基于水热反应制备SnO2纳米棒阵列

采用水热反应制备一维SnO₂纳米棒阵列并表征其物相结构和微观形貌,研究了水热反应的核心工艺条件如前驱体浓度、反应时间、反应温度、反应次数以及前驱体中NaCl添加剂等对纳米棒阵列的生长和形貌的影响。结果表明：较低的前驱体浓度有利于制备大长径比的纳米棒;改变反应时间调控纳米棒的长度;改变反应温度和次数调控纳米棒的长度、直径和基底覆盖率;在前驱体中加入NaCl,可增强纳米棒的取向生长并降低其基底覆盖率。     

醇-水体系无表面活性剂纳米ZnO的制备及表征

以乙酸锌为前驱物,乙醇、正丙醇和正丁醇为溶剂,不加入表面活性剂,通过改变反应体系中醇水体积比、pH值、前驱物浓度,在反应温度80℃、反应时间30 min的条件下,制备得到不同尺寸和形貌的纳米氧化锌粒子.通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射和紫外-可见吸收光谱等方法对纳米氧化锌进行了表征.结果表明:所合成的纳米氧化锌样品在350～365 nm范围内具有较为明显的吸收峰,减小醇水体积比、减弱溶剂极性、增加前驱物乙酸锌浓度,均可以导致纳米氧化锌粒子尺寸变大、团聚加重,前驱物溶液pH值的改变对纳米氧化锌的吸收峰影响不大.     

水热法制备一维纳米γ-AlOOH的形态结构

通过水热法制备了前驱体γ-AlOOH的一维纳米结构,考察了工艺参数对结构的影响. 研究结果表明,当AlCl₃溶液浓度小于0.2mol/L,反应溶液pH<7,反应温度控制在160～180℃时,可以得到γ-AlOOH纳米棒,而当pH>7时,样品呈片状;当AlCl3浓度大于0.2mol/L,pH控制在5～6,反应温度控制在200℃左右,并加入表面活性剂SDBS,可以制备大长径比γ-AlOOH纳米纤维.     

纳米氧化锌的制备

以硫酸锌和碳酸铵为原料,直接沉淀法制得纳米氧化锌的前驱体,然后煅烧得到纳米氧化锌.采用 TG-DTG、XRD和TEM等测试手段对其进行了表征.结果表明,前驱体为Zn4(OH)6CO3.通过控制煅烧温度、反应温度和反应物浓度可以得到不同粒径的球形纳米氧化锌.得出了最佳制备工艺条件.     

高频热等离子体气相合成一维纳米氧化锌研究

把锌粉原料加入到高频常压热等离子体弧中,使锌粉加热气化,然后与加入等离子体反应器中的氧气反应,合成出了直径为50nm、长度超过2靘的一维棒状纳米氧化锌.研究了氧分压和锌粉加料速度对合成产物形貌的影响,结果表明,通过控制这些参数,可以调控合成的氧化锌纳米棒长径比.采用XRD、SEM、TEM和HRTEM对产物的形貌和结构进行了表征,并衷征了合成的氧化锌纳米棒的光致发光性能.     

染料敏化太阳电池用一维纳米结构氧化物光阳极薄膜的研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池(DSC)由于其工艺简单、成本低廉、理论光电转换效率高,逐渐成为硅基太阳能电池的有力竞争者.DSC电池的光阳极主要起到对染料分子中激发出来的电子进行传导的作用,其光阳极薄膜大多数是由氧化物纳米晶制备的.氧化物纳米晶存在大量界面电阻,导致能量势垒,从而使染料分子中光生电子-空穴对不能有效分离,制约了DSC电池光电转换效率的提高.而高长径比的一维氧化物纳米光阳极薄膜有望降低界面电阻,促进电子-空穴对的有效分离,将是DSC电池光阳极材料开发的重要发展方向.详细论述了染料敏化太阳电池用一维纳米氧化物光阳极薄膜的研究进展.     

