Degradation of 14C-lindane by a mold culture]

The metabolism of 14C-lindane, its short-lived main metabolite gamma-2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclogexene and penta-/hexachlorobenzene was followed in a mould culture after 6, 17, 30 and 52 days. The distribution in the culture medium was also investigated.     

Contamination of the environment with hexachlorobenzene]

The causes of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) contamination of the environment are of complex nature. Besides the microbial metabolism of lindane to HCB, the pyrolysis of pentachlorophenol (wood impregnation), the chlorine treatment of lignin-containing lyes and possible contaminations with active agents which are industrially synthetized from polychlorbenzenes must be regarded as causes being in part still hypothetical.     

Primary metabolites and organic acid metabolism in apple (Malus sylvestris) fruit callus culture

In-vitro culture cells were obtained from seven different varieties of Indian apples (Malus sylvestris L). The cultivar Golden Delicious showed the highest yield of callus tissue followed by Maharaji and American Epirouge. Cultured apple cells exhibited some deviation from the apple fruit in primary metabolism as well as primary metabolite profiles. In callus cultures, the pool size of free amino acids and organic acids increased considerably while the free sugar pool decreased drastically compared with apple fiuit. There was higher incorporation of ¹⁴C acetate, ¹⁴C citrate, ¹⁴C malate and ¹⁴C succinate into the CO₂, lipid, protein, carbohydrate and amino acid fractions and lower incorporation into the free sugar fraction in cultured cells compared with the explant. The incorporation of ¹⁴CO₂ showed a similar trend. Qualitatively, there was some similarity between the callus and explant in free amino acid and sugar profiles and dissimilarity in organic acids. Compounds such as citrate, succinate and fumarate and also some amino acids (methionine, arginine, leucine and proline) were present at higher concentration in callus cultures whereas they were almost absent in the original tissue. There were also differences in the carbohydrate and protein profiles of explant ana callus as judged by their sugar and amino acid make-up respectively.     

Identification of [14C]carmoisine metabolites in bacterial suspension of rat faeces

An in vitro system consisting of a bacterial suspension of human or rat faecal microflora brought about the biological reduction of the red azo dye [14C]carmoisine to 1-naphthyl-amine-4-sulphonic acid (NA) and 2-amino-1-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid (ANA). These metabolites have been unequivocally identified by radio-HPLC, spectroscopic methods, dilution with cold authentic standards and evidence that the specific activity of the diluted compounds remained constant throughout repeated crystallization, acetylation and purification. The results clearly indicated that samples derived from anaerobic incubations have to be processed for analysis in the complete absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, the formation of a complex pattern of compounds in addition to NA was observed as a consequence of the chemical decomposition of ANA.     

Identification of nobiletin metabolites in mouse urine

Nobiletin, a major component of citrus polymethoxyflavones, has many potential significant health benefits. While the biological activities of nobiletin have been widely reported, its in vitro and in vivo metabolic fate has been rarely studied. To explore the biotransformation mechanism of nobiletin we conducted an investigation into its metabolic profile in mouse urine, by various analytical techniques. Due to sample amount limitations for isolating and characterizing an individual metabolite, two possible nobiletin metabolites were prepared in a similar multi-step organic synthetic route: 3'-hydroxy-5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone (3'-demethylnobiletin) and 4'-hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone (4'-demethylnobiletin). Normal phase (silica gel) and C(18) reverse phase chromatography, as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry, were employed in the separation of 3'-demethylnobiletin and 4'-demethylnobiletin, however, without success due to the structural similarities of these mono-demethylated nobiletins. Using a chiral packed column eluted under supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) conditions, a clear separation was achieved. Thus, by comparing the SFC profiles of metabolite mixtures with the synthesized standard compounds, the major nobiletin metabolite of mouse urine is identified as 4'-demethylnobiletin, whereas 3'-demethylnobiletin is a minor metabolite. In this study, the concentration of 4'-demethylnobiletin in mouse urine is 28.9 microg/mL.     

Influence of yeast culture on ruminal microbial metabolism in continuous culture

A continuous culture study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two different yeast cultures on ruminal microbial metabolism. The treatments were a) control lactation ration, b) yeast culture 1 (YC1, Diamond-V XP) and c) yeast culture 2 (YC2, A-Max), both fed at an equivalent of 57 g/head per day. The results showed that both yeast culture products increased dry matter (DM) digestion, propionic acid production, and protein digestion compared with the control. Yeast culture 1 demonstrated an increase in molar percentage of propionic acid, a reduction in acetic acid, and a lower mean nadir (daily low) pH compared with YC2. Ruminal cultures treated with YC digested more protein and contributed less bypass N than control. Supplementing YC2 resulted in a tendency for higher microbial N/kg DM digestion than YC1. Yeast culture 1 resulted in production of rumen microbes containing less protein and more ash than YC2. These results support previous research findings that yeast culture does influence microbial metabolism, and specific yeast cultures may have different modes of action.     

