高强钢TRB高温下热流变特性

为了准确仿真高强钢板热冲压成形过程,获得高强钢高温下的材料本构关系模型,利用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机在不同温度和应变速率下对不同厚度的高强钢B1500HS钢板进行了单向拉伸试验,获得各种工艺条件下的应力-应变曲线,并基于变形抗力数学模型,引入板材厚度参数,通过最小二乘法进行数据拟合获得高强钢TRB高温下的材料本构关系.利用试验结果对本构关系模型进行的拟合验证表明,拟合程度较好,说明建立的材料本构关系能很好地描述高强钢TRB在高温下的应力-应变关系.     

喷射成形高强铝合金包套多向锻造工艺研究

目的 研究包套对喷射成形高强铝合金多向锻造变形行为的影响规律。方法 采用Deform-3D软件对喷射成形高强铝合金包套多向锻造成形过程进行模拟,分析不同包套材料和包套厚度下坯料的等效应力和等效应变的变化规律,并用优化后的参数进行物理实验,测量试样的力学性能变化。结果 当选用45#钢作为包套材料,并且包套厚度为5 mm时,坯料的等效应力、等效应变分布最均匀,成形效果最好。一道次包套多向锻造后,坯料的硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率均得到了提升;经过T6热处理后,坯料的抗拉强度得到进一步的提高,由397.71 MPa提升至561.16 MPa,伸长率有所降低,由8.2%降低为4.6%。结论 包套材料和包套厚度对喷射成形高强铝合金包套多向锻造的变形行为有显著影响,选用合适的包套参数可以有效改善坯料的变形均匀性,提高坯料的力学性能。     

浮动凹模温精密成形圆柱斜齿轮变形规律分析

目的研究采用浮动凹模工艺温精密成形圆柱斜齿轮时,不同凹模运动速度下齿轮力能参数和各种场量变化规律。方法结合浮动凹模原理和圆柱斜齿轮结构特点,利用Defrom-3D软件建立变形-传热耦合有限元模型,模拟圆柱斜齿轮采用浮动凹模温精密成形过程,分析不同凹模运动速度下的变形规律。结果通过模拟分析,得到了凹模运动速度不同时的温成形斜齿轮成形载荷特点、坯料流动速度场分布、等效应力-应变分布、温度场分布等规律。结论采用浮动凹模工艺成形圆柱斜齿轮,可以减小成形力,当凹模运动速度大于凸模下行速度时,齿轮成形性更好。     

发动机泵体精密热模锻成形工艺研究

目的为了提高发动机泵体综合机械性能和降低制造成本,采用精密热模锻技术来实现泵体的精确成形。方法通过确定锻件分模面位置,建立了泵体精密热模锻几何实体模型;在此基础上,建立了泵体热模锻过程三维有限元模型和模拟参数,实现了精密热模锻过程有限元模拟模型。结果通过数值模拟,获得了成形过程中坯料的速度场、等效应变场和温度场及载荷-行程曲线,揭示了泵体热模锻过程中金属充填模具型腔的情况及其变形机理,获得了温度场应变分布以及载荷、打击能量随行程的变化规律,优化了预成形时拍方坯料长度等参数,为确定成形工艺参数提供了科学依据。结论经试验验证,新工艺成形的锻件非加工外形面尺寸精度达到了零件要求,数值模拟结果与实验结果一致。     

电流辅助微成形技术研究进展

高强难变形金属材料微成形中普遍存在成形温度高、表面氧化严重、模具寿命低等问题,迫切需要发展提高难变形材料微成形潜力的新原理、新方法和新工艺。电流辅助微成形技术可以明显改善材料的塑性流动能力、优化微观组织、改善表面质量、提升构件综合力学性能,在突破高强难变形材料制造瓶颈方面具有巨大潜力。基于此,从电流诱发的非热电致塑性效应(电子风)、焦耳热效应和次生效应(裂纹愈合、局部电势)等方面综合评述了电致塑性效应的物理机制,分析了电流激励下材料成形性和应力降等力学性能的响应规律,并从电流对材料回复、再结晶及相变等微观组织的影响方面探讨了电致塑性效应的微观作用机理,进而讨论了近年发展的一些电流辅助微成形工艺,总结并提出了电流辅助微成形技术在理论和工艺方面面临的挑战。     