氧化锌纳米棒形貌对ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池光伏性能的影响

采用电化学沉积法制备了ZnO纳米棒,首先讨论了电化学沉积参数对氧化锌(ZnO)纳米棒形貌的影响,并对不同长度ZnO纳米棒的光吸收和反射等性质进行了研究.实验发现沉积时间是影响纳米棒长度、直径的重要因素,ZnO纳米棒的微观形貌对其光学性质有重要影响.然后以氧化锌纳米棒为n型材料,以氧化亚铜为p型材料,通过电化学沉积法构筑了ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池,并测试了其光伏性能,研究表明增长纳米棒阵列的长度使得开路电压、短路电流密度及光电转换效率等性能得到提升.最后,综合分析了氧化锌纳米棒形貌与所组装电池的性能之间的关系,发现调控氧化锌纳米棒的形貌是提高ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池光伏性能的有效途径.     

聚乙烯醇为助剂水热法制备氧化锌纳米棒

一维结构的纳米氧化锌具有独特的电子和光电性能,在众多领域有着广阔的应用前景,故而对其合成方法的研究十分重要.本文中以聚乙烯醇作为修饰剂,通过水热法在较低的反应温度下制备了一维氧化锌纳米棒.分别用透射电镜、选区电子衍射和X射线衍射对产物形貌与结构进行了表征.研究发现,以聚乙烯醇为助剂在120℃反应24h可制备出具有六方结构的氧化锌纳米棒,其直径为50～80nm、长度为1～2μm.实验表明,聚乙烯醇在一维结构合成过程中起到关键作用,以Zn(0H)2为水热反应前驱体可制备出品质较高的一维氧化锌纳米棒.     

基于不同浓度铂对电极的染料敏化太阳能电池的性能研究

染料敏化太阳能电池对电极上用于催化的铂的浓度对电池的光电转换性能有重要的影响,特别是当光从对电极射入染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)时.制备了不同铂浓度对电极的电池,研究了光从对电极入射时,铂对内部阻抗、光吸收效率等的影响,优化出最佳的铂浓度.结果表明,10mmol/L为最佳对电极入射铂浓度,在一定浓度范围内,开路电压(...     

纳米氧化锌的制备及抗菌性能研究

目的 研究以乙酸锌和氢氧化钠为原料,利用水热合成法制备纳米氧化锌的最佳工艺条件及抗菌性能。方法 以纳米氧化锌的粒径和形貌为评价指标,讨论合成条件对产物的影响;基于单因素设计响应面实验,以抑菌圈直径为响应值,分析抑菌效果较好的纳米氧化锌的制备条件。结果 在水热温度为111.14 ℃,反应时间为10 h,乙酸锌浓度为0.02 mol/L时制备的纳米氧化锌的抗菌效果最好,大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径为（17.265±0.011）mm。结论 水热温度、水热时间和前驱体浓度会影响纳米氧化锌的粒径和形貌;水热温度和前驱体浓度是影响纳米氧化锌抑菌性的显著因素,水热时间是非显著因素。     

Controllable Synthesis of Well-aligned ZnO Nanorod Arrays on Varying Substrates via Rapid Electrodeposition

A facile and rapid electrodeposition route was developed to controllably synthesize well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays on diverse substrates, such as seed-layer pre-formed, pristine indium tin oxide （ITO） and Si, using Zn（NO3）2·6H2O and hexamethylenetetramine （HMT） as the precursors. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） results indicated that seed-layer pre-modified of ZnO nanorod arrays （ZNRs） possessed single crystalline, a wurtzite crystal structure with preferential growth orientation along [0001] direction. The ZNRs on pre-modified ZnO seed-layer （ZSL） had diameters of 30-50 nm, and aligned vertically to the substrates. ZNRs on ZSL/ITO substrate exhibited a high transmittance （above 80%） in visible wavelength range and the red-shift of band gap energy. An electrochemical reaction model was proposed to explain the growth process of ZnO nanorods. Importantly, the rapid synthesis of ZNRs provided the feasibility of preparation of SERS （surface enhanced Raman scattering） nanocomposite within shorter time by a subsequent electrochemical etching.     