片烟贮藏期霉菌的分子鉴定及杀菌剂的室内毒力测定

对108个霉变烟叶样品进行霉菌分离、纯化、保存,获得5种病原真菌的纯培养,通过病原菌的显微镜检鉴定,观察霉菌形态特征、测定孢子大小,并提取真菌DNA,对18S rDNA的ITs进行PCR扩增并克隆产物,测定序列后,通过BLAST搜索比对,确定5种霉菌为镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)、土生曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)。在药剂试验中,选用75%达科宁、40%核星、10%世高、100%富马酸二甲酯等药剂测试对烟草霉菌的抑制效果。通过室内生物测定,40%核星的抑菌谱和抑菌效果最好,在浓度为130.32 mg/kg时,对5种霉变微生物的抑制率均达95%以上。     

一株蝗虫抗菌内生菌的初步鉴定与研究

随着抗生素的广泛使用和细菌耐药性的不断出现，人们必须不断寻找新药，以保障人类的健康。文章介绍了从蝗虫体内分离纯化得到的具有产生新抗菌物质能力的内生菌，并对其性质进行初步研究。     

一株蝗虫抗菌内生菌的初步鉴定与研究

随着抗生素的广泛使用和细菌耐药性的不断出现,人们必须不断寻找新药,以保障人类的健康。文章介绍了从蝗虫体内分离纯化得到的具有产生新抗菌物质能力的内生菌,并对其性质进行初步研究。     

一株产胆固醇氧化酶酵母菌的鉴定及发酵条件优化

从富含胆固醇环境的土壤等中进行采样,经富集培养后,以胆固醇为单一碳源的筛选培养基进行筛选,得到不同形态的5株菌株。挑选产酶量最高的一株进行菌种鉴定,并对其发酵产酶条件进行优化。结果表明,该高产胆固醇氧化酶菌株属于季也蒙毕赤酵母属(P.guilliermondii)。其最适发酵培养基组成为:玉米淀粉0.7%,酵母膏1.5%,胆固醇0.2%,吐温801%;理想的培养条件为:培养基pH7.5,37℃条件下培养,装液量为75mL于250mL三角瓶中。优化发酵条件后产酶量达到3501U/L,比发酵前提高了1.5倍。     

基于内转录间隔区序列鉴定浓香型大曲发酵表面霉菌

浓香型大曲生产时曲块表面生长的霉菌很难通过形态学观察进行鉴定,为了确定大曲表面菌丝的生物学分类,该研究借助 内转录间隔区（ITS）克隆文库的构建,对大曲表面霉菌进行了分子生物学鉴定。 结果表明,曲块表面生长的菌丝体为米根霉（Rhizopus oryzae）,是一种非常重要的酿酒微生物。     

细菌型豆豉发酵菌株的鉴定

为了明确细菌型豆豉发酵菌株的身份,首先采用形态及生理生化方法进行鉴定,接着提取该菌株的基因组DNA,并根据芽孢杆菌属16S rDNA序列两端的保守性片段设计引物,然后用PCR方法扩增出16S rDNA部分序列,纯化、测序,最后经BLAST搜索进行序列比对和构建系统进化树。结果表明,菌株BBDC3为革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌,生理生化特征与枯草芽孢杆菌相符;扩增出的16S rDNA部分序列长为1344bp,与序列号为EF488171的枯草芽孢杆菌16S rDNA序列的相似度最高,为99%;系统进化树中,菌株BBDC3与枯草芽孢杆菌AB018487在同一分支。因此,菌株BBDC3属于枯草芽孢杆菌。      

Effects of intravenous triacylglycerol emulsions on hepatic metabolism and blood metabolites in fasted dairy cows

