Innovation and market regulation: evidence from the European electricity industry

This paper studies the effects of changes in the level of product market regulation on the industry-level innovation intensity in the EU electricity sector during years 1990–2009. In order to test the impact of deregulatory policies on the propensity to innovate in energy technologies, we match data on R&D budgets and European Patent Office patent applications from International Energy Agency and Eurostat Databases with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development indexes of product market regulation. The analysis addresses innovations in the traditional electricity-related technologies, but keeping aside renewable energy technologies. Findings show an increase in patenting activities following market deregulation, measured along three factors: entry barriers, public ownership and vertical integration. In particular, econometric results suggest that policies aimed at reducing vertical integration – i.e. to unbundle networks from energy generation and supply – have a positive impact on innovation activity. Results are robust to the introduction of controls for country-level public R&D expenditures in the electricity field.     

The structure and dynamics of technological systems: a conceptual model

This paper focuses on the construction of an integrated model of technological systems. The model has two purposes:

1. (1) to clarify the scope and relations of various concepts in this field, especially the concepts of technology, of national systems of innovation, and of technological systems; and

2. (2) to provide a framework in which to study the conceptualization and construction of evolving technological systems.

These purposes require the creation of new concepts and the redefinitions of some familiar ones. The model is structured at four levels of aggregation:

1. (1)the individual;

2. (2)the organizational;

3. (3)the sectoral; and

4. (4)the national.

From within this structure we can identify parallaxes, or changes in the appearance of each of the four levels as the level from which observation takes place is changed. The structure of the model and the concept of parallax serve to clarify some important complexities of the dynamics of the system within which technological change takes place.     

Patents and market value in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry: new evidence from panel threshold regression

This paper applies panel threshold regression model to verify there is a triple threshold effect of patent citations/sales on the relationship between patent counts/sales and market value/sales in the American pharmaceutical industry. The results demonstrate that patent citations/sales moderates the relationship between patent counts/sales and market value/sales (i.e., the relationship between patent counts and market value). When patent citations/sales is less than or equal to the lowest threshold, 4.68, there is no significant relationship between patent counts and market value. Once patent citations/sales is more than the lowest threshold, there is a positive relationship between patent counts and market value. This study points out that the third regime is optimal because the extent of the positive relationship between patent counts and market value is most.     

Innovation in pharmaceutical R&D: mapping the research landscape

In December 2016, Elsevier launched CiteScore, a new indicator of a journal´s impact based on similar principles as the journal impact factor but improving some issues that had been raised about the latter. The inclusion of all document types, an extension on the period of time for its calculation and the access of CiteScore free of charge made this indicator more transparent and comprehensive. However, many sources display “N/A” instead of a CiteScore value. Since no explanation has been provided by Scopus regarding the significance of this abbreviation form, all the sources categorized by Scopus under the sub-subject category “Library and Information Science” were examined. This study shows that 78 sources that displayed the abbreviation form included sources that had been discontinued, others that had a name change, some that had recently been indexed by Scopus and one particular journal that has been covered by Scopus since 2000 that unexplainably has not been assigned a CiteScore. Certainly, explaining the complex use of this abbreviation form would improve the clarity of CiteScore. In fact, it would be advisable to use different abbreviation forms to denote the reasons why any given indexed journal has not been assigned a CiteScore value.

     

Discontinuities and senior management: assessing the role of recognition in pharmaceutical firm response to biotechnology

Despite an increasing emphasis on the role of senior managementcognition in shaping organizational action, there have beenfew attempts to link top management mental models to strategicchoice in the face of discontinuous innovation. This paper uses23 years of data covering 15 major pharmaceutical firms to explorethe degree to which each firm's response to the revolution inbiotechnology was shaped by the senior team's recognition ofbiotechnology's importance. Controlling for a number of importantalternative explanations, we show that recognition may be animportant predictor of action, suggesting that cognition atthe most senior level can play a critical role in shaping establishedfirms' response to discontinuities.     

沸石分子筛材料在医药领域中的应用

沸石分子筛材料具有离子交换、择形吸附和催化等与生化过程密切相关的独特性能 ,是一类性能优异的新型功能材料 ,在工业及日常生活中有着广泛的应用。本文对近年来沸石分子筛在该领域中应用的研究及发展状况进行了综述     

Gender differences in patenting activity: An examination of the US biotechnology industry

The gender gap in science and technology has received considerable attention by both researchers and policy makers. In an effort to better understand the quantity, quality, and underlying characteristics of female research efforts, I integrate three existing databases to uncover how female patenting activities differ from men’s in the US biotechnology industry. Data on how much science the patents build upon, the author institutions of that science, and who funded the papers in which the science appears are all examined. In addition, using the NBER Patent Citation Data Files, I propose a possible gender-based life cycle model for patenting activity. The policy implications of my findings are also discussed.     

System-on-a-chip integration in the semiconductor industry: industry structure and firm strategies

Miniaturization has spurred ever-increasing on-chip integrationin the semiconductor industry so that large-scale electronicsystems can now be put on a single chip. The proliferation ofsuch ‘systems-on-a-chip’ has important repercussionsfor the structure of the electronics industry, and the strategiesof electronics firms. In a detailed case study, we apply a theoreticalframework developed in Somaya and Teece [‘Combining inventionsin multi-invention contexts: organizational choices, intellectualproperty rights, and public policy,’ SSRN Working Paper(available at: www.ssrn.com) 2001] to understand how system-on-a-chipintegration is altering the balance between integrated approaches,components trading, and the licensing of ‘design modules’(DM) in the semiconductor industry. Consistent with the framework,we observe a burgeoning market for licensed DMs in the industry,along with the primarily in-house design approach being pursuedby large integrated firms. Important technical and institutionalfactors that are shaping industry structure, and the strategiesbeing pursued by different types of firms are documented. Basedon the framework, implications are drawn for firm strategy inresponse to technological shifts of the kind engendered by system-on-a-chipin the semiconductor industry. We extend the Somaya–Teeceframework to include firm strategies that seek to influencethe institutional environment in which they operate, and thusalter the balance between competing organizational modes.     

