回火温度对淬火后30MnB5热成形钢组织与性能影响

将30MnB5热成形钢进行淬火和回火处理,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、能谱仪和拉伸性能检测等方法研究了不同回火温度后的显微组织和力学性能变化.经200℃保温2 min回火后热成形钢的综合力学性能最佳,抗拉强度为1774 MPa,总伸长率为8%,强塑积达14 GPa·%以上,该性能满足热成形后作为汽车结构件的使用要求;并且随着回火温度的升高,力学性能呈非单调性变化.200℃低温回火后,主要为板条马氏体和ε碳化物,位错密度略有降低,析出的ε碳化物粒子呈针状分布在马氏体板条内,长度方向大小为100 nm左右,并与位错发生钉扎作用.随着回火温度的升高,板条马氏体发生回复和再结晶,板条边界逐渐模糊,并向等轴状铁素体转变,位错密度显著降低,ε碳化物逐渐向低能态的近球形渗碳体转变并粗化至200 nm左右,对位错的钉扎作用也随之减弱.      

Effect of Chemistry on Nonisothermal Tempering and Softening of Dual-Phase Steels

In sequel to our recent report,[1] we demonstrate in this article the effect of chemistry on nonisothermal tempering and softening behavior of dual-phase steels. The martensite morphology and tempered structure were analyzed using electron microscopy. Electron energy loss spectrometry and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used for a compositional analysis. It was observed that characteristic of the tempered structure in dual-phase (DP) steels was a function of prior martensite structure and chemistry, which in turn influence the extent of softening.     

2 200 MPa级二次硬化型超高强度钢析出相及力学性能

 采用SEM、TEM、HRTEM、物理化学相分析法研究了回火温度对Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-W系2 200 MPa级二次硬化型超高强度钢的析出相及力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在回火过程中具有明显二次硬化现象;抗拉强度、屈服强度在490、530 ℃达到峰值,峰值强度分别为2 243、1 859 MPa;试验钢在510 ℃具有较好的综合力学性能,抗拉强度为2 185 MPa,屈服强度为1 859 MPa,冲击功为35 J;在400～440 ℃回火时,马氏体板条内和板条界处析出大量粗大的层片状渗碳体;回火温度高于470 ℃时,板条内析出大量均匀弥散分布的细小M2C碳化物及少量的laves相Fe2W,这是产生二次硬化现象的原因;随着回火温度的升高,M2C型碳化物中的钼、钨元素质量分数增加,铁、铬质量分数降低。     

回火温度对改进型T23钢冲击吸收功的影响

T23钢较高的再热裂纹敏感性严重危害了超超临界火电厂的安全运行.前期通过成分改进得到的改进型T23钢再热裂纹敏感性得到了较大的改善,但冲击吸收功较低.为了提高改进型T23钢的冲击吸收功,研究了回火温度对改进型T23钢显微组织、硬度和冲击吸收功的影响.测量改进型T23钢750～810℃回火后的硬度和冲击吸收功,并利用光学...     

Heat treatment process of 30CrMo hot rolled steel produced by CSP process

The effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of 30CrMo hot rolled steel produced by CSP (compact strip production) process were investigated. The results show that the martensite is obtained in the experimental steels by oil quenched from 900?? after holding for 15min and 60min. And the samples which oil quenched from 900?? after holding for 15min have the better mechanical properties after tempering at different temperatures. With the increase of tempering temperature, the decomposition of martensite accelerated that resulted in the lath character of martensite gradually disappeared and the precipitation of cementite in matrix. When the tempering temperature increased from 200?? to 600??, the tensile strength decreased from 1744MPa to 949MPa and the hardness of the experimental steel decreased from 50. 8HRC to 35. 3HRC.While the elongation first decreased and then increased, the yield strength first increased and then decreased. When the tempering temperature is 300??, the experimental steel has the maximum yield strength and theminimum elongation which are 1421MPa and 7. 5%, respectively. Moreover, the model was developed to predict the hardness of experimental steel after tempered at different temperatures for 120min. The calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Microstructural evolution of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel

