涡轮自吸桨强化气液混合及氧化反应速率

自吸式搅拌桨具有强化多相及均相体系混合的特性,被广泛应用于化工冶金等领域。本文提出了一种新型涡轮自吸桨,并对其在混合及氧化还原过程中的强化作用进行了研究。以电导率法作为测定方法,以混合均匀时间作为表征参数,对搅拌转速、搅拌输入功率、示踪剂添加位置、吸气和吸液混合等影响因素进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,混合均匀时间随搅拌转速增加而降低,且存在临界转速,即为200r/min,当搅拌转速大于临界转速200r/min后,混合均匀时间基本维持稳定;当搅拌桨以吸气形式运转时,其他条件相同的情况下,自吸桨200r/min转速的混合效果与常规搅拌桨350r/min的混合效果相当;当搅拌桨以吸液形式运转时,自吸桨在0.27kW/m³输入功率下可达到常规搅拌桨1kW/m³以上输入功率的搅拌混合效果。同时,本文以水杨酸为活性氧捕集剂,初步探究了自吸式搅拌桨在强化氧化还原过程的机理,研究结果表明自吸式搅拌桨在吸气运转过程中,混合搅拌体系产生了羟基自由基,对应羟基化产物在120min后积累浓度为73.47μmol/L。此外,以二价铁为氧化剂受体,以二价铁的氧化效率为表征参数,对自吸式搅拌桨实际应用效果进行了系统研究,研究结果表明,在氧化二价铁的过程中,当pH为5.0时,自吸桨氧化优于曝气氧化效果;在pH=4.0、常温条件下,相较于普通搅拌桨,自吸式搅拌桨对应体系的氧化效率达到30%,是常规搅拌桨的10倍;当转速大于300r/min时,转速增加对氧化平衡终点影响较小,对氧化速率影响较大,即转速为400r/min的氧化效率比300r/min的氧化效率高30%。     

几种单层桨搅拌槽内宏观混合特性的比较

为了丰富对向心桨的混合特性的认识,比较了向心桨、Rushton桨、三斜叶桨和穿流桨的单层桨搅拌槽内的宏观混合特性,考察了搅拌转速、桨叶离底高度对搅拌槽混合时间和功率特性的影响。结果表明,四种桨的宏观混合时间均随着搅拌转速的增加而减少,搅拌功率均随转速的增加逐渐增大。当转速相同时,四种桨型中Rushton桨的功率消耗最大,三斜叶桨功率消耗最小,向心桨的功率消耗仅仅比三斜叶桨高。桨叶离底高度的变化对四种桨型的混合时间和功率的影响不尽相同。混合效率的影响因素大小顺序为：搅拌转速>桨型>桨叶离底高度。在考察的四种桨型中,向心桨的混合效率最高。研究成果可为向心桨等新型搅拌桨的工业应用积累实验数据,为其优化设计和放大提供理论依据。     

几种单层桨搅拌槽内宏观混合特性的比较

为了丰富对向心桨的混合特性的认识,比较了向心桨、Rushton桨、三斜叶桨和穿流桨的单层桨搅拌槽内的宏观混合特性,考察了搅拌转速、桨叶离底高度对搅拌槽混合时间和功率特性的影响。结果表明,四种桨的宏观混合时间均随着搅拌转速的增加而减少,搅拌功率均随转速的增加逐渐增大。当转速相同时,四种桨型中Rushton桨的功率消耗最大,三斜叶桨功率消耗最小,向心桨的功率消耗仅仅比三斜叶桨高。桨叶离底高度的变化对四种桨型的混合时间和功率的影响不尽相同。混合效率的影响因素大小顺序为:搅拌转速桨型桨叶离底高度。在考察的四种桨型中,向心桨的混合效率最高。研究成果可为向心桨等新型搅拌桨的工业应用积累实验数据,为其优化设计和放大提供理论依据。     

组合螺带桨搅拌槽内粉体的混合性能

在直径0.48 m的立式搅拌槽内研究了4种组合式螺带搅拌桨的粉体混合性能,考察了搅拌转速、粉体物料装填高度和搅拌桨型对粉体混合性能的影响,分析了径向与轴向上的粉体混合情况. 结果表明,搅拌转速是影响粉体混合的重要因素,增加搅拌转速能明显缩短混合时间,转速44.0 r/min时的混合因子π3比转速8.7及26.5 r/min时下降50%及30%以上;在搅拌桨内部附加较小的内桨使功率略有增加,但可显著缩短混合时间,转速44.0 r/min时能使π3下降50%,提高混合效率.     

