大豆浓缩蛋白制备新工艺及其对产品性质的影响

以脱脂豆粉为原料,研究一种基于稀酸浸提的新的大豆浓缩蛋白的制备工艺,并测定不同工艺条件下产品的功能及理化性质。结果表明,脱脂豆粉经稀酸水洗20 min,重复水洗3次,再经碱改性(pH 11)处理6 h的制备工艺得到的大豆浓缩蛋白的溶解度和乳化性均优于大豆分离蛋白(SPI),并且蛋白质的分子结构发生了不同程度的解离和聚集,蛋白质分子量和粒径分布指数增大。     

TGase介导玉米醇溶蛋白改善大豆分离蛋白膜性能的研究

为改善大豆分离蛋白膜的性能,利用碱性蛋白酶制备玉米醇溶蛋白酶解产物(ZH),通过转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)催化大豆分离蛋白(SPI)与ZH发生交联反应,对反应条件进行了优化;通过控制反应时间得到4种修饰产物(分别为0 h-SPI/ZH、0.5 h-SPI/ZH、1 h-SPI/ZH、1.5 h-SPI/ZH),并对修饰产物制备的膜性能进行研究。结果表明：最佳的TGase催化SPI与ZH交联反应条件为SPI与ZH质量比3.5∶1、底物质量浓度40 mg/mL、pH 7.5、酶添加量10 U/g(以蛋白质质量计)、反应温度45℃、反应时间1.5 h;随着反应时间的延长,4种修饰产物制备的复合膜抗拉强度和不透明度增加,含水量、断裂伸长率和水蒸气透过率降低;与SPI膜相比,1.5 h-SPI/ZH制备的复合膜的抗拉强度增加了5.5%,含水量与水蒸气透过率分别下降了25.6%和32.2%,不透明度增加了114.2%。综上,采用TGase催化SPI与ZH发生交联,所制的复合膜综合品质较好,为SPI复合膜的开发提供了技术支持。     

Properties and antioxidant activity of fish skin gelatin film incorporated with citrus essential oils

Properties of protein-based film from fish skin gelatin incorporated with different citrus essential oils, including bergamot, kaffir lime, lemon and lime (50% based on protein) in the presence of 20% and 30% glycerol were investigated. Films containing 20% glycerol had higher tensile strength (TS) but lower elongation at break (EAB), compared with those prepared with 30% glycerol, regardless of essential oils incorporated (p < 0.05). Films incorporated with essential oils, especially from lime, at both glycerol levels showed the lower TS but higher EAB than the control films (without incorporated essential oil) (p < 0.05). Water vapour permeability (WVP) of films containing essential oils was lower than that of control films for both glycerol levels (p < 0.05). Films with essential oils had varying ΔE^* (total colour difference), where the highest value was observed in that added with bergamot essential oil (p < 0.05). Higher glycerol content increased EAB and WVP but decreased TS of films. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that films added with essential oils exhibited higher hydrophobicity with higher amplitude at wavenumber of 2874–2926 cm⁻¹ and 1731–1742 cm⁻¹ than control film. Film incorporated with essential oils exhibited slightly lower thermal degradation resistance, compared to the control film. Varying effect of essential oil on thermal degradation temperature and weight loss was noticeable, but all films prepared using 20% glycerol had higher thermal degradation temperature with lower weight loss, compared with those containing 30% glycerol. Films added with all types of essential oils had rough cross-section, compared with control films, irrespective of glycerol levels. However, smooth surface was observed in all film samples. Film incorporated with lemon essential oil showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (p < 0.05), while the other films had lower activity. Thus, the incorporation of different essential oils and glycerol levels directly affected the properties of gelatin-based film from fish skin.     