GH5188合金板材高温拉伸变形流动行为与本构方程研究

目的 研究GH5188合金板材高温拉伸变形流动行为,为高温合金板材高温成形工艺的制定和优化提供指导。方法 基于GH5188合金板材高温拉伸试验,分析了变形工艺参数对GH5188合金板材高温拉伸变形时真应力、应变速率敏感性指数和应变硬化指数的影响规律,建立了本构模型对其流动行为进行描述和预测。结果 GH5188合金板材高温拉伸变形流动行为受应变硬化、流动软化和应变速率硬化的共同影响,其变形过程分为弹性变形、加工硬化、稳态流动和断裂4个阶段。随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,真应力减小。变形温度、应变速率和真应变对GH5188合金板材的应变速率敏感性指数和应变硬化指数具有显著影响。基于Johnson-Cook和Hensel-Spittel模型,建立了考虑应变硬化效应、流动软化效应和应变速率硬化效应耦合影响的GH5188合金板材高温拉伸变形本构模型(JC-HS模型),采用该模型预测的真应力与试验值的平均相对误差为6.02%。结论 建立的JC-HS模型能够较好地描述和预测GH5188合金板材的高温拉伸流动行为。     

超高强度钢板热冲压同步淬火阶段材料模型的构建与实验分析

实验材料为超高强度钢板BR1500HS,利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机,对该材料在300~600℃温度区间内分别以0.03,0.3,0.6和1 s-1的应变速度进行高温拉伸变形实验,获得了该实验条件下流变应力的变化规律。结果表明,变形温度的降低和应变速率的增大都会使流变应力增大,但流变应力随变形量的增加达到峰值后逐渐趋于稳定。基于应力-应变数据构建BR1500HS同步淬火阶段Johson-Cook材料模型,依据此模型对热成形同步淬火阶段进行数值模拟,分析成形件及模具温度场的变化。在实验生产中,模具冷却系统使成形件在保压的同时温度迅速下降,实现其淬火过程,使材料发生马氏体相变,提高成形件的强度。为了实现超高强度钢的热成形同步淬火过程,采用同步冷却热成形系统,通过水流速度及保压时间,使零件马氏体分布均匀化。     

铝合金板材热塑性变形行为研究

为了研究铝合金板材的热塑性变形行为,进行了热态胀形试验,获取了不同温度及压力率下的胀形压力-高度曲线,分析了压力率对胀形高度的影响规律.基于同一压力率、不同温度下胀形压力与等效应变之间的关系,提出胀形压力关于等效应变及压力率的拟合方程,同时获得压力率和应变率之间的函数关系.试验结果表明,板材充液热成形工艺过程中,压力率对金属材料的变形行为影响显著,同时压力率能够表征材料成形过程中的变形快慢.     

AZ31 镁合金板材自阻加热超塑成形及电流宏微观作用分析

目的为提高镁合金板材超塑成形加热过程的效率,将自阻加热引入到超塑成形过程中。方法通过自阻加热实验,分析了电流密度对坯料温度及升温速率的影响;设计了自阻加热胀形装置并确定了工艺参数,实现了AZ31镁合金的自阻加热超塑胀形。结果采用该加热方式可将坯料加热时间从数十分钟缩短至几十秒,极大地提高了加热速率,降低了能耗。结论分析了在电流作用下镁合金的变形机制,发现电流可以通过促进材料的再结晶形核、位错滑移来提高材料塑性,并具有钝化和阻碍空洞扩展的作用。     

高强钢22MnB5扭力梁热成形热力耦合数值模拟

为了探究高强钢管22MnB5热气胀成形V型截面扭力梁的工艺,采用热力耦合数值模拟的方法研究了高温成形时扭力梁温度场、应力场、应变场、壁厚分布规律以及成形精度.研究发现:成形结束时,由于温度场分布的差异,各个区域材料流变性能不同,因此,最大主应力位于温度场较低区域,最大主应变位于温度场较高且膨胀量较大区域;随着试件初始温度的提高,成形后试件最低温度和最大减薄率均增大,成形精度提高;随着摩擦系数的增大,成形后试件最大减薄率增大.研究表明:当初始试件温度为850℃、摩擦系数为0.1、整形气压20 MPa时,成形后得到成形精度较高,最大减薄率为14%的试件,且成形后最低温度为499℃,高于马氏体开始转变温度.     

