Effects of Varying Levels of Chloride Salts on Clostridium Botulinum Toxin Production in Turkey Frankfurters

Inhibitory effects of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) on C. botulinum inoculated turkey frankfurter emulsions were determined. Ionic strengths (I.S.) of 0.42, 0.55, and 0.68 were compared (equivalent to 2.5%, 3.25%, and 4.0% NaCl). Sodium nitrite levels were constant at 150 ppm. Inoculated emulsions (10³ spores/g) were incubated and maintained at 27°C. In-creasing NaCl from I.S. 0.42 to 0.68 delayed toxin production from 4 days to at least 40 days. KCl was almost as effective as NaCl at I.S. 0.42, but inferior at higher levels. MgCl₂ did not demonstrate any inhibitory effect. Fifty percent substitution of 2.5% NaCl with KCl or MgCl₂ generally reduced time for toxin production to occur.     

Effects of Reduced Sodium Chloride and Added Phosphates on Physical and Sensory Properties of Turkey Frankfurters

Turkey frankfurters containing 20 and 40% salt (NaCl) reductions were manufactured and evaluated in comparison to a standard formulation containing 2.5% sodium chloride. Additionally, either 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), or sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) were incorporated into frankfurters containing similar salt reductions. Phosphates improved emulsion stability and yields, especially in formulas with 40% salt reductions. TPP increased frankfurter firmness compared to that provided by SAPP or HMP regardless of salt level, but TPP had a deleterious effect on freshness at the 2.0% salt level. SAPP was more effective than HMP in improving plumpness and enhancing salt flavor intensity. Overall, SAPP appeared to provide greater benefits than either HMP or TPP as a single polyphosphate for reduced salt turkey frankfurters.     

Effect of Sodium Chloride Levels in Frankfurters on the Growth of Clostridium sporogenes and Staphylococcus aureus

Frankfurters were made with 100%, 80%, and 60% of the normal 2.5% added NaCl, plus 150 ppm NaNO₂ and 430 ppm ascorbate. They were either untreated or inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus or Clostridium sporogenes and incubated at a moderate abuse temperature of 11°C for up to 11 days. A slightly more rapid growth of the natural flora was noted in the frankfurters containing 60% of the normal salt compared to those containing higher levels of salt. No outgrowth of clostridial spores occurred in any inoculated sample. Staphylococcal growth was slow and inconsistent, with no effect related to salt levels. Incubating frankfurters at higher tern. peratures showed that abuse temperature had a greater effect on total aerobic and staphylococcal growth than did the salt levels tested.     

Gamma-Irradiation of CIostridium botulinum Inoculated Turkey Frankfurters Formulated with Different Chloride Salts and Polyphosphates

The effects of gamma-irradiation doses (0, 0.5, and 1.0 Mrad) on C. botulinum toxin production in turkey frankfurters formulated with three different chloride salts (NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂) at isoionic strength (equal to 2.5% NaCl) and three types of phosphates added to 2.0% NaCl frankfurters were studied. The use of 2.5% NaCl together with 0.5 or 1.0 Mrad was substantially more effective at inhibitinlg botulinal toxin production when frankfurters were incubated at 27°C than the combination of irradiation with KCl or MgC1₂ (40, 9, and 4 days, respectively, when treated with 1 Mrad). Phosphate addition revealed that 0.4% sodium acid pyrophosphate addition was the most inhibitory for botulinal toxin production followed by hexametaphosphate and tripolyphosphate addition.     

Factors Affecting Growth and Toxin Production by Clostridium Botulinum Type E on Irradiated (0.3 Mrad) Chicken Skins

A model system (chicken skins with chicken exudate) was used to determine if Clostridium botulinum type E (Beluga) spores, stressed by low dose irradiation, would develop and produce toxin at abuse temperatures of 10 and 30°C in the absence of characteristic spoilage. Unstressed spores germinated, multiplied, and produced toxin on vacuum-packed chicken skins, stored at either 30 or 10°C. Cell numbers increased faster and toxin was evident sooner at 30°C than at 10°C. At 30°C, growth occurred and toxin was produced more slowly when samples were incubated aerobically than anaerobically. When samples were incubated aerobically at 10°C, no toxin was detected within a test period of 14 days. An irradiation dose of 0.3 Mrad at 5°C reduced a spore population on vacuum-sealed chicken skins by about 90%. The surviving population produced toxin at 30°C under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, at 10°C no toxin was detected even on skins incubated anaerobically. Under the worst conditions (30°C, vacuum packed) toxin was not detected prior to characteristic spoilage caused by the natural flora surviving 0.3 Mrad.     