Round scad protein-based film: Storage stability and its effectiveness for shelf-life extension of dried fish powder

Storage stability of different round scad (Decapterus maruadsi) protein-based films including (1) control film without palm oil and chitosan, (2) film with 25% palm oil (glycerol substitution) and (3) film with 25% palm oil and 40% chitosan (protein substitution) was investigated. During storage (54% relative humidity, 28-30 °C), tensile strength (TS) of the films without and with 25% palm oil or 25% palm oil in combination with 40% chitosan increased continuously, while elongation at break (EAB) decreased markedly when storage time increased up to 8 weeks (p < 0.05). No changes in water barrier properties were observed throughout the storage time up to 4 weeks (p > 0.05). Film solubility slightly increased but protein solubility decreased continuously during storage (p < 0.05). All films became darker and more yellowish as storage time increased. When round scad muscle protein-based films were used to cover dried fish powder, the samples covered with the film containing 25% palm oil and 40% chitosan showed lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and yellowness than other samples during the extended storage up to 21 days (p < 0.05). No differences in moisture content of all samples covered with different films were noticeable (p > 0.05), except those covered with HDPE, which had the lowest moisture content. Thus, round scad protein-based film incorporated with palm oil and chitosan could be a promising packaging material to prevent lipid oxidation in oil enriched foods.     

Physico-chemical properties,morphology and antioxidant activity of film from fish skin gelatin incorporated with root essential oils

The influences of three root essential oils (ginger, turmeric and plai) at different levels (25%, 50% and 100%, based on protein content) on properties and antioxidative activity of fish skin gelatin-based film were investigated. Films incorporated with all essential oils showed the lower tensile strength (TS) but higher elongation at break (EAB) with increasing amount of essential oils, compared with the control film (without oil incorporated), regardless of types of essential oil (p < 0.05). Water vapor permeability (WVP) of films containing essential oils decreased as the amount of essential oils increased (p < 0.05). Decreases in L^*-value and increases in b^*-, ΔE^*- and transparency value were observed with increasing amount of essential oils incorporated (p < 0.05). FTIR spectra indicated that films added with essential oils, especially from plai root, exhibited higher hydrophobicity than the control film, as evidenced by higher amplitude at wavenunber of 2877–2922 cm⁻¹ and 1732 cm⁻¹. Lower degradation temperature was obtained in films containing essential oils. Microstructural study revealed that bilayer films could be formed when essential oils at level above 50% were incorporated. Film incorporated with plai and turmeric essential oils showed the higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, respectively, (p < 0.05), compared with the control film and ginger essential oil added film. Thus, the incorporation of root essential oils directly affected properties of fish skin gelatin-based film, depending on types and levels incorporated.     

Silicone oil emulsions: strategies to improve their stability and applications in hair care products

Silicone oils have wide range of applications in personal care products due to their unique properties of high lubricity, non‐toxicity, excessive spreading and film formation. They are usually employed in the form of emulsions due to their inert nature. Until now, different conventional emulsification techniques have been developed and applied to prepare silicone oil emulsions. The size and uniformity of emulsions showed important influence on stability of droplets, which further affect the application performance. Therefore, various strategies were developed to improve the stability as well as application performance of silicone oil emulsions. In this review, we highlight different factors influencing the stability of silicone oil emulsions and explain various strategies to overcome the stability problems. In addition, the silicone deposition on the surface of hair substrates and different approaches to increase their deposition are also discussed in detail.     

提高酱醪质量生产高档本酿造酱油

本文通过改变和调整高盐稀发酵酱油工艺的发酵条件、管理方法、生产菌种以及拌曲盐水量、浓度等达到提高酱醪捏及生酱油出品率的目的,从而生产出高档本酿造酱油。     

Characterization of fish protein films incorporated with essential oils of clove,garlic and origanum: Physical,antioxidant and antibacterial properties

Consumers are demanding high quality foods using environmental-friendly packaging systems and natural preservatives, like edible/biodegradable films or coatings with bioactive properties. In this context, films prepared with Cape hake by-products proteins were combined with three essential oils (garlic, clove, and origanum) and characterized in terms of physical, mechanical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Control films, without essential oils, were homogeneous, transparent, slightly yellow, and mechanically resistant. The incorporation of garlic, clove, and origanum essential oils in this film significantly decreased thickness, water solubility, breaking force and elongation, whereas increased the free radical scavenging activity of films. Particularly, clove films showed lower water vapour permeability than control films, and the highest antibacterial activity (against Shewanella putrefaciens). Garlic films were the most yellowish and had the highest antioxidant activity. Finally, origanum films were rather similar to the control, particularly in colour, transparency and reducing power. In conclusion, proteins recovered from Cape hake by-products combined with essential oils have adequate properties with applicability in new preservation food packaging systems.     