渐进成形不同热辅助工艺对制件微观结构影响的研究进展

渐进成形作为一种先进的柔性成形技术获得了当今学者的广泛关注,然而传统渐进成形工艺难以对室温环境下整体延展性较差的板料进行加工成形,研究人员提出的不同类型热辅助工艺可以通过提高板料温度环境进而有效改善上述问题。对热辅助渐进成形体系进行了简要概述,按照渐进成形加热方式的不同将热辅助工艺分为热介质加热、电辅助加热、热辐射加热和其他方式加热4个大类,在此基础上综述了不同学者在热辅助渐进成形工艺方面的学术成果,并基于不同类型的热辅助工艺,结合微观层面总结了温度对板料成形性的影响。在热渐进成形加工过程中,材料处在多场耦合作用的复杂情况下,其中热场是导致板料微观组织变化的主要原因,辅助工艺提供的额外热源有利于材料组织发生演变,最终显著改善了材料的成形性,进而提高了零件的成形极限。最后,针对不同类型的热辅助方式在供热范围与温度均匀性等工艺方面不尽相同的问题,作出了简要评价。     

Radial basis functional model for multi-objective sheet metal forming optimization

Fracture and wrinkling are two major defects in sheet metal forming and can be eliminated via an appropriate drawbead design. This article proposes to adopt a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) approach, which differs from traditional multi-objective optimization with construction of a single cost function. MOPSO shows a certain advantage over other single cost function or population-based algorithms. While radial basis function (RBF) has shown considerable promise in highly non-linear problems, there has been no report in sheet metal forming design. Here RBF is attempted to establish the metamodels for fracture and wrinkling criteria in sheet metal forming design. In this article, a sophisticated automobile inner stamping case is exemplified, which demonstrated that RBF provides a better surrogate accuracy and MOPSO is more effective than the other methods studied. The use of RBF driven MOPSO procedure significantly improved the formability and can be recommended for sheet metal process design.     

板材电磁成形技术研究进展

电磁成形是一种典型的高速率成形技术,能显著提高材料的成形性能,并已经成功应用于金属板材成形领域,获得了很好的成形效果.为了能够继续扩大电磁成形技术在板材成形方面的应用,对目前板材电磁成形技术研究进展进行了综述.首先介绍了电磁成形工艺的原理与主要特点;分析了目前电磁成形技术、电磁辅助冲压成形技术在金属板材成形方面的研究进...     

Finite element modelling and experimental investigation of single point incremental forming process of aluminum sheets: influence of process parameters on punch force monitoring and on mechanical and geometrical quality of parts

