BPDA-ODA型聚酰亚胺基沸石杂化炭膜的制备及气体分离性能

以BPDA-ODA型聚酰亚胺为前躯体,沸石为掺杂剂,通过成膜和炭化等过程制备了杂化炭膜.分别采用热失重、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及渗透技术研究了前躯体热稳定性,炭膜微观结构、形貌及气体分离性能.考察了ZSM-5与5A两种沸石含量、炭化温度、渗透温度及渗透压力等因素对炭膜气体分离性能的影响.结果表明:H₂、CO₂、O₂和N₂ 4种气体主要以分子筛分机理渗透通过炭膜,实现选择性分离.在650℃炭化温度下得到杂化炭膜随沸石含量提高,气体渗透性与选择性均略降低;5A杂化炭膜的渗透性与选择性都显著高于ZSM—5杂化炭膜;随渗透压力提高,杂化炭膜的气体渗透性与选择性升高.当炭化温度从650℃升高到750℃时,杂化炭膜的渗透性降低.     

NaY沸石杂化炭膜的制备及气体分离性能的研究

以聚酰亚胺为前驱体,NaY型沸石为掺杂剂,经成膜和炭化制备了杂化炭膜.采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、热重分析、红外光谱分析对膜样品的结构与性质进行了表征.考察了掺杂剂量、渗透温度与渗透压力对炭膜的结构及气体分离性能的影响.结果表明,与纯炭膜相比,杂化炭膜在保持高O_2/N_2选择性的前提下,渗透性显著提高;随着膜内沸石含量的提高,杂化炭膜的渗透性明显提高.由沸石质量分数为0.5%前驱体经650℃炭化所制备的杂化炭膜,对O_2的渗透性达79.5 Barrer, O_2/N_2选择性达7.5.     

高氢渗透分离性的沸石杂化支撑炭膜的制备

以ZSM-5沸石掺杂改性的1, 4-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基-苯氧基)苯-1, 2, 3, 4-环丁烷四甲酸二酐型聚酰亚胺为前驱体, 通过旋涂成膜和热解过程制备了平板状支撑炭膜。采用热失重、红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜及气体渗透技术分别研究了前驱体热稳定性、膜表面官能团、微结构, 微观形貌及分离性能。考察了ZSM-5掺杂量及热解温度对炭膜结构和气体分离性的影响。结果表明: 经ZSM-5改性后前驱体热稳定性与残炭量降低, 炭膜微观结构变致密; 加入沸石显著提高了炭膜的渗透性, 且随ZSM-5掺杂量增加, 气体渗透性先减小后增大; 随着热解温度升高, 炭膜的渗透性与选择性皆减小。经650℃热解制得杂化炭膜对H₂/N₂体系的分离性能均远超过Robeson上界限。     

管状复合炭膜的制备及其气体渗透性能

以中空纤维陶瓷膜为载体，聚芳醚酮为聚合物前驱体，采用浸涂-相转化结合的方法制备复合炭膜，探讨了制膜工艺对复合炭膜结构及性能的影响.结果发现，铸膜液浓度和提拉速率对膜的完整性影响较大，在15%质量分数铸膜液和2 cm/min提拉速率的条件下，可制备出表面膜层完整均一且兼具较高气体渗透通量的复合炭膜；通过控制制备前驱体膜过程中蒸发温度和蒸发时间，复合炭膜分离层缺陷大幅减少，气体分离选择性得到了显著提升.以15%铸膜液和2 cm/min提拉速率，在60℃蒸发温度及10 s蒸发时间的制膜工艺条件下制备出的复合炭膜，其O₂/N₂、CO₂/N₂和CO₂/CH₄选择性分别为5.62、26.27、25.10,O₂、CO₂渗透通量分别可达252、1 177 GPU.     

介孔碳/聚酰亚胺杂化膜原位聚合法制备及其气体分离性能

通过原位聚合法分别将无序介孔碳（DOMC）、有序介孔碳（OMC）掺杂到聚酰亚胺（PI）中制备DOMC/PI、OMC/PI杂化膜。利用FTIR、TEM、SEM和XRD等分析表征两种介孔碳材料的结构及其掺杂对杂化膜形貌和结构的影响,结合CO₂和N₂的渗透实验考评杂化膜的气体渗透性能。DOMC、OMC均具有孔隙结构,且与CO₂分子之间存在相互作用,通过掺杂DOMC、OMC既能提高杂化膜的自由体积,又可促进杂化膜对CO₂的优先选择吸附。表现为掺杂DOMC、OMC可有效改善PI膜的CO₂、N₂渗透性能和CO₂/N₂渗透选择性。随掺杂量的增加,杂化膜的CO₂、N₂渗透性能和CO₂/N₂渗透选择性均先增大后减小。另外,相较于OMC,DOMC具有更多孔隙结构和更大的比表面积,使DOMC/PI杂化膜的CO₂、N₂渗透性能优于OMC/PI杂化膜,但两种杂化膜的CO₂/N₂渗透选择性相近。     