Hypoglycemic effect and protein nutritive quality of soy and methionine-supplemented whole durum pasta products

New low cost, high-protein and high-fiber pasta products processed from whole durum meal (WD) solely. WD supplemented with 7% or 12% defatted soy flour (SF). or 12% SF plus 0.3% methionine were evaluated in comparison with the regular pasta made of pure durum semolina (DS). Their protein nutritive quality was biologically evaluated by rat growth studies using diets containing 9% protein, through the parameters: food efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), digestibility coefficient (DC) and biological value (BV). The original products were administered to diabetic hypercholesterolemic albino rats. (injected with alloxane) to study their effects on the levels of blood glucose and plasma lipid fractions. The results indicate that diets based on pasta made of WD supplemented with SE or SF plus methionine had superior protein quality and succeeded in supporting normal growth of rats in contrast to the diets based on pasta made of unsupplemented WD or DS. These assays demonstrated that the values of FER, PER. NPU and BV of WD-pasta increased with increasing SF supplementation. However, high-fiber pasta made of unrefined WD solely or with SF had lower DC values compared to that of the regular DS-pasta. DC values decreased as the added SF increased. Adding methionine evidently affected FER. PER, BV and NPU values. Administration of high-protein and high-fiber pasta samples made of WD solely, supplemented with SF or SF plus methionine significantly reduced the elevated blood glucose as well as plasma cholesterol and plasma lipid fractions in hypercholesterolemic diabetic rats. Overall, considering nutritional evaluation, protein cost as well as hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects the pasta composed of 12% SF-WD and supplemented with 0.3% methionine represented the best high-fiber: high-protein and high-quality product.     

大豆蛋白薄膜制备及性能的研究

以大豆分离蛋白为主要原料,在一定条件下与增塑剂、还原剂等发生共价交联反应,通过单因素实验和正交实验对成膜配方、成膜条件的研究及微观结构分析,制备出可以降解,并具有一定机械强度的复合蛋白薄膜,可部分替代塑料用于食品包装领域,减少环境污染。研究结果表明,采用亚克力材质板槽制膜,60℃干燥时间2h;成膜配方是大豆分离蛋白浓度4.0%,增塑剂2.0%,还原剂0.1%;抗拉强度可达61.892N,透H2O性16.204mg/(cm2.d),透O2性0.313mg/(cm2.d),透CO2性2.899mg/(cm2.d)。     

Gelatin/pectin-based film incorporated with essential oils: Functional characteristics and shelf life extension of tilapia fillets under refrigeration

Fish gelatin-pectin (Gel_Ext/Pec) composite films incorporated with Mentha pulegium essential oil (MEO) and Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LEO) at two concentrations (0.5% and 1.5%) were developed and their physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties were determined. Gel_Ext/Pec-based film incorporated with 1.5% MEO (Gel_Ext/Pec + 1.5% MEO) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all bacterial strains tested. Incorporation of essential oils decreased significantly the tensile strength of all the films investigated. The film showing the best functional and antimicrobial properties (Gel_ext/Pec + 1.5% MEO) was used to prolong the shelf life of tilapia fillets under refrigeration. Control (unwrapped) and wrapped fillets were analyzed every 3 days in terms of microbiological (total viable count (TVC), psychrotrophic bacteria count (PC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Enterobacteriaceae (ENT), and physicochemical parameters (total volatile base nitrogen [TVB-N] and pH). Gel_ext/Pec + 1.5% MEO antimicrobial film retarded significantly (p < .05) the growth of TVC, LAB, PC, and ENT, throughout 12 days of storage compared with the control. Gel_ext/Pec + 1.5% MEO could be considered as an effective packaging to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of tilapia fillets under refrigeration.     

