X70管线钢熔合区裂纹与焊接工艺的关系 孙咸

探讨了X70管线钢中熔合区裂纹与焊接工艺的关系。结果表明,在铁研试件中出现的沿熔合线分布的裂纹属于氢致冷裂纹。当冷裂纹三要素集中于X70管线钢熔合区的粗晶区时,该区成为接头的薄弱环节,极易形成裂纹。在裂纹影响因素中,熔合区组织特性是裂纹产生的必要条件,应力水平和氢的分布特征则是充分条件。焊接工艺与裂纹的关系实质上反映的是焊缝中氢和应力与裂纹间的关系。工程上常用焊缝中残留的扩散氢量最小化、不足以引发氢致冷裂纹的“焊缝金属低氢化”综合工艺,并获得了满意的效果。     

应变速率对管线钢近中性pH值环境敏感开裂的影响

以X-70管线钢近中性pH值溶液(NS4和实际土壤溶液)为研究对象,研究了恒载荷、慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT) 和循环蓑荷等不同条件下的环境开裂行为.结果表明,在该体系中局部应变速率是联系各种不同断裂过程的纽带,决定着断裂的模式.当该局部应变速率低于发生应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感局部应变速率的上限(即5×10-5 s-1)时, SCC才能够发生;在循环载荷作用下,当该局部应变速率高于此上限时,将发生力学因素起主导作用的腐蚀疲劳(CF)开裂;该局部应变速率继续升高时,将发生机械断裂.对X-70管线钢在近中性pH值的环境开裂,不论开裂过程是溶解或(和)氨的作用占主导,均受局部应变速率控制.在通常遇到的现场服役条件下, X-70管线钢在近中性pH值溶液中的开裂模式是SCC,不是CF,应称之为“近中性pH值应变促进腐蚀开裂”,实质上这是一种由局部应变速率决定的环境开裂行为.     

Crack growth in a welded microalloyed steel under sulfide stress cracking conditions

In this work, the hydrogen sulfide stress-corrosion cracking (SSC) susceptibility of a welded API X-80 pipeline was investigated. For this purpose, steel welding was carried out normal to the rolling direction using a 60° single V-joint design. After welding, compact modified-wedge opening loading (M-WOL) fracture mechanics specimens were machined and loaded to an applied stress intensity factor, K_I, of 27 to 53 MPa√m. This was followed by specimen exposure to H₂S saturated synthetic seawater. Each of the M-WOL specimens contained the typical microstructures developed during welding, such as the weld metal (WM), base metal (BM), and heat affected zone (HAZ). No attempt was made to establish a unique K_ISCC for crack arrest because its significance was not clear. Qualitatively, the experimental outcome indicated that in mode I loading under a K_I of 40.3 MPa√m only the base metal region underwent SSC. Apparently, active anodic dissolution of the crack tip started the growth process, but it was followed by a transition to hydrogen induced cracking. At an applied K_I of 55 MPa√m and under similar exposure times, crack growth in the base metal was discontinuous and tended to follow the grain boundaries. Moreover, the HAZ exhibited the least SSC susceptibility as inferred from the relatively short crack propagation lengths (0.829 mm). In this case, it was found that the crack path was highly tortuous due to the presence of acicular ferrite and a refined grain structure. The most SSC susceptible condition was found in the weld metal where crack lengths of up to 4.2 mm developed. In this case, the presence of a relatively coarse dendritic structure coupled with interdendritic segregation provided a weak path for crack propagation.     

