Reflectionless Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in Its Incidence on the Two‐Layer System Dielectric–Metal at an Angle

A study is made of the conditions of occurrence of the total reflectionless absorption of electromagnetic radiation in its incidence, at an angle, on a layer of an absorbing dielectric applied to a metal substrate. The equations of the relationship between the selective values of the angle of incidence of the wave and the thickness of the coating layer and its dielectric properties for which we have the effect of total absorption of the incident wave with a different type of its polarization are obtained. The possibility of experimental observation of the indicated effect is considered.     

Reflectionless absorption of electromagnetic radiation incident at an angle upon a clarified absorbing substrate

The conditions for the occurrence of complete reflectionless absorption of an electromagnetic wave when it is incident at an angle upon an absorbing substrate of infinite thickness with a layer of nonabsorbing dielectric applied to it have been found. The dependence of these conditions on the thickness of the layer of clarifying coating, angle of wave incidence, and the dielectric properties of the substrate and coating materials is investigated. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 223–228, March–April, 2008.     

Nonreflective absorption of an electromagnetic wave in its incidence on the two-layer system "magnetic–metal" at an angle

The conditions of nonreflective absorption of an electromagnetic wave in its incidence, at an angle, on a plane layer of absorbing magnetic applied to a metal substrate are found. The dependences of these conditions on the angle of incidence of the wave, the thickness of the layer, and the magnetic properties of the coating material are investigated. The possibility of separating a prescribed polarization component of the incident radiation with the use of the phenomenon of nonreflective wave absorption in the magnetic–metal system is considered.     

Analysis of the resonant scattering of light by cylinders at oblique incidence

We study the resonant scattering of light at oblique incidence by dielectric uncoated and coated cylinders. We develop a stable algorithm that permits us to calculate the resonances of a single dielectric cylinder as the tilting angle varies. This algorithm is based on semiclassical formulas for the distance between resonances. Results show that the resonances and the resonant electromagnetic energy flux near and internal to the cylindrical surface are highly sensitive to variations in the tilting angle. In addition, the coating effects are studied for scattering of light at oblique incidence by an infinite, perfect cylindrical conductor coated by a dielectric layer. In this case the resonance calculations show a peculiar similarity between this light scattering and atomic-molecular scattering. A physical interpretation for these effects is given, based on an analogy of optics and quantum mechanics.     

水下覆盖层结构的声学特性分析

根据波动理论应用分层分析的方法得到了不同入射角度、不同背衬情况时声波在水下覆盖层结构中的吸声、反射系数以及透射损失等,并数值计算了不同入射角度下三种背衬条件下的透射损失,分析表明:声波垂直入射时透射损失性能最差;水背衬时水下覆盖层结构的透射损失低频时很小,中高频时急剧增加;单壳背衬低频时壳体本身起主要的吸收作用;中高频时水下覆盖层结构的吸收作用逐渐明显;双层壳背衬时其透射损失频响曲线出现谐振峰,削弱水下覆盖层结构的声学性能,总体来说,敷设非均匀结构要优于敷设均匀结构。     

Experiments on measurement transducers using a TEM horn

The transient response of a TEM horn antenna is calculated as a function of the material of the interelectrode dielectric layer, the angle of flare of the horn, and the angle of incidence of the input electromagnetic wave. Measurement transducers incorporating an asymmetrical TEM horn antenna are investigated experimentally. The results of the calculations and the measurements are in good agreement. It is shown that a transient response closely resembling a step function can be obtained by summing the signals of two oppositely directed antennas.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 48–51, February, 1994.     

Nonpolarizing beam splitter design

A three-step design procedure is developed for dielectric stacks which are required to be nonpolarizing for a given wavelength lambdar and angle of incidence theta 0,r, at which the reflectance Rr is prescribed. The method leads to solutions in which only three layer materials occur and can be applied for a wide range of values of theta0,r and Rr. The media can be chosen from the available coating materials. Furthermore, the procedure offers the possibility of optimizing with respect to the behavior of the reflectance in the neighborhood of lambdar and theta0,r. An example is elaborated, and its results are compared with an actually produced coating.     