The objective was to determine the effects of intravenous infusion of triacylglycerol (TAG) emulsions derived from different lipid sources on energy metabolism during a 4-d fast. Six nonpregnant, nonlactating multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to treatments in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin Square design. Treatments included intravenous infusion of tallow, linseed oil, or fish oil emulsions at a rate of 0.54 g of TAG/kg of body weight per day; infusions were concurrent with a 4-d fast. The emulsions were administered for 20 to 30 min every 4 h throughout the 4-d fast. Cows were fed ad libitum for 24 d between the fast/infusion periods. Infusion of tallow, linseed oil, or fish oil emulsions increased plasma concentrations of palmitic acid, linolenic acid, and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, respectively. Infusion of linseed oil emulsion decreased plasma TAG concentrations compared with tallow and fish oil treatments, which were similar. Infusion of the tallow emulsion resulted in the highest concentrations of plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), insulin, and glucose, whereas the infusion derived from linseed oil had the lowest NEFA and beta-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations. The different TAG emulsions had no effect on total or peroxisomal oxidation of [1-(14C)]oleic acid in liver homogenates. Liver TAG content increased 12.0, 7.8, and 14.1 microg/microg of DNA during the fast for tallow, linseed oil, and fish oil treatments, respectively; linseed oil was different from fish oil and tended to be different from tallow.     

Identification of metabolites of dieldrin (HEOD) in the faeces and urine of rats

Two metabolites of HEOD have been isolated by chromatographic techniques, one from the faeces and one from the urine of rats fed for six months on a diet containing HEOD. The molccular formulae of the urinary and faecal metabolites are respectively C₁₂ H₇ O₂ Cl₅ and C₁₂ H₈ O₂ Cl₆. Structural formulae for the two compounds are suggested.     

A general model of yeast energy metabolism in aerobic chemostat culture

The pattern of energy metabolism of different types of yeasts (obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes) in aerobic chemostat cultures has been evaluated and interpreted on the basis of a coupling of metabolic fluxes between glycolytic and oxidative components. A model has been formulated which defines glycolytic and oxidative subunits through which the substrate C-flux (gram-atom g^?1 h^?1) is calculated, stating that a relative imbalance between glycolytic flux and subsequent oxidative steps alone is sufficient to account for the onset of oxidoreductive metabolism in any type of yeast, irrespective of the maximum respiratory capacity. The model is able to reproduce the patterns of behaviour reported for the different types of yeasts, and the individual features of each strain are explained on the basis of metabolic differences which are defined by a set of normalized parameters. The model can be applied to different substrates and conditions, providing a methodological basis for more detailed studies of the steps controlling yeast energy metabolism.     

保宁醋醋曲中产香酵母的鉴定及挥发性成分研究

从保宁醋醋曲中筛选出4株产香较强的酵母,通过真菌r DNA-ITS区PCR扩增及构建系统发育树,确定四株产香酵母Y7和Y9、Y10、Y18分别为异常威克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamyces anomalus）和口津假丝酵母（Candida melibiosica）,采用GC-MS技术检测产香酵母发酵产物中的挥发性风味物质的种类和含量。结果表明:Y7、Y9、Y10、Y18风味物质种类数依次为26、30、21、22,其中,Y9、Y10、Y18的醇类物质种类较多,相对含量较高的为乙醇和苯乙醇,而Y7酯类物质种类最多,主要为具有浓郁果香的乙酸乙酯,其相对含量达到25.238%。产香酵母的风味物质种类及相对含量不同,可赋予食醋不同类型的香气,对于食醋的增香有着重要的意义。      

Proton production and consumption pathways in yeast metabolism. A chemostat culture analysis

In this investigation, a method for the accurate quantitative determination of net proton production or consumption in biological cultures has been devised. Cells are cultured under constant pH conditions. The specific rate of proton production or consumption by the culture (qH⁺, mmol h^?1 per g biomass) is proportional to the mmol of base or acid required to maintain constant pH per unit time, and this equivalence is independent of the buffering capacity of the culture medium. The above method has been applied to chemostat cultures of Candida utilis growing on glucose or glycerol as carbon source, and different nitrogen sources. The results indicate that the nitrogen assimilation pathway alone determines the value of qH⁺, and a fixed stoichiometric relationship between nitrogen uptake rate qN (meq h^?1 per g biomass) and qH⁺ has been found for each nitrogen source employed. Thus, qH⁺/qN values of +1, 0 and ? 1 were found for ammonium ions, urea and nitrate respectively. Under oxidative metabolism, the contribution of carbon catabolism to the value of qH⁺ was undetectable. Since qN may be related to growth and production of type 1 compounds in fermentation processes, the parameter qH⁺ was incorporated into a model of growth and energy metabolism in chemostat culture (Castrillo and Ugalde, Yeast 10 , 185–197, 1994), resulting in adequate simulations of experimentally observed culture performance. Thus, it is suggested that qH⁺ may be employed as a simple and effective control parameter for biotechnological processes involving biomass-related products.