Effects of Chloride Salts on Physical, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Frankfurters

Triplicate 4.5 kg batches of frankfurters formulated with either pork/beef or mechanically deboned turkey (MDT) were made to replace all (100%) or part (35%) of the sodium chloride (NaCl) with either potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) or lithium chloride (LiCl). Regardless of storage period or formulation, replacing all of the NaCl with either KCl or MgCl₂ was detrimental to flavor. This same replacement with LiCl was not detrimental to flavor in pork/beef formulations. Data suggest that MgCl₂ would not be a satisfactory substitute for NaCl in these formulations; however, replacing 35% of the NaCl with KCl may be possible. Because of its toxicity, LiCl is not GRAS-approved and we do not recommend its use but, its use in this study more closely approximated the sensory properties of NaCl than either KCl or MgCl₂.     

Effect of Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate in Combination with Sodium Nitrite or Sodium Nitrite/Potassium Sorbate on Clostridium botulinum Growth and Toxin Production in Beef/Pork Frankfurter Emulsions

Combinations of sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) with added sodium nitrite and/or potassium sorbate were tested at various pH levels to determine effectiveness in delaying Clostridium botulinum growth and toxin production in frankfurter emulsions. Formulations containing sodium nitrite (40 ppm), potassium sorbate (0.26%) and SAPP (0.4%) resulted in a greater delay of toxin production (12–18 days) than other combinations (6–12 days) having similar pH values. Treatments containing 0.4% SAPP appeared to be more inhibitory than their counterparts without SAPP, displaying less numbers of toxic samples during the 53-day storage period at 27°C. Aerobic mesophilic colony counts and residual nitrite data showed little difference among treatments.     

氯化钠对面条品质影响的研究

氯化钠能明显影响到面团的流变学特性及成品面条的质构和蒸煮品质.随氯化钠添加量的增加,面条的质构指标均呈先增大后减小的趋势,面条表面亮度增大,最佳蒸煮时间逐渐减小.研究结果表明,当氯化钠添加量达到4%时,面条整体品质水平较为优秀.但当添加量过高时,氯化钠会阻碍面筋蛋白的充分水化,从而引起面条内部干燥,结构松散,最终导致面条品质的下降.     

HACCP在食盐生产中的应用

随着人们生活水平的提高,食品的安全卫生状况成为消费者关注的焦点。食盐是一种非常重要的食品原料,作为中间环节的食品生产者,则理应对食品安全负有主要责任。HACCP作为预防潜在危害、控制食品安全的经济而有效的管理体系,在食盐生产行业中推行,具有十分重要的意义。     

Growth and Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum in Model Acldified Systems

TPGY medium was acidified to pH 4.20, 4.60, 5.00 and 5.40 with acetic or citric acid. The media were inoculated with spores from three strains of C. botulinum type A, B or E. Growth, pH, and toxin production under anaerobic conditions were monitored for 8 wk. Spores of C. botulinum types A and B were incapable of outgrowth and toxin production at pH 4.60 or below when incubated at 35°C. Spores of C. botulinum type E were capable of growth and toxin production at 26°C in citric acid acidified systems at pH 4.20. Growth and toxin production were not detected below pH 5.00 when acetic acid was used.     

Toxin Production in Hard-Cooked Eggs Experimentally Inoculated with Clostridium botulinurn

Hard-cooked eggs were cooled for 30 min in water containing concentrations of spores of Clostridium botulinum ranging from 10¹ to 10⁴ spores per mL. The eggs were then air dried and incubated either aerobically, anaerobically, or in sealed plastic containers and checked daily for toxin production using the mouse bioassay. Toxin was detected inside the eggs within 2 to 7 days depending on the method of incubation. Sensory changes in toxic eggs were also recorded, and although the proteolytic strains usually produced unacceptable odors and/or appearances, these dhanges were not always detected.     

Effects of Sodium Tripolyphosphate on the Physical, Chemical and Textural Properties of High-Collagen Frankfurters

Two high-collagen meat emulsions were prepared by using two levels of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) with samples taken after one to four emulsification passes (EP) through an emulsion mill. Raw emulsions were evaluated for emulsion stability and comminuting temperature increase, whereas yield, color and texture tests were performed on cooked frankfurters. The addition of 0.25% STPP signficantly (p<0.05) improved emulsion stability and consumer cook yield over the control. The number of EP signficantly (p<0.05) increased emulsion temperature. As the number of EP increased, frankfurter color became lighter and less red. Frankfurters with STPP were signficantly (p<0.05) lighter upon reheating. Skin texture scores decreased after three EP.     