Tuning of emission wavelength in chiral photonic crystals with an anisotropic defect layer

We considered some properties of defect modes in chiral photonic crystals with an anisotropic defect layer at oblique light incidence. The problem was solved by Ambartsumian's layer addition method. We investigated some peculiarities of the discussed system's reflection spectra and also the polarization plane rotation spectra and polarization ellipticity spectra of the oblique light incidence for both the minimum and essential influence of the dielectric borders. Our investigations show that there is a possibility of rather a wide change of the emission wavelength in the subject system by changing the incidence angle, or by changing the doped dye concentration, or by changing the pumping wave intensity. We also investigated absorption (emission) peculiarities at different dye molecule concentration and at different chiral photonic crystal thicknesses.     

Independent electromagnetic optimization of the two coating thicknesses of a dielectric layer on the facets of an echelle grating in Littrow mount

Abstract

Electromagnetic investigations using the integral equation system method with parametrization (IESMP) show that the two-coating thicknesses of a dielectric layer on the facets of an echelle grating in a Littrow mount have to be independently optimized. While the optimal coating thickness on the blaze facet is the same for maximal efficiency and minimal absorption in both polarizations, this is not the case for the anti-blaze facet. Therefore, it is only possible to optimize the two-coating thicknesses for one of the purposes. On the blaze facet, a simple formula based on thin-film optical considerations describes the optimal thickness very well. Additionally, we found that resonance anomalies can significantly reduce efficiency if the wrong coating thickness is used on the anti-blaze facet. The coating thickness creating the resonance anomaly can be deduced by investigating the poles of the reflection coefficient of a dielectric coated metallic mirror in grazing incidence. This value can be used to optimize the layer for maximal efficiency. Consequently, we are generally able to describe the optimal coating thicknesses for minimal absorption as well as for maximum efficiency in both, TE- and TM-polarization, using only thin-film optical considerations without any further rigorous calculation.     

Infrared quarter-wave reflection retarders designed with high-spatial-frequency dielectric surface-relief gratings on a gold substrate at oblique incidence

One- and two-dimensional high-spatial-frequency dielectric surface-relief gratings on a Au substrate are used to design a high-reflectance quarter-wave retarder at 70° angle of incidence and 10.6-μm light wavelength. The equivalent homogeneous anisotropic layer model is used. It is shown that equal and high reflectances (>98.5%) for the p and the spolarizations and quarter-wave retardation can be achieved with two-dimensional ZnS surface-relief gratings. Sensitivities to changes of incidence angle, light wavelength, grating filling factor, and grating layer thickness are considered.     

Preparation and characterization of TiO2 coated Fe nanofibers for electromagnetic wave absorber

Recently, electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) have become serious problems due to the growth of electronic device and next generation telecommunication. It is necessary to develop new electromagnetic wave absorbing material to overcome the limitation of electromagnetic wave shielding materials. The EMI attenuation is normally related to magnetic loss and dielectric loss. Therefore, magnetic material coating dielectric materials are required in this reason. In this study, TiO2 coated Fe nanofibers were prepared to improve their properties for electromagnetic wave absorption. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and Iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3 x 9H2O) were used as starting materials for the synthesis of Fe oxide nanofibers. Fe oxide nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning in an electric field and heat treatment. TiO2 layer was coated on the surface of Fe oxide nanofibers using sol-gel process. After the reduction of TiO2 coated Fe oxide nanofibers, Fe nanofibers with a TiO2 coating layer of about 10 nm were successfully obtained. The morphology and structure of fibers were characterized by SEM, TEM, and XRD. In addition, the absorption properties of TiO2 coated Fe nanofibers were measured by network analyzer.     