The tempering and subsequent annealing of modified 9Cr-lMo steel have been investigated to determine the influence of trace amounts of V and Nb on the sequence of precipitation processes and to identify the basis for the enhanced high-temperature strength compared to the standard 9Cr-lMo composition. Air cooling (normalizing) from 1045 °C results in the precipitation of fine (Fe, Cr)₃C particles within the martensite laths. Additional carbide precipitation and changes in the dislocation structure occur during the tempering of martensite at 700 °C and 760 °C after normalizing. The precipitation of M₂₃C₆ carbides occurs preferentially at lath interfaces and dislocations. The formation of Cr₂C was detected during the first hour of tempering over the range of 650 °C to 760 °C but was replaced by V₄C₃ within 1 hour at 760 °C. During prolonged annealing at 550 °C to 650 °C, following tempering, the lath morphology remains relatively stable; partitioning of the laths into subgrains and some carbide coarsening are evident after 400 hours of annealing at 650 °C, but the lath morphology persists. The enhanced martensite lath stability is attributed primarily to the V₄C₃ precipitates distributed along the lath interfaces and is suggested as the basis for the improved performance of the modified 9Cr-lMo alloy under elevated temperature tensile and creep conditions.     

回火温度对Cu-Cr-Ti马氏体耐磨钢组织及强韧性的影响

摘要：矿山机械用耐磨钢构件服役环境恶劣而常常出现磨损失效,研究适用于复杂工况下的高耐磨钢成分、工艺与组织性能的关系,有利于提高耐磨构件的服役寿命并降低经济损失。利用SEM、TEM、洛氏硬度计、万能拉伸试验机及冲击试验机等,研究了160～400℃不同回火温度下Cu-Cr-Ti马氏体耐磨钢的组织形貌、强度硬度及-20℃冲击韧性的变化。结果表明,试验钢淬火态组织主要为板条马氏体,当回火温度为160℃时,马氏体板条依然清晰,但随回火温度升高到400℃,马氏体板条界渐渐消失,基体中出现大量片状或粒状渗碳体。EDS分析发现样品钢基体中含有纳米级Ti、Nb的碳氮化物。随回火温度升高,基体组织演变导致强化机制发生变化,回火温度为300℃,综合力学性能最佳,其抗拉强度为1500MPa,屈服强度1100MPa,伸长率为15.5%。随回火温度升高,-20℃冲击韧性由60J/cm2逐渐降低到36.3J/cm2。     

热输入对DP600激光焊组织和力学性能的影响

摘要：为了研究DP600钢的焊接性能,采用5种不同的激光焊接工艺进行焊接试验。结果表明,焊接接头表面成形质量良好,随着热输入的增加,上下熔宽逐渐增大;熔融区均为板条状马氏体组织,当热输入高于33J/mm时热影响区组织为马氏体、铁素体和少量的回火马氏体;当热输入低于33J/mm时,热影响区组织为马氏体和铁素体。在低热输入条件下,回火时间很短,马氏体未发生分解;在高的热输入条件下,回火时间较长,马氏体分解显著,热影响区中出现M3C型碳化物,碳化物形貌以球状和片状为主。从熔融区到母材,显微硬度值逐渐降低;焊接接头静态拉伸失效位置均在母材,拉伸断口为韧性断口,DP600钢激光焊接接头不存在软化现象。     

Effects of Tempering Temperature and Mo/Ni on Microstructures and Properties of Lath Martensitic Wear-Resistant Steels