防护钢的焊接冷裂纹敏感性研究

通过冷裂纹敏感指数计算、焊缝接头硬度试验和斜Y型坡口试验,分析防护钢板的焊接冷裂纹敏感性。结果表明,防护钢板冷裂纹敏感指数Pcm=0.329%,不产生冷裂纹的预热温度为172℃。在常温和预热172℃条件下,热影响区的最高硬度分别为475 HV和310 HV;斜Y型坡口试验在室温条件下焊接时,焊缝表面裂纹率为0,平均断面裂纹率为10.5%,在172℃预热条件下焊接时,焊缝表面和断面裂纹率均为0。     

H2S浓度对国产X70管线钢及其焊接接头应力腐蚀性能的影响

采用慢应变速率试验研究了H2S对国产X70管线钢及其焊接接头应力腐蚀性能的影响，揭示了国产X70管线钢及其焊接接头在含H2S腐蚀介质中的应力腐蚀敏感性随H2S浓度的增加而增加。焊接接头抗硫化氢应力腐蚀性能较母材低；H2S对国产X70管线钢及其焊接接头应力腐蚀性能有着重要的影响。     

核电站钢制安全壳SA738Gr.B钢焊缝裂纹产生原因分析及预防

针对国内某核电工程钢制安全壳闸门插入板与筒体之间的焊缝产生裂纹的实际情况,重点围绕焊接过程质量控制,焊接热裂纹、冷裂纹、层状撕裂、应力腐蚀裂纹以及再热裂纹产生的原因进行了详细分析,确定了SA738Gr.B钢焊缝裂纹产生的原因和制定了合理的预防措施,避免裂纹再次产生,为后续工程焊接工艺制定提供了参考。     

X80管线钢焊接冷裂敏感性判据的建立

采用一次正交回归设计,考察焊接热输入、预热温度和熔敷金属的扩散氢含量的影响,通过插销试验测定了X80管线钢焊接热影响区下临界应力,通过方差分析得到影响插销试验下临界应力的显著性因素,采用多元线性回归建立了下临界应力方程和冷裂纹判据,并对方程进行了分析;发现X80管线钢的冷裂倾向和初始扩散氢含量密切相关,当初始扩散氢含量较低时,组织形态对下临界应力的影响显著;当初始扩散氢含量较高时,下临界应力受到组织和残余扩散氢的共同作用.     

X70级管线钢抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂实验研究

用三点弯曲方法及SEM?TEM等手段研究了不同组织类型的X70级管线钢硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)行为?结果表明,显微组织以均匀细小的针状铁素体为主的管线钢具有优良的抗SSCC性能;这主要是源于针状铁素体内高密度缠结的位错和碳氮化物在位错网络上的沉淀析出起到了强烈的氢陷阱作用?     

新型耐磨钢NM400斜Y形坡口焊接抗裂性分析

采用斜Y形坡口焊接抗裂性试验对NM400钢的焊接抗裂性进行了研究,通过测定其表面裂纹率、断面裂纹率及根部裂纹率,评定NM400的抗裂性能,并分析焊前预热对材料抗裂性的影响.同时,应用热弹塑性有限元法对斜Y形坡口试样进行了焊接过程的有限元数值模拟计算,得出横向焊接残余应力的分布情况及峰值位置.结果表明,常温下NM400的根部裂纹率较高,预热150℃时各裂纹率均降至0.因此,焊前预热能够提高NM400的焊接抗裂性.另斜Y形坡口根部产生较大的应力集中,局部横向残余应力超过材料的强度,是致使其产生裂纹的力学因素.     

Numerical simulation of plate rigid restraint cracking tests based on cohesive element model

Cohesive element is developed from the Dugdal-Barenblatt model in the field of fracture mechanics. The mechanical constitutive relation of cohesive element can be artificially assumed depending on the specific applications. It has been successfully applied in the study of crystal plasticity/ brittle fracture process and decohesion between delaminations. In this paper, tensile experiments of large steel plate with different length of pre-existing cracks are conducted. Based on commercial software ABAQUS, cohesive element is adopted to simulate the tensile tests, and appropriate parameter values are obtained by fitting displacement force curves. Using these parameters, a numerical method is presented by applying cohesive element to thermo-elastic-plastic finite element method ( TEP-FEM) to simulate plate rigid restraint cracking ( PRRC) tests. By changing constitutive relation of cohesive element, dimensions of the model and welding conditions, the influence of welding restraint intensity and welding conditions on the crack propagation are discussed, respectively. Three types of welding cold cracking are simulated. Significant influence of welding cold cracking on resistant stress in welding line is captured by this numerical method.     