Microstructure and solid particle erosion of carbon-based materials used for the protection of highly porous carbon–carbon composite thermal insulation

Multiparticle erosion tests were performed on candidate coating (colloidal graphite paints) and cladding (dense carbon–carbon composites and graphite foil) materials employed to protect porous carbon–carbon composite thermal insulation in vacuum and inert-gas furnaces that utilize inert gas quenching. The dependence of the erosion rate on the angle of incidence of the erodent was examined and related to the microstructure and the mechanisms of material removal as observed by SEM. In addition, the effect of a thin chemical vapour deposited (CVD) carbon layer on top of a colloidal graphite paint coating and a graphite foil clad was investigated. The coating and cladding materials displayed a greater erosion resistance at all angles of incidence compared to the porous carbon–carbon composite. In general, the greatest erosion rate was found at an angle of incidence of 90°, where the erodent stream is perpendicular to the erosion surface, and brittle fracture was the predominant mechanism of material removal. The exception was the graphite foil material which displayed maximum erosion at an angle of incidence of 60°. For this material, two mechanisms were effective: disruption of the graphite flakes, which are mainly held together by mechanical locking, and a ploughing-like mechanism. The addition of a thin CVD carbon layer to colloidal graphite paint improved performance, whereas the erosion resistance of the graphite foil was slightly degraded as the CVD layer was too thin to prevent the ploughing-like mechanism. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Electro-fragmentation analysis of dielectric thin films on flexible polymer substrates

An electro-fragmentation method was developed as a fast alternative to the time consuming fragmentation test carried out in situ in a microscope, to investigate the failure of dielectric inorganic coatings on polymer substrates. An ultrathin conductive layer was used to probe the onset of tensile failure in the dielectric coating through changes of its electrical resistance. A careful selection of the conductive layer has been carried out to avoid artifacts resulting for instance from a change of the cohesive properties (e.g. internal stress state) of the investigated structures. Au layers were found to be too ductile, contrary to Al-Ti layers that were too brittle, which invalidated the use of both materials to probe the failure of the dielectric coatings. In contrast, for structures on high-temperature polymer substrates, a 10 nm thick amorphous graphite (a-G) layer was found to accurately reproduce the cracking of the coating. The Young's modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of the a-G layer are low enough not to impact the internal strain, hence the crack onset strain of the dielectric coating. The a-G layer is also sufficiently brittle, and its cohesive failure and resulting increase of electrical resistance is triggered by the failure of the dielectric coating. The a-G electro-fragmentation method is presently limited to polymers substrates with a glass-transition temperature higher than 100 °C.     

Piezoelectric Love waves on rotated Y-cut mm2 substrates

Consider a layer consisting of a m3m dielectric crystal, with faces cut parallel to a symmetry plane. Then bond it onto a semi-infinite mm2 piezoelectric substrate. For a X- or Y-cut of the substrate, a Love wave can propagate in the resulting structure and the corresponding dispersion equation is derived analytically. It turns out that when the upper (free) face of the layer is metalized, a fully explicit treatment can also be conducted in the case of a Y-cut rotated about Z. In the case of a germanium layer over a potassium niobate substrate, the wave exists at any wavelength for X-and Y-cuts but this ceases to be the case for rotated cuts, with the appearance of forbidden ranges. By playing on the cut angle, the Love wave can be made to travel faster than, or slower than, or at the same speed as, the shear bulk wave of the layer. A by-product of the analysis is the derivation of the explicit secular equation for the Bleustein-Gulyaev wave in the substrate alone, which corresponds to an asymptotic behavior of the Love wave. The results are valid for other choices for the layer and for the substrate, provided they have the same, or more, symmetries.     

Transmission of visible light through oxidized copper films: feasibility of using a spectral projected gradient method

Transmittance measurements at normal incidence were carried out over the visible spectral range for metallic thin films deposited by electron beam evaporation on thick glass substrates. The presence of an inhomogeneous thin layer of Cu2O covering the deposited Cu films is required for a satisfactory model of the measurements taken from various samples with increasing thickness. A spectral projected gradient method is used to invert the transmission spectra from which the wavelength dependence of the effective dielectric function of the oxidized coating layer is obtained. Then an effective medium model is used to estimate the volume fraction of internal voids randomly distributed through the surface layer.     