Surface modification of ZnO nanorods with CdS quantum dots for application in inverted organic solar cells: effect of deposition duration

Incorporating cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) onto ZnO nanorod (ZNRs) has been investigated to be an efficient approach to enhance the photovoltaic performance of the inverted organic solar cell (IOSC) devices based on ZNRs/poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). To synthesize CdS/ZNRs, different durations of deposition per cycle from 1 to 9 min were used to deposit CdS via SILAR technique onto ZNRs surface grown via hydrothermal method at low temperature on FTO substrate. In typical procedures, P3HT as donor polymer were spun-coating onto CdS/ZNRs to fabricate IOSC devices, followed by Ag deposition as anode by magnetron sputtering technique. Incorporation of CdS QDs has modified the morphological, structural, and optical properties of ZNRs. Incorporation of CdS QDs onto ZNRs also led to higher open circuit voltage (V_oc) and short circuit current density (J_sc) of optimum ZNRs/CdS QDs devices due to the increased interfacial area between ZNRs and P3HT for more efficient exciton dissociation, reduced interfacial charge carrier recombination as a result of lower number of oxygen defects which act as electron traps in ZnO and prolonged carrier recombination lifetime. Therefore, the ZNRs/CdS QDs/P3HT device exhibited threefold higher PCE (0.55%) at 5 min in comparison to pristine ZNR constructed device (0.16%). Overall, our study highlights the potential of ZNRs/CdS QDs to be excellent electron acceptors for high efficiency hybrid optoelectronic devices.     

Low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis of CdS sensitized ZnO nanorods

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CNPs) sensitized zinc oxide nanorod arrays (ZNRs) were synthesized in the two step deposition process at relatively low temperature. The vertically aligned ZNRs were grown on the conducting glass substrates (FTO) using aqueous chemical method, followed by the deposition of CNPs at 70 °C using chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The samples were characterized by optical absorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Further, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of ZNRs with and without CNPs sensitization was tested in Na₂S-NaOH-S and Na₂SO₄ electrolyte, respectively. When the CNPs are coated on the ZNRs, the optical absorption is enhanced and band edge is shifted towards visible region (525 nm) as compared with ZNRs (375 nm). The sample sensitized with CNPs shows higher photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance with maximum short circuit current of (I_sc) 2.60 mA/cm².     

Novel Nanomaterials Synthesis by Laser-Liquid-Solid Interaction

A novel laser-liquid-solid interaction (LLSI) technique has been developed that is highly flexible and allows engineering nanomaterials in form of particles, rods, and tubes from liquid precursors. Synthesis reaction takes place in a molecular level and reaction rate is controlled by laser energy input, precursor solution chemistry, and other processing parameters including interaction time, and thermal conductivity of solid that is spinning in the solution. By the proper selection of liquid precursor, mono-dispersed silver nanoparticles were produced with average particle size 7-10 nm. Alloy composed Ag and Ni were produced in the form of nanoparticles and nanotubes with an average diameter of 40 nm. HRTEM of nanorod exhibited that Ag acted as seed for the synthesis of immiscible of Ag-Ni alloy. Laser writing of silver exhibited 50% lower electrical resistivity and eliminated many intermediate steps involved as compared to conventional silver patterning process.     

Controlled growth of ZnO nanorods on common paper substrate and their application for flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators

A simple and effective method of synthesizing nanorods (NRs) and the ability to control the size and aspect ratio of them are crucial for fabricating nanodevices. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the growth of ZnO NRs on common paper substrates using a hydrothermal approach by adjusting the growth conditions. By a slight variation of the solution concentration and the growth time, significant changes in morphology and size (aspect ratio) of the obtained ZnO NRs have been controlled. Moreover, the piezoelectric power generation from ZnO-paper nanogenerators grown with different precursor concentration and growth time are also investigated. It is found that the morphology and aspect ratio of NRs have significant influence on the piezoelectric behavior. This type of flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator will have potential applications in implantable biosensors and wearable self-powered electronic devices.     