X70管线钢配套焊条CHE607GX的研制及应用

研制了X70管线钢配套用低硫高韧性焊条。该焊条具有良好的焊接工艺性能,焊接接头具有优良的塑性,低温韧性和抗裂性能,能满足“西气东输”工程用X70管线钢的焊接要求。     

高强管线钢的焊接性及其焊接接头的耐腐蚀性

近年来,油气输送管道朝大管径方向发展,输送介质复杂,输送压力增大,使用条件越来越苛刘,因而管道材料的研究正朝着具有高强度、高韧性以及优良的现场焊接性等多方面性能发展,国产高强X70管线钢已在西气东输工程中投入使用。由于焊接工艺是输气管道铺设的主要工艺之一,高压输送管道的焊接部位,尤其是铺设管道环焊部位是失效事故的多发位王,因此,针对国产X70,XSO管线钢从焊接方法、焊接材料等方面进行了阐述,分析了其焊接性,并进一步讨论了其焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能。     

Stress corrosion cracking study of microalloyed pipeline steels in dilute NaHCO3 solutions

Studies were carried out to evaluate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of a X-70 microalloyed pipeline steel, with different microstructures by using the slow strain rate testing (SSRT) technique at 50 °C, in NaHCO₃ solutions. Both anodic and cathodic potentials were applied. Additionally, experiments using the SSRT technique but with pre-charged hydrogen samples and potentiodynamic polarization curves at different sweep rates were also carried out to elucidate hydrogen effects. The results showed that the different microstructures in conjunction with the anodic applied potentials shift the cracking susceptibility of the steel. In diluted NaHCO₃ solutions cathodic potentials close to their rest potential values decreased the SCC susceptibility regardless the microstructure, whereas higher cathodic potentials promote SCC in all steel conditions. Certain microstructures are more susceptible to present anodic dissolution corrosion mechanism. Meanwhile concentrated solution did not promotes brittle fracture.     

Stress corrosion cracking initiation under the disbonded coating of pipeline steel in near-neutral pH environment

A novel test setup has been used in this study to simulate stress corrosion cracking initiation under a disbonded coating on an X-65 pipeline steel. In this setup, the synergistic effects of cyclic loading, cathodic protection and soil solution environment under disbonded coatings have been considered. When the X-65 pipeline steel was exposed to the test environment, there existed a wide range of corrosion products on the steel surface in the gradient of cathodic protection. Increasing the test time and the maximum stress increased the possibility of stress corrosion cracking initiation in regions with a high susceptibility to pitting corrosion.     

X100管线钢焊接冷裂纹敏感性

采用E10018焊条进行了斜Y形坡口焊接裂纹试验,结合数值模拟方法对X100管线钢焊接冷裂纹敏感性进行了研究,分析了预热温度对热影响区显微组织、接头硬度分布、应力应变状态的影响规律. 结果表明,X100管线钢具有一定的焊接冷裂纹敏感性,采用不高于100℃预热可以降低冷裂纹敏感性;100℃预热时裂纹率为0,此时粗晶区显微组织不是很粗大、M-A组元数量最少、硬度较低,且残余应力和应变水平都较低;但预热温度大于150℃时,粗晶区晶粒粗大、M-A组元数量增加,且接头中等效残余应力、应变水平升高,导致冷裂纹敏感性增加. 建议采用100℃进行预热.     

