钛合金激光表面处理研究

本文采用5KWTEACO_2激光器,对 Ti—6Al—4V 钛合金进行表面合金化处理,实验结果表明,经激光辐照后,材料表层及次表层组织结构产生变化,与基体组织大不相同,其硬度有很大提高,由 Hv250提高到 Hv800～900。磨损试验表明,经激光处理的试件,其耐磨性提高2～3倍。扫描电镜分析表明:处理区域由精细枝晶区,等轴细晶区和马氏体区组成,表层硬度的提高及耐磨性的改善与表层组织形态、晶粒细化及硬质点的弥散分布有关。     

脉冲磁场占空比对铁基金属组织硬度及耐磨性的影响

对低碳钢表面进行等离子弧堆焊外加交流脉冲纵向磁场,研究了交流脉冲磁场占空比对铁基金属组织及性能的影响.应用光学金相、X射线衍射、显微硬度和湿砂橡胶轮磨损试验等方法,系统分析了堆焊层硬度、耐磨性的微观组织.结果表明,外加纵向交流脉冲磁场可以有效地改善堆焊层金属的结晶形态,细化晶粒,施加适当的交流脉冲磁场占空比能够获得最佳的电磁搅拌效果,从而增加铁基金属中硬质相的数量,控制硬质相的生长方向,提高堆焊层金属的硬度和耐磨性.     

脉冲激光束表面强化20CrMo齿轮材料的性能

传统的渗碳后淬火+低温回火方法处理20CrMo齿轮材料会产生较大的应力和变形,将对齿轮的质量产生极为不利的影响.采用脉冲激光束对渗碳后的20CrMo合金进行表面强化,并与传统的渗碳后淬火+低温回火的处理方式进行了对比.结果表明:20CrMo合金钢在激光熔凝作用下表层产生了致密的硬化层,且激光照射能量越大,硬化层越厚,硬化深度最大可达到0.35 mm;与渗碳后淬火+回火处理的试样相比,激光束照射虽然使表面粗糙度上升,但是表面硬度可提高75％,摩擦系数和磨损量均较低,有效改善了其表面的耐磨性.     

球墨铸铁的等离子束表面强化研究

利用等离子束对球墨铸铁进行表面熔凝和表面合金化强化处理。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、硬度计、电化学工作站和磨损试验机等设备对强化层的组织、性能进行测试。结果表明:等离子束表面强化处理后,球墨铸铁表面石墨相完全消失,形成的改性层显微组织主要是枝晶结构;改性层的硬度最高值出现在次表层,熔凝层的最高硬度为1243HV0.1,合金化层的最高硬度达1343HV0.1;熔凝层和合金化层的耐蚀性和耐磨性相对于基体来说有很大的提高,并且由于合金化层具有更多的碳化物,组织更加致密均匀,其耐蚀性和耐磨性明显好于熔凝层。     

等离子渗氮、离子镀TiN复合处理对纯钛铸件硬度及耐磨性的影响

纯钛铸件进行等离子渗氮、脉冲真空电弧离子镀TiN薄膜复合处理后,扫描电镜观察表面形貌,显微硬度仪测量硬度,球盘磨擦实验评估耐磨性。结果显示钛铸件渗氮、TiN镀膜复合处理后,表面呈现均匀明亮的金黄色,显微硬度和耐磨性均显著提高,且优于单纯镀TiN膜的钛铸件。此方法应用于口腔医学领域,对义齿钛支架进行表面改性处理,可提高其磨擦学性能,改善颜色。     

强流脉冲电子束处理下40Cr的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用强流脉冲电子束对40Cr钢进行表面改性处理,分析了处理后的金属组织、表面硬度、截面硬度、表面粗糙度以及摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,不同加速电压下摩擦系数的变化受材料照射前表面粗糙度状况、照射后熔坑的形貌和分布密度的影响,此外,电子束照射引起的材料表面组织的变化也会使摩擦系数发生改变,随电压的增大材料的耐磨性提高.     

微弧氧化陶瓷膜层的性能及其应用

采用脉冲电源,对发动机活塞用铝合金（ＺＬ１０８）基体进行了微弧氧化处理,测定了陶瓷氧化物膜的表面粗糙度和膜层硬度,研究了电流密度和强化时间对陶瓷膜的硬度和耐磨性的影响,分析了影响表面粗糙度的因素,实验结果表明,随着电流密度和强化时间增加,膜层的表面度增大,而膜层硬度则在电流密度超过８Ａ／dm^2后趋于稳定,基机 归固于陶瓷氧化膜在强电流密度下烧结,实验条件下对磨损结果表明,铝合金活塞的耐磨性,经微弧氧化后提高３－４倍。     

强流脉冲离子束辐照对M2高速钢的表面改性

研究了强流脉冲离子束辐照对M2高速钢(W6M05Cr4V2)表面的微观组织和硬度的影响.结果表明,HIPIB辐照处理使高速钢样品表面强烈加热又快速冷却,产生表面淬火作用,导致碳化物溶解,马氏体溶碳量增大且晶粒细化或晶格畸变度增大,晶间出现残余奥氏体.辐照还使表面产生宏观残余压应力,形成一些弥散分布的火山口状熔坑.随着脉冲次数的增加,在材料表面产生微区光化现象,材料表面化学成分和相组成的差异、杂质分布以及位错密度不均匀性导致的非均匀、非稳定熔化等是产生熔坑的主要原因.辐照使材料表层及以下近200μm范围内的硬度提高,并出现硬度双峰现象,离子束辐照产生的应力波及其在材料中的传播所导致的位错密度增大是硬度提高的原因.     

TiC-TiB_2电火花复合强化层组织与耐磨性

以TiC-TiB2复合材料为电极,采用电火花表面强化技术,在40Cr钢表面制备出TiC-TiB2复合强化层。利用SEM和XRD分析了强化层的微观结构和物相,测试了强化层的硬度和耐磨性,并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明:强化层物相主要为TiB2、TiC和Fe3C等,非晶组织和组织细化使其衍射峰宽化;强化层的显微硬度分布呈梯度变化,最高硬度值是基体硬度值的4倍多;强化层中的硬质相和较高的显微硬度改变了试样间的磨损机制,强化层的磨损机制为显微切削、划擦和疲劳磨损;强化层的耐磨性比基体提高了约5倍,摩擦系数比基体低0.12～0.17。     

激光沉积制备钛基梯度耐磨涂层组织和性能研究

为了提高Ti6Al4V钛合金的高温耐磨特性,在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面利用激光沉积制造原位生成TiC颗粒增强相的方法制备了钛基梯度涂层。观察了耐磨梯度涂层的微观组织,测量了涂层和Ti6Al4V基材在500℃条件下的摩擦磨损性能及其显微硬度,并对涂层的强化机制和磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明,原位自生的TiC颗粒增强相均匀弥散分布在基体中,从基材到涂层顶部分别呈现粗大树枝晶、较大的颗粒状晶体、相对细小的颗粒状晶体形态。显微硬度分析显示涂层硬度保持在400～450HV之间,由基材到表层呈梯度上升趋势。涂层表现出较好的高温耐磨特性,和基材的磨损体积比为2.86。TiC颗粒的弥散分布强化和激光沉积基体组织的细晶强化是显微硬度和高温耐磨性提高的主要原因。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.