冰箱冷凝器的节能效应及热力分析

通过建立冰箱箱壁式冷凝器和冰箱风冷式冷凝器的传热和流动压降理论数模,计算得出在相同环境条件,制冷量和体积容量相同的两台冰箱因冷凝换热形式的改变而引起的能效差异。结果显示：翅片管风冷式冷凝器替代自然对流箱壁式冷凝器后,无论从节能上还是经济节约上来说都具有较大的优势。     

对箱壁式冰箱使用真空隔热板的分析

介绍了一种真空隔热板(VIP)导热系数的测试方法;利用有限元方法对使用VIP的箱壁式电冰箱冷凝器的换热进行了计算和分析。在模拟分析中,考虑了冷凝管的材料和铝箔对传热的影响。实验测试结果证明了该测试方法在工程上是有效的。计算结果显示,相对于完全用硬质聚氨酯泡沫作为保温材料的冰箱,VIP冰箱有明显的隔热保温效果:采用导热系数为2.5mW.m-2K-1的VIP,渗入热可以减少57.8%,同时冷凝器向箱体外壁的传热量可以增大1.4%。通过铝箔传出的冷凝热在8%左右;冷凝器的管材对换热效果影响不大,采用铜管比钢管的换热效果增大不到1%。     

R22在整体型针刺管外冷凝换热特性的实验研究

对制冷工质R22在针翅管外凝结换热进行实验研究。使用2根不同几何参数的针翅管进行凝结换热实验,得到总换热系数与管内流速、管外冷凝换热系数与管内流速的关系的曲线,并拟合出管外冷凝换热系数与热流密度的关系式。实验结果表明：管内水流速0．4～2．0m／s范围内,两根冷凝管中2撑管换热性能较好。     

一种冷凝强化换热管传热性能的试验研究

以目前广泛使用的R22为工质,对一种冷凝强化换热管管外冷凝换热性能进行了实验研究.管内以乙二醇为冷却介质.在恒定热流密度、变乙二醇流速与乙二醇流速不变条件下,改变乙二醇进口温度得到一系列实验数据,再通过威尔逊(Wilson)图解法同时得到管内外换热关联式.给出了不同管内流速时管外冷凝换热性能对比图.该冷凝强化换热管管外冷凝换热性能与普通光管相比,传热强化倍率为4.48.由于管内表面有细微的凹凸形状,使管内对流换热系数达到光滑管的1.33倍.     

冰箱用箱壁式冷凝器的热路分析

为了对冰箱冷凝器结构的优化设计提供理论依据，利用通用有限元软件ANSYS对箱壁式冷凝器进行了建模、求解。在分析中，考虑了铝箔对传热的影响；同时，考虑到在通常情况下冷凝管和冰箱的外壁平板之间的线接触会影响冷凝器的散热。因此，对冷凝管与箱壁平板的线接触进行了改进，采用凹槽结构的接触形式，并分析接触角度对散热的影响。结果显示：铝箔在冷凝管的散热中是一个重要的热路。如果不考虑铝箔的影响，计算所得的换热量将偏小8％左右；冷凝器的管材对换热效果影响不大，采用铜管比钢管的换热效果增大不到1％；增加冷凝管与外壁的接触面积可以提高换热效果，但是增加幅度并不明显；同时计算结果也表明，冷凝器通过发泡层传入冰箱内部的热量约占冷凝器总负荷的12％。     

R1233zd(E)与R123的管内外换热性能的对比研究

对R1233zd(E)和R123的换热性能进行对比研究。管束测试台用于测试管外制冷剂侧换热系数,套管式换热台用来测试管内水侧换热系数。试验中蒸发管选用B5管,蒸发试验的饱和温度为6.7℃;冷凝管选用Gewa C+LW管,冷凝试验的饱和温度为36.7℃。管内侧换热系数采用Wilson Plot方法分离,管外侧换热系数通过总换热系数和分离出的管内换热系数求得。试验结果表明,应用在上述2种管型上时,R1233zd(E)的换热系数在测试的热流密度范围内均稍高于R123。认为R1233zd(E)是一种能够满足环境要求的、具有很好的换热性能的R123的替代物。     

分液冷凝器的管程理论设计及热力性能评价

根据分液冷凝器强化换热思想对其管程理论设计方法进行了研究。依据质量流速和干度来判断每一流程中制冷剂的流型,并依此选取Cavallini换热模型公式的方法求其平均换热系数,同时采用Cavallini两相压降模型和Darcy-Weisbach单相压降模型分别确定冷凝区和过冷段的压降。针对一个案例计算了三种管程设计方案下冷凝器管内冷凝换热系数和端压值,并用惩罚因子PF对其综合热力性能进行了评价。计算结果表明:不同的管程设计方案中管内制冷剂的流量分配均匀性存在较大的差异,均匀性越好,其综合热力性能越优。在质量流速为1200~1500 kg/(m2.s)范围内,与同等换热面积的蛇形管冷凝器相比,其中最好的分液冷凝器的PF值减小了48.5%~54.1%,可见设计优良的分液冷凝器的综合热力性能明显优于蛇形管冷凝器。     

带蓄冷型蒸发器节能冰箱的分析研究

蒸发器的传热性能对冰箱的功效有较大的影响。本文提出一种新型冰箱,该新型冰箱将蒸发器和储能材料结合起来构成蓄冷型蒸发器,使蒸发器在一个完整周期内从间歇式换热转变为连续性换热。为了分析新型冰箱的传热性能和节能效果,首先建立了冰箱循环中有蓄冷相变材料蒸发器的传热模型,然后建立了冰箱整体的动态仿真模型,最后分别对带蓄冷型蒸发器和传统蒸发器的双门三星级箱壁式冰箱进行传热性能及能耗的分析。模拟分析结果显示:相比于传统冰箱,由于蒸发器的传热性能得到显著提高,新型冰箱节能效果显著,电能损耗可以降低20%左右。     

水平单管传热性能试验台设计与试验研究

基于测量单管换热性能的目的,设计一个以R134a为制冷剂,用于进行满液蒸发、管外冷凝与降膜蒸发试验研究的水平单管换热性能测试试验台,并介绍其系统原理和流程。通过光管蒸发、光管冷凝的验证性试验和重复性试验,进行管内和管外换热系数测试值与理论计算值的误差分析,并研究降膜蒸发工况制冷剂流量对换热系数的影响。试验结果表明:测试值与理论计算值的偏差均在要求范围内,试验台可以为试验研究提供准确、可靠的数据。     

CO2在近临界区的冷凝特性研究

通过对CO2在近临界区水平圆管内冷凝过程的局部换热系数和压降的计算，得出CO2冷凝过程中的局部换热系数和压降随CO2蒸汽于度的变化关系，同时得到水平管的管径、冷凝温度和CO2质量流率对局部换热系数和压降的影响情况。此研究对CO2制冷系统冷凝过程的实验研究及CO2冷凝换热器的设计提供了相应的理论依据。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...