限量供油条件下硬脂酸吸附对面接触润滑油膜的影响

在限量供油条件下,利用滑块-盘面接触润滑油膜测量系统研究了PAO10(聚α-烯烃)添加硬脂酸对油膜厚度-滑块倾角关系的影响,理论分析了滑块入口润滑油堆积对润滑油膜承载力的影响,并对硬脂酸在固体表面的吸附进行了表征。结果表明,油膜厚度随滑块倾角的增加呈现总体下降的趋势。硬脂酸吸附诱导的“反润湿”作用,使润滑油在润滑轨道上由经典双侧脊分布转变为离散态条状或液滴状分布,改善了接触区入口供油,提高油膜厚度。实验发现了较低的滑动速度下低供油量反而诱发高油膜厚度的“异常”现象。硬脂酸的吸附使得润滑油在入口区形成非浸润的液滴状堆积,形成的附加拉普拉斯压力增加油膜承载力;当供油量较低时,入口润滑剂堆积的曲率半径较小,附加拉普拉斯压力较大,因此膜厚较高。     

乏油条件下乳化液润滑复合塑料轴承等温弹流润滑分析

塑料轴承是常用的水润滑轴承,而乳化液由于无污染、来源广、节省能源、安全性等特点成为一种具有良好应用前景的润滑剂.以乳化液润滑复合塑料轴承为研究对象,建立塑料轴承弹流润滑模型,分析乏油条件下转速和载荷对润滑膜膜厚的影响,并与充分供油条件下的润滑膜膜厚进行比较.结果表明:随着供油量的增加,轴承油膜膜厚增加,但当供油量超过一临界值时,油膜膜厚不再变化.在乳化液润滑条件下,膜厚及最小膜厚均随转速的增大而明显增大,随载荷增大而减小,且供油条件没有造成明显的影响.     

楔形滑块轴承承载力与摩擦因数的实验研究

通过楔形滑块轴承油膜测量系统,在固定倾角和供油量条件下,测得不同转速和载荷下油膜厚度与速度的关系;计算得到间隙比与承载量及摩擦因数曲线,并与理论值进行比较。结果表明:承载力随着间隙比的增大先增大后减小,间隙比在1.2附近时达到最大;当间隙比小于1时,摩擦因数随着间隙比的增大而减小,当间隙比一定时摩擦因数不随载荷的变化而变化。     

基于Elrod算法的线接触乏油热弹流润滑分析

为研究中低速、中等载荷工况下不同供油条件对接触区润滑特性的影响,假设润滑剂分别为Newton流体和Ree-Eyring流体,建立考虑供油条件的线接触热弹流润滑模型。采用Elrod算法,将入口供油量作为输入参数,求解接触区油膜压力、膜厚和油膜温度的完全数值解。结果表明:随着入口供油量的降低,接触区入口气液界面位置逐渐向Hertz接触区移动;相同供油条件下,随着速度和载荷的增大,入口气液界面位置逐渐向Hertz接触区移动,乏油程度增加;随着供油量的增加,中心膜厚和最小膜厚也相应增加,且中心膜厚更易受供油量的影响;在乏油润滑条件下,Newton流体计算得到的油膜温度明显高于Ree-Eyring流体;随供油量的增加,Ree-Eyring流体的油膜最高温度增加,而Newton流体的油膜最高温度有先降低后增加的趋势;对于给定的工况,当入口等效供油膜厚接近该种工况下接触区处于充分供油状态下的最小膜厚时,接触区内的最高温升是相对最小的。     

限制空间中的弹性流体动压润滑

在经典的弹性流体动力润滑理论分析中,油膜压力的计算要满足载荷平衡条件,而这一条件并不适用于发生在限制空间中的弹流润滑,当弹流润滑发生在限制间隙中,油膜的承载力会随工作参数的变化而变化。对限制间隙条件下等温线接触弹流润滑问题进行数值分析,研究油膜厚度及压力的变化规律。结果表明:在限制间隙等温线接触弹流润滑条件下,油膜厚度及压力随速度参数以及材料参数的增加而增加,而限制间隙增加时,膜厚增加,压力减小。根据数值分析结果,拟合出限制间隙条件下的膜厚计算公式,该公式有较小的计算误差。     