 The tempering behavior was experimentally studied in lath martensitic wear-resistant steels with various Mo/Ni contents after tempering at different temperatures from 200 to 600 ℃. It is shown that a good combination of hardness (HV) (420-450) and -20 ℃ impact toughness (38-70 J) can be obtained after quenching and tempering at 200-250 ℃. The microstructure at this temperature is lath structure with rod-like and/or flake-like ε-carbide with about 10 nm in width and 100 nm in length in the matrix, and the fracture mechanism is quasi-cleavage fracture combining with ductile fracture. Tempering at temperature from 300 to 400 ℃ results in the primary quasi-cleavage fracture due to the carbide transformation from resolved retained austenite and impurity segregation between laths or blocks. However, when the tempering temperature is higher than 500 ℃, the hardness (HV) is lower than 330 and the fracture mechanism changes to ductile fracture due to the spheroidization and coarsening of cementite. Additions of Mo and Ni have no significant effects on the carbides morphologies at low tempering temperatures, but improve the resistance to softening and embrittling for steels when tempered at above 350 ℃.     

低碳钢在高温共焦激光扫描显微镜下马氏体相变的原位观察研究

利用高温共焦激光扫描显微镜,对低碳钢进行了马氏体相变的原位动态观察。结果表明,实验用低碳钢在连续冷却过程中形成板条马氏体,Ms点约为373 ℃,Mf点约为300 ℃。板条马氏体主要在退火孪晶处以及奥氏体晶界及其角隅处形核,或者在先形成的板条处形核,再以60°或120°角向奥氏体晶内生长。板条束的形成也有两种类型,一类以先形成的板条为基准逐步形成彼此平行的板条束,另一类则由先形成的板条触发60°或120°方向的板条。最终构成正三角形、平行四边形等几何形状。     

回火温度对Mn-Ni钢亚稳奥氏体形貌及其力学性能的影响

 利用了X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）研究了回火温度对一种Mn-Ni钢亚稳奥氏体形貌及其力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,室温亚稳奥氏体的体积分数逐渐升高。当回火温度为600和625 ℃时,亚稳奥氏体主要以片层状在回火马氏体板条间析出,且排列方向与周围的马氏体板条平行,这种片层状亚稳奥氏体分布较为均匀,尺寸较小,约为60～100 nm,且稳定性较高;当回火温度为650 ℃时,试验钢中出现尺寸较大的块状奥氏体在回火马氏体界面的交叉处不均匀析出。分析表明,块状奥氏体有利于提高钢的塑性,不利于改善钢的低温韧性;而片层状奥氏体能大幅度的改善钢的低温韧性。     

Structure-property changes during hardening and tempering of new ultra high strength medium carbon low alloy steel

Abstract

A medium carbon low alloy steel, electroslag refined, modified AFNOR 15CDV6, has been developed for satellite launch vehicle and related applications. Conventionally processed (without electroslag refining) mostly bainitic AFNOR 15CDV6 (with 0·15 wt-% carbon and ~ 3·5 wt-% other alloying elements) has a yield strength of ~ 800 MPa. Electroslag refining, coupled with increased carbon (0·29 wt-% carbon, but no change in percentage of other alloying elements), increased the yield strength to about 1300-1400 MPa, without sacrificing ductility. The microstructure of the modified grade was martensitic. Martensite in the as hardened state was mostly in the form of laths, although ~20% plate martensite was also observed. Until 150°C tempering, no noticeable loss of tetragonality was observed, while the unit cell parameter c/a ratio dropped to almost 1 after 300°C tempering. The interesting observation at 150°C tempering was the predominant presence of fine rodlike ? carbide, which may also explain the increased yield strength. Tempering above 150°C converted the ? carbide to cementite, relatively thicker precipitates of similar morphology. At higher tempering temperatures, no evidence of spheroidisation of cementites was noted. The highest tempering temperatures of 500 and 600°C resulted in two marked changes in the microstructure: the appearance of M₂₃C₆ type (Cr, Fe and Mo bearing) carbides, and the appearance of, in some regions of the microstructure at least, a relatively 'recovered' lath structure. Misorientation among adjacent laths, nearly constant at 8-9° until 450°C tempering, increased noticeably, to 13 and 16°, after the respective tempering temperatures of 500 and 600°C.     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C-Mn-Mo-Cu-Nb-Ti-B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490~640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6~15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.      