Low Temperature Growth of Type E Clostridium botulinum Spores. 1. Effects of Sodium Chloride, Sodium Nitrite and pH

SUMMARY— The effects of pH and the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) to trypticase-peptone-glucose (TPGI and trypticase-peptone-sucrose-yeast extract (TPSY) media upon spore outgrowth were investigated using seven Type E Clostridium botulinum strains. An inoculum of 1.0 × 10⁵ spores/ml was used and the pH was adjusted with hydrochloric acid to cover the range of 5.2 to 6.6. To define salt tolerance, NaCl was added to the media at intervals of 0.5% in the range of 2.0 to 5.0% and at 0.1% intervals in the 4.5 to 5.0% range. The effect of NaNO₂ was investigated with the addition of 100 and 200 ppm NaNO₂ to the media. Samples were incubated at 30, 15.6, 10, 7.2, 5.0 and 3.4°C. Outgrowth of all strains tested was inhibited at pH 5.2 at 15.6°C. Inhibition occurred at higher pH at lower temperatures. None of the strains showed outgrowth with 4.87% NaCl in the media at any of the incubation temperatures used. Addition of 100 and 200 ppm NaNO₂ to the media inhibited the outgrowth of the Minneapolis, 517, 26080 and A6247 strains but not the Kalamazoo and Seattle Forks strains.     

国际科技资讯

<正>巴西研究采用超声波技术缩短摩泰台拉香肚蒸煮时间的可行性乳化肉制品加工过程中需要较长的蒸煮时间,蒸煮对产品品质和货架期均有显著影响,在食品工业中具有重要地位。蒸煮会通过促进肌纤维蛋白的结构和功能变化,增强乳化肉制品的稳定性。肉制品工业在产品高品质、健康、安全和长保质期等方面一直面临不断出现的新需求,相关研究显得尤其重要。研究表明,与常规加工相比,采用超声波处理能够在提升肉制品品质的同时缩短加工时间。鉴于此,巴西科学家在摩泰台拉香肚(Mortadellas,一种意大利生熏制品)蒸煮时考察超声波     

NaCl和葡萄糖对抗性淀粉形成的影响

以高直链玉米淀粉为试材,分别研究了NaCl浓度和葡萄糖浓度对抗性淀粉形成的影响,发现当NaCl浓度提高到10%以上时,抗性淀粉得率从10.2%提高到16.5%。当NaCl浓度达50%时,抗性淀粉得率提高到17.1%,此后,即使NaCl浓度增加到60%,抗性淀粉得率也不再增大。当葡萄糖浓度从20%增加到60%,抗性淀粉得率从10.0%缓慢增加到14.2%,此后,即使葡萄糖浓度增加到70%,抗性淀粉得率仍维持在14.2%。显然,高浓度NaCl或葡萄糖能够促进抗性淀粉的形成,其原因可能是NaCl或葡萄糖降低了水分活度并且使直链淀粉分子更容易相互靠近、联结。     

Reduction or Replacement of Sodium Chloride in a Tumbled Ham Product

Public concern over excess sodium in the diet has prompted investigation of sodium replacement in tumbled ham. Salt treatments consisted of a control (100% NaCl) and 50% or 100% ionic strength replacement with either KCl or MgCl₂. Protein extraction was monitored during the 8 hr, discontinuous tumbling cycle, and reached a peak within 6 hr for all salt treatments. Control hams had the best overall sensory scores, while KCl/NaCl treatment gave the best physical bind and acceptable sensory scores (P<0.05). Treatment with MgCl₂ gave the lowest bind and sensory scores (P<0.05). Partial replacement of Nacl ionic strength with 50% or less of KCl in tumbled ham can be accomplished while maintaining acceptable sensory and physical attributes.     

Inhibition of Salmonella by Sodium Nitrite and Potassium Sorbate in Frankfurters

All beef frankfurters and beef-pork frankfurters containing various levels of sodium nitrite (0, 50, or 156 ppm) or potassium sorbate (0, 0.26, or 0.39%) alone or in combination (50 ppm nitrite + 0.26% sorbate) were prepared. Frankfurters were inoculated with nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella and incubated at 15°C and 27°C for up to 21 days. Frankfurters formulated with 50 or 156 ppm nitrite and incubated at 27°C, or 50 ppm nitrite and incubated at 15°C failed to inhibit the growth of Salmonella. Sorbate alone and sorbate in combination with 50 ppm nitrite were equally effective in inhibiting Salmonella at either temperature and were equivalent to 156 ppm nitrite in inhibiting Salmonella at 15°C.     

Effects of Reduction or Replacement of Sodium Chloride on Growth of Micrococcus, Moraxella and Lactobacillus Inoculated Ground Pork

Three replications each of ground pork inoculated with either a Moraxella, Micrococcus, or a Lactobacillus species were used to determine effects of reduction or replacement of NaCl on viable counts of these bacteria. Type or level of chloride salt did not affect (P > 0.05) Micrococcus counts. Likewise, Moraxella counts were not affected (P > 0.05) by type or level of chloride salt. However, with Lactobacillus as inoculum, reducing NaCl by 50% slightly increased these counts. Data suggest that reduction or replacement of NaCl influenced the development of the Lactobacillus culture but had no significant effect on the growth characteristics of the other two bacterial cultures.