限制空间中的弹性流体动压润滑分析

在经典的弹性流体动力润滑理论分析中,油膜压力的计算要满足载荷平衡条件,而这一条件并不适用于发生在限制空间中的弹流润滑,当弹流润滑发生在限制间隙中,油膜的承载力会随工作参数的变化而变化。对限制间隙条件下等温线接触弹流润滑问题进行数值分析,研究油膜厚度及压力的变化规律。结果表明:在限制间隙等温线接触弹流润滑条件下,油膜厚度及压力随速度参数以及材料参数的增加而增加,而限制间隙增加时,膜厚增加,压力减小。根据数值分析结果,拟合出限制间隙条件下的膜厚计算公式,该公式有较小的计算误差。     

圆柱滚子轴承的极限偏斜角判定方法研究

提出一种判定全膜弹流润滑下圆柱滚子轴承滚子极限偏斜角的方法。以NU206E圆柱滚子轴承为研究对象，建立偏斜状态下的有限长线接触弹流润滑模型，通过拟合偏斜角与最小油膜厚度的关系曲线，结合膜厚比公式，探究全膜弹流润滑下的滚子极限偏斜角。结果表明：当滚子偏斜后，滚子与滚道间的油膜压力和油膜厚度分布不再关于Y=0截面对称，而是一端油膜压力增大、油膜厚度减小，另一端相反，并且压力的变化更为明显，引起了接触压力集中的现象；随滚子偏斜角的增大，最小油膜厚度减小，压力集中于一端的现象越加明显；当滚子偏斜角大于极限偏斜角时，轴承不再处于全膜弹流润滑状态，润滑效果变差。研究成果可为偏斜状态下轴承润滑状态的判断提供参考。     

摆线针轮传动接触乏油润滑特性分析

摆线针轮行星传动啮合过程中供油量变化影响传动效率和接触疲劳特性。引入部分油膜厚度比例,以入口油膜厚度来表征乏油程度,建立摆线针轮有限长线接触乏油润滑数值模型,研究在齿宽方向上入口油膜厚度不均匀分布对压力和膜厚分布的影响。结果表明:乏油条件下,随着入口供油量增加,入口油膜厚度的不均匀分布对齿宽方向上的压力和膜厚分布的影响减小;随着速度的增加,齿宽方向压力和膜厚分布受入口油膜厚度不均匀分布的影响增加;随着载荷的增加,齿宽方向压力和膜厚分布受入口油膜厚度不均匀分布的影响程度减小。     

硬脂酸吸附对轴承限量供油润滑影响

在限量供油条件下利用全轴承摩擦力矩测量系统和球-环点接触油膜润滑测量仪分别对PAO10(聚α-烯烃)和PAO10S(聚α-烯烃+0.2%w/w硬脂酸)进行摩擦力矩和膜厚测量。结果表明：轴承摩擦力矩先下降后上升，存在一个对应最小摩擦力矩的临界转速。当转速低于临界转速时，PAO10S的摩擦力矩随供油量增加而减小，且明显小于PAO10的摩擦力矩。当转速高于临界转速时，PAO10S和PAO10的摩擦力矩差别减小。PAO10S产生的轴承摩擦力矩降低归因于硬脂酸吸附膜的低剪切抗力，更重要的是，因吸附膜产生润滑轨道表面能的降低，导致摩擦副的入口供油情况得到改善。润滑油膜厚度的光干涉测量结果显示，因硬脂酸的吸附PAO10S和PAO10的供油状态可分为三个区，全轴承摩擦力矩的测试结果与这三个区对应的油膜承载特性相关。     