退火预处理对中空纤维炭膜结构和性能的影响

炭膜具有优异的热稳定性、化学稳定性和气体分离性能.以聚酰亚胺中空纤维膜为前驱体，经过T_g附近退火预处理(250、300和350℃),进而高温炭化制备高性能中空纤维炭膜，研究了预处理条件对炭膜结构和气体分离性能的影响.结果表明，当退火预处理温度升高时，中空纤维炭膜的结构更加致密，其CO₂/CH₄和H₂/CH₄选择性提高，气体通量下降.尤其是当退火预处理温度为350℃时，与未经预处理的中空纤维炭膜相比，其CO₂/CH₄和H₂/CH₄选择性分别提高了98%和195%.同时，研究了渗透温度和压力对气体分离性能的影响，采用HIM(氦离子电镜)、FTIR和XRD对中空纤维炭膜的结构进行了表征.     

Fe_3O_4掺杂制备气体分离功能炭膜

采用共混法在聚酰亚胺前驱体中引入Fe3O4纳米粒子,经高温热解炭化制备了杂化功能炭膜.采用XRD、TEM和VSM等分析方法对所制备的功能炭膜进行表征,并探讨了Fe3O4纳米粒子的掺杂量及炭化终温对功能炭膜气体分离性能的影响.结果表明,Fe3O4纳米粒子在热解炭化过程中发生了物相形态的改变,并对前驱体起到了催化石墨化的作用,使功能炭膜具有类石墨片层和乱层炭的两种炭结构形态,同时具有磁性.气体渗透实验表明,掺杂Fe3O4纳米粒子使所制备的功能炭膜具有"分子筛分"的分离特征,提高了炭膜的气体渗透性能,特别是对小分子气体H2的渗透性提高了61倍,H2/CO2的分离选择性也明显得到改善.Fe3O4的掺杂量和炭化终温对炭膜的气体分离性能有显著影响.Fe3O4添加量为20wt%的功能炭膜对H2、CO2、O2、N2和CH4等纯气体的渗透系数分别为15476、4385、1565、193和114Barrers[1Barrer=1×10-10cm3(STP).cm/(cm2.s.cmHg)].     

优先渗透CO_2的TS-1/C杂化功能炭膜的制备研究

以PMDA-ODA型聚酰胺酸为原料,通过掺杂钛硅分子筛(TS-1)制备气体分离用杂化功能炭膜.系统考察了钛硅分子筛(TS-1)掺杂量、炭化温度等因素对功能炭膜气体渗透性和分离性能的影响,利用FT-IR、XRD、TG和TEM等分析手段对TS-1/C杂化原膜及其在不同温度下炭化的炭膜结构和性能进行表征.结果表明:掺杂钛硅分子筛(TS-1)可大幅提高炭膜对CO2的渗透性能;当掺杂质量分数为20%,炭化温度为600℃时,CO2、H2、O2、N2、CH4的渗透系数分别可达9 087Barrer、8 111Barrer、2 017Barrer、426Barrer和357Barrer;当炭化温度为700℃以上时,功能炭膜对各气体的渗透性急剧降低,气体分离性大幅提高.     

乳液涂敷制备硅橡胶富氧膜

实验制备了聚二甲基硅氧烷/聚砜（PDMS/PS）富氧膜,并考察其富氧性能,分别制备了溶剂型羟基硅橡胶富氧膜和乳液型羟基硅橡胶富氧膜,评价其渗透速率Q和分离系数α（O₂/N₂）,得出了二者在性能上的差异,发现溶剂型富氧膜渗透速率Q（O₂）是乳液型富氧膜Q（O₂）的3～4倍,而乳液型富氧膜的分离系数α（O₂/N₂）比溶剂型富氧膜略好,并且以水代替有机溶剂,采用硅橡胶水乳液作为涂敷材料进行乳液涂敷,制备的乳液型富氧膜相对于传统的溶剂型富氧膜,具有环保、安全和经济等特点.该方法制备的富氧膜同时也具有较好的富氧效果,其氧气渗透速率Q（O₂）在113 GPU左右,分离系数α（O₂/N₂）能达到2.0.     