New trends in sheet metal forming are rapidly developing and several new forming processes have been proposed to accomplish the goals of flexibility and cost reduction. Among them, Incremental CNC sheet forming operations (ISF) are a relatively new sheet metal forming processes for small batch production and prototyping. In single point incremental forming (SPIF), the final shape of the component is obtained by the CNC relative movements of a simple and small punch which deform a clamped blank into the desired shape and which appear quite promising. No other dies are required than the ones used in any conventional sheet metal forming processes. As it is well known, the design of a mechanical component requires some decisions about the mechanical resistance and geometrical quality of the parts and the product has to be manufactured with a careful definition of the process set up. The use of computers in manufacturing has enabled the development of several new sheet metal forming processes, which are based upon older technologies. Although standard sheet metal forming processes are strongly controlled, new processes like single point incremental sheet forming can be improved. The SPIF concept allows to increase flexibility and to reduce set up costs. Such a process has a negative effect on the shape accuracy by initiating undesired rigid movement and sheet thinning. In the paper, the applicability of the numerical technique and the experimental test program to incremental forming of sheet metal is examined. Concerning the numerical simulation, a static implicit finite element code ABAQUS/Standard is used. These two techniques emphasize the necessity to control some process parameters to improve the final product quality. The reported approaches were mainly focused on the influence of four process parameters on the punch force trends generated in this forming process, the thickness and the equivalent plastic deformation distribution within the whole volume of the workpiece: the initial sheet thickness, the wall angle, the workpiece geometry and the nature of tool path contours controlled through CNC programming. The tool forces required to deform plastically the sheet around the contact area are discussed. The effect of the blank thickness and the tool path on the punch load and the deformation behaviour is also examined with respect to several tool paths. Furthermore, the force acting on the traveling tool is also evaluated. Similar to the sheet thickness, the effect of wall angle and part geometry on the load evolution, the distribution of calculated equivalent plastic strain and the variation of sheet thickness strain are also discussed. Experimental and numerical results obtained allow having a better knowledge of mechanical and geometrical responses from different parts manufactured by SPIF with the aim to improve their accuracy. It is also concluded that the numerical simulation might be exploited for optimization of the incremental forming process of sheet metal.     

高强钢板热冲压成形热力耦合数值模拟

为研究高强钢板的热冲压成形性,采用ABAQUS软件对高温下22MnB5高强钢板沟槽形件冲压成形进行了数值模拟研究.建立了基于热力耦合的弹塑性有限元模型和热成形下的材料模型,通过对沟槽形件热成形进行数值模拟,考察了压边力、模具间隙和凹模圆角半径等工艺参数对热成形时温度分布和回弹的影响,给出了热成形中产生回弹的机理,确定了合适的工艺参数,通过热成形试验验证了数值结果的可靠性.     

Influence of out-of-plane compression stress on limit strains in sheet metals

The prediction of the forming limits of sheet metals typically assumes plane stress conditions that are really only valid for open die stamping or processes with negligible out-of-plane stresses. In fact, many industrial sheet metal forming processes lead to significant compressive stresses at the sheet surface, and therefore the effects of the through-thickness stress on the formability of sheet metals cannot be ignored. Moreover, predictions of forming limit curves (FLC) that assume plane stress conditions may not be valid when the forming process involves non-negligible out-of-plane stresses. For this reason a new model was developed to predict FLC for general, three-dimensional stress states. Marciniak and Kuczynski (Int J Mech Sci 9:609-620, 1967) first proposed an analytical method to predict the FLC in 1967, known as the MK method, and this approach has been used for decades to accurately predict FLC for plane stress sheet forming applications. In this work, the conventional MK analysis was extended to include the through-thickness principal stress component (σ ₃), and its effect on the formability of different grades of sheet metal was investigated in terms of the ratio of the third to the first principal stress components (). The FLC was predicted for plane stress conditions (β = 0) as well as cases with different compressive through-thickness stress values (β ≠ 0) in order to study the influence of β on the FLC in three-dimensional stress conditions. An analysis was also carried out to determine how the sensitivity of the FLC prediction to the through-thickness stress component changes with variations in the strain hardening coefficient, in the strain rate sensitivity, in plastic anisotropy, in grain size and in sheet thickness. It was found that the out-of-plane stress always has an effect on the position of the FLC in principal strain space. However, the analysis also showed that among the factors considered in this paper, the strain hardening coefficient has the most significant effect on the dependency of FLC to the through-thickness stress, while the strain rate sensitivity coefficient has the least influence on this sensitivity.     

