聚乳酸纳米填充改性的研究进展

总结了近年来国内外纳米填料填充改性聚乳酸(PLA)的研究进展.介绍了纳米填料对聚乳酸结晶性能、力学性能、热稳定性能、降解性能、生物相容性的影响.指出了目前纳米填料填充改性聚乳酸存在的问题,展望了聚乳酸/纳米复合材料的发展前景.     

无机填料对木粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料性能的影响

目的考察无机填料的种类、粒径以及添加量对PF/HDPE复合材料力学性能和热稳定性的影响。方法以杨木纤维(PF)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、BaSO4、CaCO3、云母粉为原料,采用熔融共混和注塑成型的方法制备PF/HDPE复合材料,进行力学、热重、扫描电镜测试分析。结果3种无机填料均改善了PF/HDPE复合材料力学及热稳定性能,填充CaCO3获得的复合材料性能优于填充BaSO4、云母粉获得的复合材料,并且随着填料颗粒粒径的减少,改善效果增强。填料的添加量需要保持在一定范围内,添加量过低或过高均会造成性能下降。结论添加CaCO3(质量分数为9%,3000目)制备的PF/HDPE复合材料具有最佳的力学及热稳定性。     

聚丙烯基纳米复合材料的物理性能

综述了聚丙烯(PP)基纳米复合材料的动态力学性能、结晶性能、阻燃性能、导电性能、分散性等物理性能的国内外研究进展。相对纯高分子材料或传统填充复合材料，聚丙烯纳米复合材料具有快的结晶速率、高的结晶温度和阻燃性能，纳米复合材料中聚丙烯结晶速率和结晶温度的提高归结于高表面积的纳米粒子存在强的异相成核作用，阻燃性能的提高归结于热稳定性提高和在少量填料时就可形成绝缘不燃炭层。     

多壁碳纳米管/三元乙丙橡胶复合材料的热电效应及其力学性能研究

以经处理过的多壁碳纳米管(MW-CNTs)为导热导电填料、三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为基体,采用机械共混法制备了MW-CNTs/EPDM复合材料。研究了碳纳米管填料在低填充量(6%)下对复合材料体积电阻率、热导率、热稳定性及力学性能的影响,并通过扫描电镜观察分析MW-CNTs在复合材料中的分布。结果表明:处理后的MWCNTs在EPDM基质中能形成良好的聚合物填料界面,分散均匀,形成有效的导电导热网链。复合材料的体积电阻率随着MW-CNTs填充量的增加而呈数量级的递减,导热系数随之增加,热稳定性提高,填充后的复合材料具有较好的物理机械性能。     

碳包钴纳米颗粒/聚二甲基硅氧烷复合热界面材料的制备和性能

为了制备具有良好的热导率、热稳定性、导电性和柔顺性的纳米颗粒填充硅树脂复合材料,首先以乙基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为基体材料,以碳包钴纳米颗粒(C@Co)为填料,采用研磨共混法制备了C@Co/PDMS复合热界面材料。然后,运用TEM、XRD、Raman和SEM分别对C@Co的微观结构、物相、石墨化程度和分散性进行了研究。最后,研究了C@Co含量对复合热界面材料的热导率、热稳定性、导电性和柔顺性的影响。结果表明:该复合热界面材料的热导率随着C@Co含量的增加而增大,当C@Co的含量为24wt%时,复合材料的热导率达到最大值1.64 W/(m·K),比纯PDMS的提高了10.7倍;TG分析表明,添加24wt%的C@Co后,复合材料的起始分解温度和最终分解温度比纯PDMS的分别提高了约70℃和80℃,说明C@Co能提高复合材料的热稳定性;随着C@Co含量的增加,复合热界面材料的电导率非线性增大,拟合试差计算的逾渗阀值为10wt%,即C@Co含量小于10wt%时复合材料的绝缘性良好,而填充24wt%的C@Co时复合材料的电导率为9.38×10-3 S·m-1;复合材料的硬度适中,处于17.6~26.8HA范围内,表明该复合材料的柔顺性较好。因此,24wt%C@Co/PDMS复合材料不仅能满足热界面材料电性能的基本要求,且具有良好的热导率、热稳定性和柔顺性。     

两种核-壳结构复合微球对聚丙烯的改性研究

以吸附自组装和共缩聚法制备的PS/MCM-41-g-MPS和P(St-MPS)/MCM-41两种具有不同界面作用的"核-壳"结构复合微球为填料,对聚丙烯(Polypropylene, PP)进行改性,研究了复合微球种类及用量对PP力学与结晶性能的影响.结果表明:两种复合微球的添加均可以显著提高PP的力学性能,在复合微球...     