酱油二次加工是提高品质、增加效益的重要途径

该文叙述了酱油二次加工的意义，经过加工可提高质量、增加产品附加值。并介绍了酱油的色、香、味、体与添加剂的关系及酱油二次加工的技术关键。     

不同物理法改性醇洗大豆浓缩蛋白功能性及微观结构比较研究

采用超声波技术、水浴加热法和微波处理3种物理方法对醇洗大豆浓缩蛋白（ALSPC）改性,并对不同方法的改性产品的功能特性和微观结构作了比较。水浴加热法改性产品的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性和凝胶性比其他两种方法好,而持水性、吸油性及乳化稳定性差别不大。扫描电镜结果表明,水浴加热改性产品蛋白质表面微观结构呈絮状聚集体,而超声波和微波改性产品蛋白质颗粒粒径较小,呈碎状小颗粒。     

多菌种发酵是提高酱油、食醋质量的重要途径

酿造酱油可采用2-3株曲霉菌复合制曲或分开制曲混合发酵，在发酵期添加鲁氏酵母、球拟酵母及少量乳酸菌，以提高酱油风味。酿造食酷在单一的黑曲霉(麸曲)中添加根霉、米曲霉或As3．350黑曲霉，中后期添加乳酸菌与酵母菌共酵，提高食醋中含氮量及增加不挥发酸的比例，并重视陈酿后熟阶段，改善食醋风味。提出应进一步研究传统大曲、麦曲、酱醪、醋醅，从中分离筛选出更多更好的有益菌种，并采用现代技术革新生产工艺，使酿造调味品生产高效、产品优质。     

Application of predictive microbiology to assure the quality and safety of fish and fish products.

Predictive microbiology offers an alternative to traditional microbiological assessment of food quality and safety. The concept is that a detailed knowledge of the microbial ecology of a food product can be expressed as a mathematical model to enable objective evaluation of the effect of processing, storage and distribution operations on microbial development. Experience to date indicates the need initially to derive a mathematical model in laboratory studies, to validate the model in food products and to incorporate the information into monitoring devices. These may be chemical or physical indicators or electronic integrators or loggers. To enable a correct decision on quality or safety, it is essential that the response of the monitoring device to environmental changes mimics exactly that of the organism of concern. Most monitoring devices currently available record temperature history, but not other environmental factors that influence growth and that, in some circumstances, change during storage. The next generation of monitoring devices may be required to monitor several parameters to take full advantage of increasingly accurate and sophisticated models.     

Physical properties and antioxidant activity of an active film from chitosan incorporated with green tea extract

An active film from chitosan incorporated with aqueous green tea extract (GTE) was developed. The effects of GTE concentrations including 2, 5, 10 and 20% (w/v) of green tea in the film-forming solution on the film properties were determined by measuring physical properties, total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of the active films. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was carried out to observe the potential modifications of the chitosan films when incorporated with GTE. The results suggested that incorporation of GTE into chitosan films improved mechanical and water vapor barrier properties and enhanced polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of the films. Changes in the FTIR spectra of the chitosan films were observed when GTE was incorporated, suggesting some interactions occurred between chitosan and the polyphenols from GTE. This study showed the benefits of incorporation of GTE into chitosan films and the potential for using the developed film as an active packaging.     

Storage conditions affect quality of noodles with added soy flour and sweet potato

Summary Noodles were prepared from a formulation in which a portion of the flour was replaced with 10% defatted soy flour and sweet potato as 10% flour or 15% puree. Dried noodles were packaged in plastic bags under partial vacuum or air and stored at 4.4 °C or 22–30 °C for 6 months. Colour, β-carotene and sensory characteristics were analyzed at 2-month intervals. Packaging atmosphere had minor effects on colour. Stored noodles became lighter and yellower, and β-carotene decreased, with all changes being greater at 22–30 °C. Storage conditions influenced acceptability scores minimally. Noodles were stored successfully under air with greater quality retention with 4.4 °C storage.