多点接触乏油弹流润滑模型及试验研究

为探讨多点接触乏油弹流润滑机制,基于球与滚道接触区域的排油和补油平衡,建立适用于不同润滑状态的油膜厚度计算模型,可以计算从充分供油、乏油到干涸乏油的中心膜厚以及油膜不平衡时中心膜厚随滚动次数的衰减。利用自制的球-盘接触光干涉弹流试验装置,通过安装双镜筒同时获取相邻球的油膜图像,研究多点接触中相邻球的轨道重合和不重合时前球尾迹对后球油膜图像和中心膜厚的影响。结果表明:乏油润滑条件下,前后球的轨道不重合时轨道之间可相互补油;前后球的轨道重合时,在给定供油条件下,随着滚动线速度增加,入口弯液面逐渐靠近接触区域,中心油膜厚度增加,与相同工况下乏油润滑模型计算的膜厚对比吻合较好,验证了所建乏油润滑模型的正确性。     

The influence of the molecular mean free path on spherical thrust gas bearing performance

The performance of a spherical thrust gas bearing under slip flow conditions was investigated and it was shown that as the ratio of the mean free path to the minimum film thickness increased the bearing load-carrying capacity and the lubricant mass flow rate increased while the frictional torque decreased. The effect is more pronounced at lower values of inlet pressure and film thickness.     

基于流固耦合的波箔动压气体轴承承载性能优化

基于有限元软件Ansys Workbench,建立波箔动压气体轴承在可压缩流体介质中运动的有限元模型,采用6DOF动网格计算方法对轴承的运动状态进行流固耦合数值模拟,探讨不同转速和波箔片结构参数（波箔的长度比、高度以及厚度）对轴承承载性能的影响规律。结果表明：轴承气膜压力大小的分布与平箔片变形量的大小成对应关系,说明提出的流固耦合方法能很好地反映波箔动压气体轴承的润滑状态;随着转速的增大,轴承动压效应不断增强,承载力增大,且平箔片的结构变形不断增大,致使气膜压力的收敛区发生波动;随着波箔的长度比和波箔片厚度的增加,轴承承载力先快速增大后趋于稳定,而波箔片高度对承载力影响不大,表明适当增加波箔的长度比和波箔片厚度可以提高承载力。     

Effects of operating conditions and supply hole diameter on the performance of a rectangular aerostatic bearing

The present study is an experimental investigation of the performance characteristics of an externally pressurized rectangular recessed gas bearing operating under different working conditions. It includes the measurements of pressure, load carrying capacity, and mass flow rate. The experiments covered a wide range of film thicknesses and supply pressures. In addition, pads of different supply hole diameters were used. The results obtained from the present investigation show that the effect of varying the supply hole diameter on bearing performance is significant. Increasing the supply hole diameter to bearing length ratio has the effect of increasing the recess pressure and load carrying capacity. Further, as the supply pressure and/or film thickness increases the dimensionless load carrying capacity decreases and the lubricant mass flow rate increases.     

斜直线槽液膜润滑端面密封流体动压特性

为进一步探索斜直线槽液膜密封性能变化规律,基于质量守恒空化边界及定义液膜密度比,建立斜直线槽液膜密封流体动压润滑模型,采用有限差分法离散控制方程并求解,对比分析液膜空化理论值与实验值,验证计算准确性,研究操作工况、物性参数和膜厚槽深比对斜直线槽液膜密封流体动压特性影响。结果表明：相比较小倾斜角,较大倾斜角的斜线槽密封有效提升液膜承载能力、增大泄漏量并降低液膜空化率;不同倾斜角时,提高转速或增大压差,均可提升液膜承载能力、增大泄漏量,但两者反向影响液膜空化率;增大介质黏度或减小膜厚槽深比,虽均可提升承载能力、促生液膜空化并降低泄漏量,但其影响规律不尽相同。     