机械力化学法制备河蚌珍珠层生物填料及其表面特性研究

以废弃河蚌壳为原料,经去除角质层、分离棱柱层,得到珍珠层。采用机械力化学法研磨得到生物填料(HBZZC),对其物相组成、微观形貌、热稳定性及其亲水、亲油性等表面特性进行了分析表征。实验结果表明制备的生物填料主要成分为文石碳酸钙,成片状,粒径大小约为40～1000nm,有机物含量约为4.34%,热稳定性良好。表面元素平均原子分数为Ca(8.71%),C(45.17%),O(43.79%),N(2.33%),其中有机物中各元素实际原子分数为C(64.59%),O(31.28%),N(4.13%)。HBZZC粉体具有亲水、亲油双亲性,对正庚烷浸润,对水的接触角约为24.5°。利用河蚌壳为原料生产的生物填料在水性涂料和树脂中具有良好的应用前景。     

麦秸秆/聚丙烯发泡复合材料的热稳定性与微观结构

为探讨发泡剂偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)添加量对麦秸秆/聚丙烯(PP)发泡复合材料的热稳定性、微观结构以及化学结构的影响,采用TG-DSC、FTIR和体视显微镜分析了麦秸秆/PP发泡复合材料的热稳定性、化学结构和微观结构,并测定了复合材料的线性膨胀系数、导热系数、表观密度和力学性能。结果表明:AC添加量及其热分解程度均对麦秸秆/PP发泡复合材料的热稳定性、泡孔结构和热膨胀性能影响显著;当AC添加量为1.0wt%时,其热分解程度最高,复合材料具有较好的热稳定性,泡孔结构均匀,麦秸秆与基体界面稳定,线性膨胀系数最小。所得结论表明,当AC添加量为1.0wt%时,麦秸秆/PP发泡复合材料具有较好的综合性能。      

CaCO3增强马来酸化蓖麻油树脂及其泡沫塑料

以马来酸化蓖麻油(MACO)为主要原料,利用无机矿物碳酸钙(CaCO₃)粒子作为增强材料制备了环境友好的CaCO₃/MACO复合材料及其泡沫塑料,研究了CaCO₃对MACO力学性能、动态力学性能和热稳定性的影响,分析了无机粒子与基体间的界面相互作用.研究结果表明:CaCO₃含量及其与MACO基体聚合物间的界面黏结是影响复合材料强度的关键因素.随CaCO₃含量增加,CaCO₃/MACO复合材料的刚性增加,当CaCO₃添加量为60wt%时,复合材料的拉伸和弯曲强度达到最优,分别为26.7 MPa 和46.2 MPa,基本达到部分通用塑料的水平.动态力学和热稳定性分析证明:CaCO₃作为增强填料可有效提高蓖麻油基塑料的储存模量、玻璃化转变温度和热分解温度.这些行为归于MACO树脂中的羧基和羰基官能团能与CaCO₃发生氢键和配位键合作用,形成良好的界面结合.CaCO₃也能增强CaCO₃/MACO复合泡沫塑料,当泡沫塑料密度为0.24 g/cm³时,加入20wt%的 CaCO₃,其压缩强度和模量比纯泡沫塑料的分别提高142.0%和211.5%.添加矿物填料可降低材料中石油基原料的用量,降低材料成本,增加复合材料与环境的相容性.     

聚丙烯/三元乙丙胶/凹凸棒土三元复合体系的力学性能与亚微相态

通过两步法共混工艺制备了含核-壳结构特征相包容粒子的聚丙烯／三元乙丙胶／凹凸棒土三元复合材料,研究了复合材料的力学性能和亚微现相态结构,并对核-壳结构特征相包容粒子对PP的增韧机理进行了初步探讨．结果表明,AT在EPDM中疏松堆砌,形成以AT堆砌体为核、EPDM为壳的分散岛相。核-壳结构特征相包容粒子对基体具有良好的增韧和增强效果的平衡,对于m(PP)／m(EPDM)／m(AT)=100／20／5的体系,其缺口冲击强度较纯PP提高约5倍,而屈服强度和扬氏模量分别较m(PP)／m(EPDM)=100／20体系提高25％和110％。     

Continuous-glass-fibre-reinforced polypropylene composites: I. Influence of maleic-anhydride-modified polypropylene on mechanical properties

This study investigates the influence of maleicanhydride-modified polypropylene (m-PP) on monotonic mechanical properties of continuous-glass-fibre-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Maleicanhydride-modified polypropylene was added to the PP homopolymer to improve the adhesion between the matrix and the glass fibre. Three-point bending tests were performed on 0° and 90° unidirectional glass-fibre/PP laminates with various weight fractions of m-PP in the PP matrix. These tests showed an increase in both longitudinal and transverse flexural strength up to 10 wt% m-PP, whereas at higher weight fractions of m-PP a decrease in flexural strength was observed. No significant influence of m-PP on composite stiffness was observed. Additional mechanical tests on unidirectional glass/PP composites with 0 wt% and 10 wt% m-PP showed only a small increase in fibre-dominated properties such as longitudinal tensile strength and strain, whereas composite properties that are governed by the interphase, such as transverse, shear and compressive strength, showed significant increases as a result of matrix modification and an enhanced interaction between the glass fibres and the PP matrix.     