Numerical study on the deformation behaviors of the flexible die forming by using viscoplastic pressure-carrying medium

The flexible die forming (FDF) of sheet metal with the aid of viscoplastic pressure-carrying medium (VPCM) is one of the advanced forming technologies for forming complex sheet metal components with large plastic deformation. The technology has been used in industries by employing different VPCMs, the epistemological understanding of the deformation and process behaviors of this process, however, has not yet been fully addressed. In this paper, numerical study is conducted to look into the deformation behaviors of this process by explicit 3D-FE simulation under the ABAQUS platform, in which the counter pressure variations of VPCM is applied via user subroutine VDLOAD and the ductile fracture criterion is implemented by using VUMAT. Three case study parts, viz., barrel, conic and parabolic parts with large Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR) are studied. The comparison between the conventional deep drawing (CDD) and VPCM-based FDF is conducted in terms of wall-thickness reduction, hydrostatic pressure, principal stress distribution and damage factor. The uniqueness and the deformation behaviors of the VPCM-based FDF are then highlighted. The simulation results show that the higher VPCM pressure could result in the higher hydrostatic pressure throughout the process and further resist wall thinning and prevent fracture of the sheet metal. The formability is thus increased significantly.     

多点成形时工艺方式与工件压痕的关系研究

多点成形是一种先进的制造技术,但其成形特点与传统的冲压成形方式相比具有很大差别.本文采用有限元数值模拟手段针对多点成形过程中产生的压痕现象以及消除压痕的措施进行探讨,主要是对比多点模具成形和多点压机成形两种不同工艺,分析不同成形工艺条件下对压痕的影响.本文用显式动力学软件对1mm与3mm厚度的马鞍型曲面件进行数值模拟,结果表明,在相同条件下,用多点模具工艺成形的板材比用多点压机工艺成形的板材压痕深度大3-15倍,而且在成形过程中出现压痕的时间早.多点压机成形方式比多点模具成形方式具有成形效果好,缺陷少(可以减小或消除压痕和起皱等缺陷),并且有利于板材的流动,能够得到更大的变形量.     

Investigation into the Fiber Orientation Effect on the Formability of GLARE Materials in the Stamp Forming Process

Glass-reinforced aluminum laminate (GLARE) is a new class of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) which has the advantages such as high tensile strength, outstanding fatigue, impact resistance, and excellent corrosion properties. GLARE has been extensively applied in advanced aerospace and automobile industries. However, the deformation behavior of the glass fiber during forming must be studied to the benefits of the good-quality part we form. In this research, we focus on the effect of fiber layer orientation on the GLARE laminate formability in stamp forming process. Experimental and numerical analysis of stamping a hemisphere part in different fiber orientation is investigated. The results indicate that unidirectional and multi-directional fiber in the middle layer make a significant effect on the thinning and also surface forming quality of the three layer sheet. Furthermore, the stress-strain distribution of the aluminum alloy and the unique anisotropic property of the fiber layer exhibit that fiber layer orientation can also affect the forming depths as well as the fracture modes of the laminate. According to the obtained results, it is revealed that multi-directional fiber layers are a good alternative compared to the unidirectional fibers especially when a better formability is the purpose.     

Experimental investigation of stamp forming of unconsolidated commingled E-glass/polypropylene fabrics

Stamp forming of two unconsolidated commingled E-glass fiber/polypropylene fabric composites with nominal weights of 743 and 1485 g/m² has been studied for simple mold geometry. For this manufacturing process, unconsolidated commingled fabrics are transferred directly from an oven to a press where they are stamped using a matched-dies metal mold to achieve simultaneous consolidation and conformation to the mold shape. In this study, the influence of the stamping parameters such as the stamping pressure, stamping temperature, mold temperature, loading rate and holding time are determined on the flexural properties, void content and void distribution. Results obtained for the stamp forming process of the unconsolidated fabrics were compared with results obtained by compression molding of the unconsolidated fabrics and by stamping pre-consolidated fabrics. For the fabric with the higher nominal weight, the flexural properties were found to be lower than the optimal properties, while for the fabric with the lower nominal weight the flexural properties were equivalent to the optimal properties determined by compression molding. Good correspondence was found between the variation of the flexural properties and the variation of the void content. This allows the mechanical properties to be approximated by only measuring the void content. Finally, the minimum temperature at which the stamping pressure has to be applied in order to successfully process the unconsolidated fabrics is determined.