An Investigation of Lubricant Film Thickness in Sliding Compliant Contacts

An optical interferometric technique has been used to investigate fluid film thickness in sliding, isoviscous elastohydrodynamic contacts (I-EHL). Monochromatic two-beam interferometry has been employed to map lubricant film thickness across a range of applied loads and entrainment speeds. The contact was formed between an elastomer sphere and plain glass disc, illuminated under red light, λ= 630 nm. Experimental work has employed sunflower oil and glycerol/water solutions as the test lubricants, due to their similar refractive indices and varying viscosity. A black-and-white-image-intensified camera has been employed to capture interference images and a computer processing technique used to analyse these images, pixel by pixel, and create film thickness maps based on their gray-scale intensity representations. Comparison of film thickness results to theoretical models shows reasonable qualitative agreement. Experimental results show both a reduced horseshoe, which is limited to the rear of the contact, and wedge-shaped film thickness profile within the Hertzian contact region. This is unlike conventional hard EHL contacts where the horseshoe-shaped pressure constriction extends around the contact toward the inlet. Experimental results suggest that film thickness profiles take on a convergent wedge shape similar to that used in many hydrodynamic bearings. It is likely that this wedge is largely responsible for generating fluid pressure and therefore the load-carrying capacity of the contact.     

Experimental investigations on the contact fatigue life under starved conditions

Over the last decades, severisation of the operating conditions in lubricated contact has led to the decrease of film thicknesses and to a new failure mode. For example, starvation occurs in high-speed or grease-lubricated bearings and in mechanisms operating with a limited lubricant supply. The film thickness under starved conditions depends on the amount of lubricant in the contact inlet and can be calculated or measured. But in many industrial applications, the lubricant supply is unknown. This paper presents the effect of starvation on the fatigue life of machine elements. The first part links the operating conditions, the lubricant supply and the traction coefficient. The second part presents fatigue life measurements for different lubricant flow rates.     

基于FRAP的微间隙润滑油膜流速测量方法

薄油膜润滑广泛存在于各类精密机械与微机电系统中。微纳米间隙内的润滑油流动是影响薄膜润滑承载力的重要因素,但目前薄润滑油膜的流速测量仍然缺少有效手段。本文基于荧光漂白恢复显微技术和漂白区域形状演化过程的成像分析,建立了油膜流速测量系统,可以对微米间隙润滑油膜的速度分布进行原位测量。利用建立的系统获得了厚度为8μm时聚丁烯PB450润滑油膜的库埃特流速分布。重建的荧光漂白强度分布曲线和实验测量结果的皮尔森相关系数大于0.95,且流速分布符合已有润滑理论,证明了测量结果的可靠性。     

Squeeze film characteristics of finite journal bearings: couple stress fluid model

A theoretical study of squeeze film behaviour for a finite journal bearing lubricated with couple stress fluids is presented. On the basis of the microcontinuum theory, the modified Reynolds equation is obtained by using the Stokes equations of motion to account for the couple stress effects due to the lubricant blended with various additives. With the Conjugate Gradient Method of iteration the built-up pressure is calculated, and then applied to predict the squeeze film characteristics of the system. According to the results evaluated, the rheological influence of couple stress fluids is physically apparent. Compared with the case of a Newtonian lubricant, the couple stress effects increase the load-carrying capacity significantly and lengthen the response time of the squeeze film behaviour. On the whole, the presence of couple stresses improves the characteristics of finite journal bearings operating under pure squeeze film motion. The rheological effects of couple stress fluids agree with previous works.     

Analysis on Isothermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Orthogonal Face Gear

Face-gear drives have been applied in aviation transmissions, in particular, helicopter transmissions, and the lubrication characteristics are an important indicator for estimating the load-carrying capacity of face-gear teeth. In order to analyze the lubrication performance of the face gear under load, equations for the contact path of the face gear loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) were established on the basis of the load equivalent error of alignment (LEEA) and the load distribution among the teeth was calculated. Then a method for calculating the contact area and tooth surface velocity of face-gear drives was studied. Face-gear isothermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) dimensionless equations are presented. A multigrid algorithm was used to complete the solution of the minimum film thickness and film pressure of face-gear drives. The lubricant film thickness and film pressure variation in the mesh cycle are expressed using example calculations that provide a theoretical basis for face-gear lubrication design.