回火温度对Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢组织及硬度的影响

摘要：利用OM、SEM、TEM、EBSD和维氏硬度计等手段研究了回火温度对Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢组织转变及硬度的影响，探讨了 (Ti,V,Mo)C在不同回火温度下的析出规律及其对硬度的作用机制。结果表明，在450～600℃回火时，随着回火温度的升高，硬度呈直线上升趋势，在600℃回火时硬度具有最大值450HV。随着回火温度的升高，试验钢马氏体板条块宽度由7.3μm增大至9.9μm，600℃回火时析出相粒子的平均尺寸为5nm，10nm以下的(Ti,V,Mo)C粒子可高达90%，理论计算沉淀强化增量导致硬度上升90.7HV，远高于基体软化造成的硬度损失，因而析出强化是影响Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢硬度的主要因素。在600～650℃回火，大小角度晶界分布比例基本相同，马氏体板条块的平均尺寸变化不大，但是析出相的平均尺寸由5nm提高到5.6nm，尺寸小于5nm的(Ti,V,Mo)C粒子所占比例逐渐下降，导致硬度下降。     

Carbide Precipitation in 2.25 Cr-1 Mo Bainitic Steel: Effect of Heating and Isothermal Tempering Conditions

The effect of the tempering heat treatment, including heating prior to the isothermal step, on carbide precipitation has been determined in a 2.25 Cr-1 Mo bainitic steel for thick-walled applications. The carbides were identified using their amount of metallic elements, morphology, nucleation sites, and diffraction patterns. The evolution of carbide phase fraction, morphology, and composition was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, as well as thermodynamic calculations. Upon heating, retained austenite into the as-quenched material decomposes into ferrite and cementite. M₇C₃ carbides then nucleate at the interface between the cementite and the matrix, triggering the dissolution of cementite. M₂C carbides precipitate separately within the bainitic laths during slow heating. M₂₃C₆ carbides precipitate at the interfaces (lath boundaries or prior austenite grain boundaries) and grow by attracting nearby chromium atoms, which results in the dissolution of M₇C₃ and, depending on the temperature, coarsening, or dissolution of M₂C carbides, respectively.     

Mechanism of Secondary Hardening in Rapid Tempering of Dual-Phase Steel

Dual-phase steel with ferrite-martensite-bainite microstructure exhibited secondary hardening in the subcritical heat affected zone during fiber laser welding. Rapid isothermal tempering conducted in a Gleeble simulator also indicated occurrence of secondary hardening at 773 K (500 °C), as confirmed by plotting the tempered hardness against the Holloman–Jaffe parameter. Isothermally tempered specimens were characterized by analytic transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field imaging. The cementite (Fe₃C) and TiC located in the bainite phase of DP steel decomposed upon rapid tempering to form needle-shaped Mo₂C (aspect ratio ranging from 10 to 25) and plate-shaped M₄C₃ carbides giving rise to secondary hardening. Precipitation of these thermodynamically stable and coherent carbides promoted the hardening phenomenon. However, complex carbides were only seen in the tempered bainite and were not detected in the tempered martensite. The martensite phase decomposed into ferrite and spherical Fe₃C, and interlath-retained austenite decomposed into ferrite and elongated carbide.     