TE-impedance of a coated right-angled wedge

The surface impedance observed by a plane TE-wave impinging on a coated right-angled perfectly conducting wedge is derived for a high contrast dissipative coating. The impedance proves to be constant ove rmost of the surface of the coating. The value of the constant agrees with that obtained when the coating is placed on an infinite perfectly conducting plane. Near the edge of the coating, however, the impedance is not invariable. Both the magnitude and phase can deviate substantially from their asymptotic values; also they change with the angle of incidence of the irradiating wave. The region of variability depends on the amount of absorption but does not exceed a free-space wavelength for the cases considered.     

Inversion of reflection ellipsometric data

The dielectric constant of an isotropic homogeneous layer on an isotropic substrate is shown to satisfy a quintic equation, with the coefficients determined by |ρ|(2) and Re(ρ), where ρ = r(p)/r(s) is found ellipsometrically. This algebraic equation eliminates many (but not all) of the nonphysical roots in the inversion of ellipsometric data. A simple form is obtained if the angle of incidence is equal to the Brewster angle of the substrate. The problem of inversion for thin films is also discussed.     

Enhancement of Omnidirectional Photonic Bandgaps in One-Dimensional Superconductor–Dielectric Photonic Crystals with a Staggered Structure

In this paper, the properties of the omnidirectional photonic bandgap (OBG) realized by one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals with a staggered structure which is composed of superconductor and isotropic dielectric have been theoretically investigated by the transfer matrix method (TMM). From the numerical results, it has been shown that such OBG is insensitive to the incident angle and the polarization of electromagnetic wave (EM wave), and the frequency range and central frequency of OBG can be tuned by the ambient temperature of system, the average thickness of superconductor layer, the average thickness of dielectric layer, and staggered parameters, respectively. The bandwidth of OBG can be notably enlarged with increasing average thickness and staggered parameter of superconductor layer. Moreover, the frequency range of OBG can be narrowed with increasing the average thickness, staggered parameter of dielectric layer, and ambient temperature, respectively. The damping coefficient of superconductor layer has no effect on the bandwidth of OBG under low-temperature conditions. It is shown that 1D superconductor–dielectric photonic crystals (SDPCs) have a superior feature in the enhancement of frequency range of OBG. This kind of OBG has potential applications in filters, microcavities, and fibers, etc.     

介电型电活性聚合物圆柱形驱动器侧向特性的研究

电活性聚合物（EAP）在实际生活中有着广泛的应用,介电型EAP圆柱形驱动器作为其典型应用之一,其输出的侧向偏转力和侧向弯曲角度受到介电型EAP膜拉伸面积比例、介电型EAP膜卷绕层数和柔性电极涂抹面积比例的影响,需要深入研究来确定其作用规律。针对这些影响因素对介电型EAP圆柱形驱动器输出的侧向性能的影响,设计制作了试验测试装置,通过控制变量试验测得了大量试验数据;分析处理试验数据,初步得出了影响因素的作用规律。结果表明：介电型EAP圆柱形驱动器输出的侧向偏转力和侧向弯曲角度都会受到介电型EAP膜拉伸面积比例、介电型EAP膜卷绕层数和柔性电极涂抹面积比例的影响,这些因素对其输出的侧向性能产生不同的作用结果。     

涂层与镀层复合雷达波吸收性能研究

以纳米铁酸镍钴铁氧体复合Co粉、羰基铁粉等为吸收剂,并采用化学镀层和涂层方法,进行了单层、双层和三层沣涂层的吸波性能实验研究.结果表明:双层复合涂层的吸波性能较单层涂层在低频段有较大的提高;三层复合涂层的吸波性能优于双层复合涂层,三层复合涂层反射率小于-5dB的频宽为4.5～18GHz,较双层涂层提高5.4GHz.其中,镀镍层对提高吸波性能作用明显.