聚酯基炭分子筛复合膜的制备及气体分离性能研究

以双酚A（BPA）和均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）为单体通过界面聚合的方法在卷式炭膜上合成聚酯,制备了聚酯基炭分子筛复合气体分离膜,考察了界面聚合工艺条件如界面聚合反应时间、有机相及水相单体浓度、热处理时间、不同有机相溶剂及聚合反应次数对复合膜气体分离性能的影响,确定了最佳制备工艺条件.并通过热重（TG）、红外光谱（IR）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析手段对复合膜的热稳定性、分离层的化学结构和表面形貌进行表征与分析.以最佳工艺条件下界面合成制备的聚酯膜经炭化制备了聚酯基复合炭膜,并测试其气体渗透性能,研究表明,在最佳工艺条件下制备的聚合物复合膜,其O₂和N₂的渗透通量分别为6.59×10^-10mol/（m²·s·Pa）和2.92×10^-10mol/（m²·s·Pa）,O₂/N₂的分离系数为2.25;炭化后制备的复合炭膜其O₂和N₂的渗透通量分别增加为3.71×10^-9mol/（m²·s·Pa）和1.19×10^-9mol/（m²·s·Pa）,O₂/N₂的分离系数则提高到3.1 2.     

Enhanced Dielectric Performance in Polymer Composite Films with Carbon Nanotube‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Filler

The electrical conductivity and the specific surface area of conductive fillers in conductor‐insulator composite films can drastically improve the dielectric performance of those films through changing their polarization density by interfacial polarization. We have made a polymer composite film with a hybrid conductive filler material made of carbon nanotubes grown onto reduced graphene oxide platelets (rG‐O/CNT). We report the effect of the rG‐O/CNT hybrid filler on the dielectric performance of the composite film. The composite film had a dielectric constant of 32 with a dielectric loss of 0.051 at 0.062 wt% rG‐O/CNT filler and 100 Hz, while the neat polymer film gave a dielectric constant of 15 with a dielectric loss of 0.036. This is attributed to the increased electrical conductivity and specific surface area of the rG‐O/CNT hybrid filler, which results in an increase in interfacial polarization density between the hybrid filler and the polymer.     

Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Formation by an Ultrasonic Chemical Reaction for Energy Storage Systems

The direct formation of C? N and C? O bonds from inert gases is essential for chemical/biological processes and energy storage systems. However, its application to carbon nanomaterials for improved energy storage remains technologically challenging. A simple and very fast method to form C? N and C? O bonds in reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by an ultrasonic chemical reaction is described. Electrodes of nitrogen‐ or oxygen‐doped RGO (N‐RGO or O‐RGO, respectively) are fabricated via the fixation between N₂ or O₂ carrier gas molecules and ultrasonically activated RGO. The materials exhibit much higher capacitance after doping (133, 284, and 74 F g^?1 for O‐RGO, N‐RGO, and RGO, respectively). Furthermore, the doped 2D RGO and 1D CNT materials are prepared by layer‐by‐layer deposition using ultrasonic spray to form 3D porous electrodes. These electrodes demonstrate very high specific capacitances (62.8 mF cm^?2 and 621 F g^?1 at 10 mV s^?1 for N‐RGO/N‐CNT at 1:1, v/v), high cycling stability, and structural flexibility.     

Comparison of Structure and Conductivity of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Obtained over Ni and Ni/Fe Catalysts

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were produced by pyrolysis of acetonitrile (CH₃CN) on metallic particles of Ni and Ni/Fe at 850°C. The special program for statistical treatment of electron micrograph images was developed. Research of diameter distribution of MWNT grown over different catalysts was carried out. Two kinds of carbon nanotubes with different diameter and microstructure are formed on Ni catalyst. The MWNT with smaller diameter and cylindrical packing of layers were found to have the higher conductivity.     

Polyethylene crystallization nucleated by carbon nanotubes under shear

Polyethylene crystallization under shear has been studied in the presence of single-wall, few-wall, and multiwall carbon nanotubes (SWNT, FWNT, and MWNT). Polyethylene crystal d-spacings for (110) and (200) planes in polyethylene/carbon nanotubes (CNT) are smaller than in the control polyethylene without CNT and the polymer chain is oriented along the CNT axis. The single-wall carbon nanotube templated polyethylene crystals do not redissolve in boiling xylenes; instead, the chain morphology transforms to an amorphous conformation but remains oriented along the nanotube axis. SWNT crystal peaks were also observed in polyethylene/SWNT fibers.     