Innovation, technological regimes and organizational selection in industry evolution: a 'history friendly model' of the DRAM industry

The paper explores the complex relationship among innovation,technological regimes and selection of the firms of differentorganizational forms in the evolution of an industry. For thispurpose, this paper develops a ‘history-friendly’model for the dynamic random access memory industry that replicatesthe history of the industry by simulation. The shift of industrydominance by small, specialized (SS) firms to large, diversified(LD) firms is explained by the technological regimes of theindustry, characterized by low cumulativeness and strong impactof innovation on productivity increase. The simulation analysisalso found the following causal relationship underlying theevolution of the industry. First, the stronger innovation impactin terms of productivity jump tends to enlarge the productivitydifference among the incumbent firms and increase the speedof productivity catch-up by the LD firms. Second, the possibilityof entry and eventual dominance by the LD firms increase whenthe innovation–productivity linkage is stronger and thereis less cumulativeness in productivity determination.     

Patent literature — a tool for forecasting in the pharmaceutical industry?

Technological forecasting based on patents in the pharmaceutical field appears to be feasible by correlating the respective basic patents with the market shares of the applicants, and thereafter by taking the more important patent family cases as indicators for the future new products to appear on the market.     

Patenting,profitability and marketing characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry

The paper contains an analysis of the patenting activity of pharmaceutical companies in the UK, both the global evolution of pharmaceutical patenting during the years 1951 to 1977 and the fate of the patents published between 1951 and 1961. Further is studied: how much companies vary in their patenting policy and whether this is correlated with their profitability, as well as the amount of licensing going on between pharmaceutical companies.     

膜分离技术在制药工业中的应用

膜分离技术在制药工业中的应用包括生物发酵制药、中药生产和现代生物技术等．膜分离技术在抗生素、半合成抗生素、维生素和氨基酸生产中尤其常见．随着膜材料、膜组件和膜设备的不断改进,膜分离技术在制药工业中将扮演越来越重要角色．     

Management by the market constraint in the Hi-Tech industry

This paper presents a systematic approach to managing by the market constraint in the Hi-Tech industry. In line with the Theory of Constraints methodology, it is argued that in a market-constrained environment, the marketing and sales department together with the research and development department are Permanent Bottlenecks and need to be managed as such. The paper modifies the Theory of Constraint's five focusing steps to accommodate the market constraint. It describes the Strategic Gating and Tactical Gating that enable the firm to increase shareholder value, emphasizing that even though the company has to seek profitable orders in the competitive market, management can control the situation by the focusing methods presented. The paper also suggests a way to reduce costs in non-critical areas and stresses the need for lead-time protective buffers.     

真空行业现状及未来国内市场

简单扼要的概述了真空行业的发展历史，以较详细的统计数据阐述了2002年行业经济运行情况，并通过对相关行业“十五”发展规划的研究，对今后5～10年真空设备的市场进行了分析预测。     

纳米技术在石化领域的应用及市场发展

国内外已有诸多公司、研究院和大学从事纳米技术在化工和石化领域的研究和工业化应用.     

The stock market and innovative capability in the New Economy: the optical networking industry

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the stockmarket on the innovative capabilities of high-technology companiesthat have been central to what in the last half of the 1990scame to be called the ‘New Economy’. The empiricalfocus is on equipment suppliers in optical networking—anindustry that integrates the bandwidth potential of fiber opticswith the data communications potential of the internet. Thestudy covers the period from 1996 to 2003, during which theoptical networking industry was, first, central to the New Economyboom, and, then from 2001, ensnared by the bursting of the NewEconomy bubble. This paper shows how, responding to the NewEconomy business model brought into the industry by Cisco Systems,three Old Economy companies—Nortel Networks, Lucent Technologies,and Alcatel—sought to use their corporate stock as a currencyto acquire technology companies and compensate talented people,and thus accumulate innovative capability. To understand therelation between the stock market and innovative capabilityin the Cisco ‘growth-through-acquisition-and-integration’model and in the ‘creative responses’ of the OldEconomy companies to the Cisco challenge, we apply an analyticalframework that links four functions of the stock market—control,combination, compensation and cash—with three social conditionsof innovative enterprise: strategic control—the abilitiesand incentives of strategic decision makers to allocate resourcesto uncertain investments in innovative capabilities; organizationalintegration—the structure of incentives that motivatesemployees to apply their skills and efforts to collective learningprocesses; and financial commitment—the availability tothe enterprise of resources to sustain cumulative learning processesuntil, by accessing markets, they can generate financial returns.Using this framework, we show that the ways in which the OldEconomy companies used their stock to accumulate innovativecapability in the New Economy boom of 1998–2000 made themmore vulnerable to the stock market collapse and the slowdownin the optical networking industry in 2001–2003.     

Innovation and production in the global solar photovoltaic industry

The global development of solar photovoltaic power is seen as a potentially major technology in the pursuit of alternative energy sources. Given its evolutionary nature, in terms of both technology and the market, there is some discernible divergence between the innovative capability and production capacity of certain countries. We set out in the present study to explore this issue by examining the productive and innovative performance of six countries covering the period from 1996 to 2006. Our empirical analyses, at both country level and firm level, provide a strong indication that such tendency of incongruence possibly comes as a result of differences in the business strategies adopted by the various countries, as well as the extent of their technological advantage.