碳化钛高锰钢结硬质合金的碎裂成因

利用扫描电镜与金相观察等分析方法 ,研究了碳化钛高锰钢结硬质合金在焊接和使用过程中产生裂纹与碎片的成因。结果表明 ,当硬质相 (TiC)之间的粘结相成分Mn ,Fe等元素含量偏低时 ,则粘结相的相对含量明显减少 ,粘结效果变差 ,致使硬质相在烧结过程中发生邻接和聚集长大 ,晶粒出现不均匀粗化 ,导致合金微区强韧性降低 ,在焊接应力 (或外力 )作用下容易产生微裂纹 ,若应力 (或外力 )进一步增大或作用时间延长 ,微裂纹将迅速扩展形成宏观裂纹进而脆裂成碎片。提出了在烧结过程中避免粘结相挥发、流失及硬质相邻接长大的工艺措施 ,以改善合金的组织与性能 ,防止产生裂纹与碎片。     

电化学充氢条件下X70管线钢及其焊缝的氢致开裂行为

采用电化学充氢的方法研究了X70管线钢在不同浓度硫酸溶液中的氢致开裂(HIC)行为．结果表明,增大充氢电流密度、延长充氢时间以及降低充氢溶液的pH值能够促进氢进入X70钢基体．微观观察表明,X70钢中的非金属夹杂物如氮化物和氧化物等对其氢致开裂行为有不同的影响,氮化物夹杂并不是充氢裂纹的必然形核位置,而Mg,Al,Ca等的氧化物是更为有害的氢致裂纹源．通过氢渗透实验测得室温下氢在X70钢中的有效扩散系数为3．34×10-9cm2／s．对XT0管线钢基体及焊缝试样电化学预充氢后拉伸,焊缝试样的拉伸塑性较差,各项塑性指标在充氢前、后均低于X70钢基体材料．     

Investigation of solidification cracking susceptibility during laser beam welding using an in-situ observation technique

In recent years, laser beam welding has found wide applications in many industrial fields. Solidification cracks are one of the most frequently encountered welding defects that hinder obtaining a safe weld joint. Decades of research have shown that one of the main causes of such cracks are the strain and the strain rate. Obtaining meaningful measurements of these strains has always been a major challenge for scientists, because of the specific environment of the measurement range and the many obstacles, as well as the high temperature and the plasma plume. In this study, a special experimental setup with a high-speed camera was employed to measure the strain during the welding process. The hot cracking susceptibility was investigated for 1.4301 stainless steel, and the critical strain required for solidification crack formation was locally and globally determined.     

07MnNiVDR再热裂纹敏感性及试验

采用热模拟后缓慢拉伸试验、夏比摆锤冲击试验、插销试验以及小铁研试验等方法,研究了调质高强钢07MnNiVDR的再热裂纹敏感性.热模拟研究表明,采用小热输入焊接时,该钢对再热裂纹不敏感;大热输入情况下,敏感温度在600℃左右.插销试验表明,该钢具有一定的再热裂纹敏感性,敏感温度在600℃左右.热模拟试验和插销试验的结果一致,小铁研试验不适合试验材料的再热裂纹敏感性研究.热模拟后缓慢拉伸是判断材料再热裂纹敏感性的有效方法,插销临界断裂初应力对生产有指导意义.尽管未在小铁研试验中发现明显再热裂纹,对该钢实施焊后热处理还应慎重.     

高强度桥梁钢焊接冷裂纹敏感性研究

通过冷裂纹敏感指数计算、热影响区最高硬度实验和斜Y型坡口实验分析了高强度桥梁钢Q460q的焊接冷裂纹敏感性。结果表明:Q460q冷裂纹敏感指数Pcm=0.17%,不产生冷裂纹的预热温度为60℃;常温和预热60℃条件下的热影响区最高硬度分别为282 HV和271 HV,均小于最大允许硬度410 HV;斜Y型坡口实验在室温条件下焊接时,焊缝表面裂纹率为0,平均断面裂纹率为7.8%,在60℃预热条件下焊接时,焊缝表面和断面裂纹率均为0。以上三种实验结果均表明高强度桥梁钢Q460q焊接冷裂纹敏感性较低。