Structure and mechanical properties of Fe-Cr-Mo-C alloys with and without boron

A study of the structure and mechanical properties of Fe-Cr-Mo-C martensitic steels with and without boron addition has been carried out. Nonconventional heat treatments have subsequently been designed to improve the mechanical properties of these steels. Boron has been known to be a very potent element in increasing the hardenability of steel, but its effect on structure and mechanical properties of quenched and tempered martensitic steels has not been clear. The present results show that the as-quenched structures of both steels consist mainly of dislocated martensite. In the boron-free steel, there are more lath boundary retained austenite films. The boron-treated steel shows higher strengths at all tempering temperatures but with lower Charpy V-notch impact energies. Both steels show tempered martensite embrittlement when tempered at 350 °C for 1 h. The properties above 500 °C tempering are significantly different in the two steels. While the boron-free steel shows a continuous increase in toughness when tempered above 500 °C, the boron-treated steel suffers a second drop in toughness at 600 °C tempering. Transmission electron microscopy studies show that in the 600 °C tempered boron-treated steel large, more or less continuous cementite films are present at the lath boundaries, which are probably responsible for the embrittlement. The differences in mechanical properties at tempering temperatures above 500 °C are rationalized in terms of the effect of boron-vacancy interactions on the recovery and recrystallization behavior of these steels. Although boron seems to impair room temperature impact toughness at low strength levels, it does not affect this property at high strength levels. By simple nonconventinal heat treatments of the present alloys, martensitic steels may be produced with quite good strength-toughness properties which are much superior to those of existing commercial ultra-high strength steels. It is also shown that very good combinations of strength and toughness can be obtained with as-quenched martensitic steels.     

Investigation on microstructure and properties of a combined precipitation hardening ultrahigh strength steel

The microstructure and properties of a combined precipitation hardening ultrahigh strength steel with nano-sized carbides and intermetallics were studied systematically.The results show that after tempering at 300℃lots ofε-carbides are precipitated in the martensite,the strength rises and the toughness falls slightly.After tempering at 430℃,much coarser cementite lamina are precipitated in martensitic laths,which causes the impact toughness falls to the minimum value.With temperature further increasing the cementites are dissolved and M₂C carbides,β-NiAl intermetallics and reverse austenite begin to precipitate.The tensile strength and yield strength achieve the peak value at 470℃,490℃respectively.The tested steel achieve a tensile strength of 2 120 MPa,a yield strength of 1 950 MPa and impact energy of 54 J/cm² after optimum tempering at 510℃.When tempering temperature is above 530℃the M₂C carbides and reverse austenite is coarsening.After tempering at 560℃the reverse austenite reaches the maximum volume fraction in present work.     

The role of microstructural instability on creep behavior of a martensitic 9Cr-2W steel

The microstructural instability during creep and its effect on creep behavior were investigated for a martensitic 9Cr-2W steel. The steel was developed as a low radioactive steel suitable for fusion reactor structure. Creep testing was carried out at 873 K for up to 15,100 ks (4200 hours). The creep curve consisted of transition creep, where creep rate decreased with time, and acceleration creep, where creep rate increased with time. During creep, microstructural instability, such as the recovery of dislocations, the agglomeration of carbides, and the growth of martensite lath subgrains, was observed to occur, which resulted in softening but no hardening. The transition creep was a consequence of the movement and annihilation of excess dislocations, resulting in the decrease in dislocation density and the increase in martensite lath size with time. The acceleration creep was a consequence of a gradual loss of creep strength due to the microstructural instability which occurred from the initial stage of creep.     

冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢组织及逆变奥氏体的影响

为研究冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢的组织性能及逆变奥氏体的影响,通过淬火+回火(A钢)、淬火+冷处理+回火(B钢)以及淬火+深冷处理+回火(C钢)3种工艺进行对比研究。结果表明:实验钢中基体组织为回火马氏体,随回火温度的升高,马氏体板条变细。在相同回火温度下,A钢马氏体板条尺寸较大,B钢次之,C钢尺寸较小、且更平直。实验钢中逆变奥氏体含量随回火温度的升高先增加随后降低,在650℃时达到最大,整个过程中C钢逆变奥氏体含量高于B钢和A钢。实验钢的硬度随回火温度的升高而降低,在650℃时达到最小,随后增大。相同回火温度下,C钢硬度高于B钢,B钢高于A钢。A钢中逆变奥氏体多为块状,尺寸较大,分布较少;B钢次之;C钢中逆变奥氏体多为条状,尺寸较小,且分布均匀。