The reuse of nonmetals recycled from waste printed circuit boards as reinforcing fillers in the polypropylene composites

The feasibility of reusing nonmetals recycled from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) as reinforcing fillers in the polypropylene (PP) composites is studied by using both mechanical and vicat softening temperature (VST) tests. The concentration of Cu leaded from the composites is also tested. The mechanical test shows that both tensile and flexural properties of the nonmetals/PP composites can be significantly improved by adding the nonmetals into PP. The maximum increment of tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the PP composites is 28.4%, 62.9%, 87.8% and 133.0%, respectively. As much as 30 wt% nonmetals recycled from waste PCBs can be added in the PP composites without violating the environmental regulation. The VST test shows that the presence of nonmetals can improve the heat resistance of the nonmetals/PP composites for their potential applications. The optimum particle is the fine or medium nonmetals recycled from waste PCBs, and the optimum content of the nonmetals is 30 wt% basing on the comprehensive consideration. All the above results indicate that the reuse of nonmetals as reinforcing fillers in the PP composites represents a promising way for recycling resources and resolving the environmental pollutions.     

凹凸棒土/ 聚丙烯/ 聚碳酸酯三元复合材料的力学性能及增韧机理

通过两步法熔融共混工艺制备了具有核壳特征凹凸棒土(AT) / 聚丙烯( PP) / 聚碳酸酯( PC) 三元复合材料。利用TEM 观察复合体系的亚微相态。使用万能材料拉力机、冲击实验仪等手段测试了复合材料的力学性能, 并对三元复合体系的增韧机理进行了探讨。结果表明, PC 连续相中形成了以AT 为核、PP 为壳的分散相。这种核2壳结构特征相包容粒子对PC 具有良好的增韧效果, 且强度较PP/ PC 二元共混体系有所提高。结合冲击断面形貌的SEM 分析, 认为AT/ PP/ PC 三元复合体系中的增韧机制主要是界面脱粘、空化作用和AT 对分散相的增强作用。      

类水滑石的制备与改性及其在聚丙烯阻燃中的应用

采用共沉淀法制备了镁铝类水滑石（LDHs）前驱体,加入少量聚磷酸铵（APP）制得APP-LDHs,探讨了不同质量分数APP对LDHs晶体生长的影响;当APP在LDHs前驱浆液中添加量为0.8wt%时,将APP-LDHs与季戊四醇（PER）、硅烷偶联剂KH-550进行球磨混合,制备插层包覆改性的LDHs;通过XRD、FTIR、SEM和TG等对改性前后的LDHs进行了表征;采用极限氧指数（LOI）、垂直燃烧测试（UL-94）、缺口冲击和弯曲实验等方法研究了LDHs改性前后LDHs/聚丙烯（PP）复合材料的阻燃性能及力学性能的差异。研究结果表明：APP的加入,未显著影响LDHs的层板生长,但其层板堆叠受到抑制;SEM观察表明,所制备的LDHs为片状,且经插层包覆改性后的LDHs粉体形貌较为规整,颗粒粒径为100~250 nm;改性LDHs在较高温度下的热稳定性显著优于未改性的LDHs;当PP中加入质量分数为20%的LDHs及改性LDHs时,可抑制PP燃烧时产生的熔滴,并促使LDHs/PP复合材料表面形成炭层;改性LDHs/PP复合材料具有更好的阻燃性能,且其冲击强度、弯曲强度等力学性能下降不明显。     

A comparative study of the effect of different rigid fillers on the fracture and failure behavior of polypropylene based composites

