相位差下断面裂纹源区能观察到轮胎状、鱼骨状以及钟乳石状的特殊形貌,裂纹扩展区存在二次裂纹和模糊的疲劳条带;分别改变拉、扭平均应力,多轴疲劳寿命均降低,裂纹源区能看到白色絮状的氧化物,瞬断区存在二次裂纹和剪切型韧窝;不同加载波形条件下,正弦波对应最长的多轴疲劳寿命,三角波次之,方波时最短且体现出最大的结构耗能。低-高两级加载条件下,材料产生"锻炼效应"。     

CORROSION FATIGUE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF A SiC WHISKERALUMINIUM MATRIX COMPOSITE UNDER COMBINED TENSIONTORSION LOADING

We describe an investigation into the fatigue fracture behaviour under combined tension–torsion loading of a SiC whisker-reinforced A6061 aluminium alloy fabricated by a squeeze casting process. Special attention was paid to the environmental effects on fatigue fracture behaviour. Tests were conducted on both the composite and its unreinforced matrix material, A6061-T6, under load-controlled conditions with a constant value of the combined stress ratio, α = τ_max /σ_max in laboratory air or in a 3.5% NaCl solution at the free corrosion potential. The corrosion fatigue strength of both the matrix and composite was less in the solution than in air. The dominating mechanical factor that determined the fatigue strength in air was either the maximum principal stress or the von Mises-type equivalent stress, depending on the combined stress ratio. However, in the 3.5% NaCl solution, the corrosion fatigue strength of both materials was determined by the maximum principal stress, irrespective of the combined stress ratio. In the case of the matrix material, crack initiation occurred by a brittle facet normal to the principal stress due to hydrogen embrittlement. However, in the composite material, the crack was initiated not at the brittle facet, but at a corrosion pit formed on the specimen surface. At the bottom of the pit, a crack normal to the principal stress was nucleated and propagated, resulting in final failure. Pitting corrosion was nucleated at an early stage of fatigue life, i.e. about 1% of total fatigue life. However, crack initiation at the bottom of a pit was close to the terminal stage, i.e. about 70% or more of total fatigue life. The dominating factor which determined crack initiation at a pit was the Mode I stress intensity factor obtained by assuming the pit to be a sharp crack. Initiation and propagation due to pitting corrosion and crack growth were closely examined, and the fatigue fracture mechanisms and influence of the 3.5% NaCl solution on fatigue strength of the composite and matrix under combined tension–torsion loading were examined in detail.     

High-cycle fatigue mechanisms in 1045 steel under non-proportional axial-torsional loading

Detailed microscopic analyses have been made on the high-cycle mechanisms in 1045 steel under various stress-controlled axial-torsional loadings. A special attention has been paid to a critical example of non-proportional loading, i.e., 90° out-of-phase loading with different stress ratios. The replica technique has been used to monitor crack initiation and propagation from the microstructure scale. The orientations of persistent slip bands and Stage I cracks are in good agreement with the critical plane concept. The evolutions of crack length with cycle life as well as the crack aspect ratios depend on the loading condition. However at a given life, the data are consolidated in terms of crack depth versus cycle life. The McDiarmid parameter correlates stress-life data under proportional loadings. However, it underestimates fatigue lives under out-of-phase loading at high stress ratio and it overestimates them in the case where all planes experience the same shear stress amplitude (stress ratio = 0.5). More damaging mechanisms are involved in crack initiation and crack propagation. It is recommended to test the fatigue performance of materials in this last condition that involves the worst damage mechanisms.