ZnO nanorods, nanotubes and nanorings: controlled synthesis and structural properties

Controlled synthesis of ZnO nanorods (ZNRDs), nanotubes (ZNTs) and nanorings (ZNRs) has been carried out by a two-step sonochemical/chemical process at room temperature without any catalyst, template or seed layer. The crystallinity, structure and morphology of ZNRDs, ZNRs and ZNTs were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron micrographs (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The as-prepared ZnO nanostructures were single crystalline with hexagonal cross-section and uniform size. The effect of precursor concentration on the growth and that of the etching duration on the hollow formation were analyzed, and the obtained results revealed that the precursor concentration and etching time play an important role in determining final morphologies of the samples. By tuning the etching time, the precise size control of ZNTs and ZNRs was achieved. Possible formation mechanisms of these nanostructures are proposed based on the experimental results.     

Light absorption efficiencies of gold nanoellipsoid at different resonance frequency

Light absorption efficiencies (defined as the ratio of the absorption cross section to the total extinction cross section at each resonance wavelength) of gold nanodisk and nanorod were calculated based on quasi-static approximation. The absorption efficiency solely depends on the frequency of surface plasmon resonance. With increasing resonance wavelength, the absorption efficiencies change in the same fashion for both nanodisk and nanorod. However, the resonance absorption at short wavelength is easy to be obtained by gold nanodisk, whereas the resonance absorption at longer wavelength is easy to be obtained by gold nanorod. High absorption efficiency (>98%) can be obtained in the visible region by increasing the aspect ratio of gold nanodisk. Although the longitudinal absorption efficiency of gold nanorod is relative lower by increasing the aspect ratio, the absorption efficiency is also tunable in the near infrared region, which makes it potentially useful in silicon solar cells and vivo applications. Jian Zhu and Jian-Jun Li have contributed equally to this work.     

Fabrication of free-standing Cu nanorod arrays on Cu disc by template-assisted electrodeposition

Free-standing Cu nanorod arrays on Cu foil have been fabricated by a template-assisted method. Cu nanorods were potentiostatically deposited on mechanically polished Cu foil using anodized aluminum oxide templates as the deposition mask. Three electrolyte systems were compared, including two acid copper sulfate based solutions and one alkaline solution. The most uniform nanorods were achieved in the alkaline electrolyte. The weight gain per unit area after electrodeposition has been used as a direct measure of average length of deposited Cu nanorods. It was found that our control over the uniformity in nanorod length across the array is important in reaching the maximized aspect ratio without aggregation. Through controlling the weight change it was possible to control the aspect ratio of nanorods and to avoid aggregation of nanorods. Our capability to fabricate free-standing Cu nanorod arrays of uniform height with maximized aspect ratio on Cu foil is especially important in applying this nanostructured Cu as a current collector in Li ion batteries.     

Polypyrrole nanorod networks/carbon nanoparticles composite counter electrodes for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells

Polypyrrole(PPy) nanorod networks with a high electrical conductivity of 40 S cm(-1) have been obtained in a high yield by employing an ion association of heparin-methylene blue as a new morphology-directing agent. The polypyrrole nanorod networks are mixed with different content of carbon nanoparticles to make PPy nanorod networks/carbon nanoparticles(PPy/C) counter electrodes. It is found that the PPy/C composite with 10% carbon content shows a lower charge transfer resistance and better catalytic performance for the reduction of I(3)(-), compared with the pristine PPy and carbon electrodes. The better catalytic performance is attributed to the interaction of the superior electrocatalytic activity of the unique polypyrrole nanorod networks and the carbon nanoparticles, which can accelerate triiodide reduction and electron transfer in the electrode. Under standard AM 1.5 sunlight illumination, the dye-sensitized solar cell based on the PPy/C composite with 10% carbon content as the counter electrode demonstrates a high efficiency of 7.2%, which is much higher than that of pristine PPy and carbon electrode-based DSCs and comparable to that of the thermal decomposed Pt-based DSC.