Polypropylene (PP) composites with 5 wt% of different rigid particles (Al₂O₃ nanoparticles, SiO₂ nanoparticles, Clay (Cloisite 20A) nanoparticles or CaCO₃ microparticles) were obtained by melt mixing. Composites with different CaCO₃ content were also prepared. The effect of fillers, filler content and addition of maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP) on the composites fracture and failure behavior was investigated. For PP/CaCO₃ composites, an increasing trend of stiffness with filler loading was found while a decreasing trend of strength, ductility and fracture toughness was observed. The addition of MAPP was beneficial and detrimental to strength and ductility, respectively mainly as a result of improved interfacial adhesion. For the composites with 5 wt% of CaCO₃ or Al₂O₃, no significant changes in tensile properties were found due to the presence of agglomerated particles. However, the PP/CaCO₃ composite exhibited the best tensile behavior: the highest ductility while keeping the strength and stiffness of neat PP. In general, the composites with SiO₂ or Clay, on the other hand, displayed worse tensile strength and ductility. These behaviors could be probably related to the filler ability as nucleating agent. In addition, although the incorporation of MAPP led to improved filler dispersion, it was damaging to the material fracture behavior for the composites with CaCO₃, Al₂O₃ or Clay, as a result of a higher interfacial adhesion, the retardant effect of MAPP on PP nucleation and the lower molecular weight of the PP/MAPP blend. The PP/MAPP/SiO₂ composite, on the other hand, showed slightly increased toughness respect to the composite without MAPP due to the beneficial concomitant effects of the presence of some amount of the β crystalline phase of PP and the better filler dispersion promoted by the coupling agent which favor multiple crazing. From modeling of strength, the effect of MAPP on filler dispersion and interfacial adhesion in the PP/CaCO₃ composites was confirmed.     

竹纤维组合形态对竹纤维/聚丙烯复合材料性能的影响

以聚丙烯（PP）为基体,单根竹纤维（SBF）和竹纤维束（BFS）两种形态竹纤维为增强体,采用无纺气流铺装-模压工艺制备了SBF-BFS/PP复合材料。通过力学试验机、SEM、TGA、DSC等对SBF-BFS/PP复合材料的力学性能、微观形貌、热性能等进行表征,研究竹纤维形态配比变化对SBF-BFS/PP复合材料综合性能的影响。结果表明,在纤维总含量不变情况下,SBF在两种形态竹纤维中的含量逐步增加时,SBF-BFS/PP复合材料冲击强度和弹性模量逐步增加; SBF在两种形态竹纤维中质量分数为90wt%时,SBF-BFS/PP复合材料冲击强度和弹性模量比SBF质量分数为10wt%时分别提高了26.46%和38.39%; SEM结果表明,竹纤维与PP基体存在较差界面相容性,竹纤维出现断裂和拔出等现象;热失重结果表明,随着SBF含量的增加,SBF-BFS/PP复合材料的耐热性能并没有明显变化。此外,对SBF-BFS/PP复合材料的耐水性能测试结果表明,由于SBF比表面积大,随SBF含量的增加,SBF-BFS/PP复合材料中易吸水组分增加,从而导致其耐水性能下降。      

Synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes via pyrolysis of plastic waste using a two-stage process

The pyrolysis of different plastic waste types such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS) for producing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using a two-stage process has been investigated. Firstly, the cracking of plastic wastes was carried out at a temperature of 700°C to produce hydrocarbon gases. In the second stage, the produced hydrocarbon gases were decomposed at 650°C on the surface of the Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst to form CNTs. Various analytical tools such as XRD, TPR, TGA, Raman spectroscopy and TEM were used to describe both the fresh catalyst and the obtained CNTs. The results showed that the amount of the hydrocarbon gases was related to the type of plastic waste and hence the CNT yield. Accordingly, LDPE or PP was decomposed to produce the largest gases yield of 72.5 or 70.7 wt%, respectively. As a result, a large CNTs yield of 5.8 and 5 g/g_cat can be achieved by pyrolysis of PP and LDPE waste, respectively. However, a small yield of CNTs with little quality and low purity was obtained by using PS or PET waste as the carbon feedstock.     

石墨烯-铁酸铋纳米晶复合材料的制备及其催化性能研究

BiFeO3(BFO)是一种新型可回收光响应催化剂,但较高的光生电子/空穴对复合率和较低的量子产率限制了其实际应用.本研究通过水热法制备出还原氧化石墨烯-BFO(RGO-BFO)纳米晶复合材料,表征与测试结果表明,相比于BFO颗粒,复合材料的禁带宽度Eg为2.0 eV,降低约10％;40 min对亚甲基蓝吸附-催化效率...     

Preparation and properties of polypropylene reinforced by smectite

Toluene solutions of hydrophobic smectite (SAN) and polypropylene (PP) were mixed thoroughly. Trimethylsilylated SAN was also used to examine the effects of the surface modification. In both the smectites, the resulting mixtures were transparent but the stacked layer structures were retained, with expansion of the interlayer distance from 2.26 nm to 5 nm. The PP containing the fine SAN filler particles was prepared after removal of toluene, followed by mixing with the PP to produce a 3 wt% SAN content. The SAN particles were more finely dispersed in the resulting composites than was achieved by conventional mechanical mixing, but the mechanical properties were not improved remarkably. The trimethylsilylation conferred no favourable effect on the mechanical properties of the composite.