Transparent conducting film: Effect of vacuum filtration of carbon nanotube suspended in oleum

Vacuum filtration process to fabricate a transparent conducting carbon nanotube (CNT) film is reported. A CNT mat, which is a fibrous sheet of long multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT), was prepared and dispersed in oleum by solution-sonication. The suspension was then vacuum filtered to obtain a thin MWNT layer with improved dispersion. Sheet resistance of the obtained MWNT layer was increased despite the improved dispersion. SEM micrographs and energy dispersive spectroscopy results indicated that the increase of the sheet resistance could be attributed to degradation and oxidation of the MWNT bundles. Though the chemical approach in this study did not improve the electrical property of the CNT mat, a mechanical approach proposed in our recent work was deemed suitable to enhance optical and electrical properties of the CNT mat.     

催化剂前驱体对碳纳米管生长影响的研究

采用柠檬酸络合法, 通过改变La和Ni的摩尔比例获得了一系列的La-Ni-O催化剂前驱体, 以H₂作为还原气体, N₂为保护气体, C₂H₂为碳源, 采用化学气相沉积法制备碳纳米管(CNT). 用XRD研究所得催化剂前驱体还原前后的结构, TEM观察所得CNT的形貌. 结果发现: 在所制备的一系列La-Ni-O催化剂前驱体中, 具有催化活性的物质只有: LaNiO₃和La₂NiO₄. 但由LaNiO₃所制备的CNT的产率却大大高于由La₂NiO₄所制备的CNT的产率. 经分析认为, 这主要是与两者被还原后的产物中的纳米级金属Ni的(111)晶面含量有关, 纳米级金属Ni的(111)晶面含量和晶粒度越大, 其CNT的产率和内径也就越大.     

A Photosynthetic Reaction Center Covalently Bound to Carbon Nanotubes

On p. 3901, Shachar Richter, Alexander Holleitner, and co‐workers report on a novel hybrid system, fabricated by covalent binding of photosynthetic reaction center protein photosystem I (PS I) to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by using carbodiimide chemistry. The versatile chemical modification schemes allow contacting of single PS I protein to two carbon nanotubes, the formation of CNT–PS I–CNT junctions, and electrical contact of carbon nanotubes to gold electrodes via covalent binding to the photosystem. Such nanostructures can pave the way for the construction of electronic circuits for nano‐optoelectronic applications.     

混杂功能化碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料的制备及性能

以多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）为原料,采用不同改性方法制得了羧化碳纳米管（MWNTs-COOH）、共价功能化碳纳米管（MWNTs-NH₂）、非共价功能化碳纳米管（MWNTs-PPA）和混杂功能化碳纳米管（MWNTs-COOH-PPA）,将这4种改性碳纳米管按不同质量分数分别加入聚氨酯（PU）中制备了复合材料。使用万能材料试验机和热失重分析仪测试了复合材料的力学和热学性能,研究了碳纳米管对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明:通过在碳纳米管表面接枝少量的共价官能团防止非共价包覆的剥离,混杂功能化方法既能够改善碳纳米管在基体中的分散性,又能够保持其与基体界面间结合力,复合材料增强效果最明显。耐热性良好的碳纳米管的添加提高了PU基体的热分解温度,提高程度由于其功能化方式的不同而稍有差别。MWNTs-COOH-PPA/PU复合材料的力学性能最优,当碳纳米管含量（质量分数,下同）为0.3%时,其拉伸强度与纯PU相比提高104%,其热分解温度与MWNTs-COOH/PU相当,优于纯PU,但低于MWNT8-NH₂/PU和MWNTs-PPA/PU。     

乙基纤维素/TiO2复合膜的制备及气体渗透性能

以乙基纤维素(EC)和正钛酸丁酯(TBT)为主要原料,通过溶胶-凝胶(Sol-Gel)法制备了EC/TiO2复合膜。研究了TiO2粒子在复合膜中分布形貌、复合膜的结构变化及对气体渗透和分离性能的影响。结果表明,TiO2质量分数达到25%时,微米级的TiO2粒子均匀分散在复合膜中,复合膜形成有机-无机三维网络结构,测试气体在膜中的渗透行为主要受动力学因素控制,其中H2、O2透气系数分别增大至纯EC膜的1.8倍和1.3倍,H2/N2及O2/N2分离性能略有提高。