高速混合制粒机的实验研究

对固体颗粒在高速混合制粒机内的搅拌混合进行了试验。试验为固定一个物料体系 ,进行三因素 (主搅拌桨转速、制粒桨转速、混合时间 )三水平的正交试验。研究了主、辅搅拌桨转速及混合物料物性对混合效果的影响。从实践上分析了混合效果与各结构参数及操作参数的关系。通过找出最佳混合参数组合 ,给出最适混合转速及最适混合时间     

大型侧进式搅拌釜内湍流流场的数值模拟

采用计算流体力学(CFD)技术对直径和高度均为13 m的大型侧进式搅拌釜内均相宏观流场进行数值计算。结果表明,将计算域划分为大约90万网格时,计算得到的搅拌功率曲线与实验数据吻合较好;考察不同操作转速、搅拌桨安装角度及个数对釜内低速死区分布的影响,发现增大搅拌转速很难有效地消除水平面上的死区;搅拌桨垂直向下5.71°或水平偏转11°安装能明显改善流体运动。三桨和四桨搅拌体系对釜上部流场的优化要好于两桨体系;但在相同转速下,双桨、三桨和四桨搅拌釜的搅拌功耗分别是单桨搅拌釜的1.2倍、2.3倍和3.4倍。综合考虑,三桨体系搅拌效率较高。最后采用组分模型计算得到不同转速下三桨釜的混合时间。     

干式发酵搅拌器流场数值分析及结构参数优选

为了研究干式发酵搅拌器的搅拌效果,通过流体力学软件Fluent,采用动网格模型和多相流模型对干式发酵搅拌器中的混合过程进行了数值模拟,考察了搅拌转速、搅拌桨长和搅拌桨层数等因素对搅拌功率、混合时间、混合能和扩散流场的影响。研究结果表明,降低搅拌转速,有利于减小搅拌能耗,提高混合效率,但从工程效率角度,搅拌转速的选取不宜低于3 r/min;当搅拌桨长为1 200 mm时,搅拌的混合效率最高;当搅拌器搅拌转速大于6 r/min时,三桨搅拌器混合效率高于四桨搅拌器。     

高速混合制粒机制粒过程

应用高速混合制粒机对湿法制粒过程进行了研究。单因素实验结果表明,混合时间对混合均匀度影响较明显,混合时间过长,将出现混合均匀度下降的现象;随黏合剂质量分数增加大颗粒增加,小颗粒减少,颗粒度有所增加;剪切桨转速变化对粒度分布的影响较小;搅拌桨转速变化对粒度分布的影响较明显,随着搅拌桨转速的增大,目数大于20目与小于100目的颗粒都有明显减少的效果。     

热管搅拌反应釜内综合性能的数值模拟

将热管技术应用于高放热搅拌反应釜,用椭圆截面热管代替矩形挡板。以糖精钠生产中酰胺化工序中的反应为依托,设计出新型热管搅拌釜。基于ANSYS中Fluent模块,编写热量源项用户自定义函数（UDF）,以表征搅拌过程中釜内液体实际散热状况,采用数值模拟的方法,综合考察3个结构参数和搅拌转速对釜内最优温度持续时间、搅拌混合均匀时间等性能参数的影响。搅拌转速对釜内性能影响的权重远大于3个结构参数,就最优温度持续时间而言,搅拌器安装角度>热管中心线到釜壁距离>搅拌器下层桨到釜底距离;就搅拌混合均匀时间而言,搅拌器下层桨到釜底距离>搅拌器安装角度>热管中心线到釜壁距离。同时模拟出单个因素对搅拌釜性能的影响,并分别优选出热管中心线到釜壁距离为85mm,搅拌器下层桨到釜底距离为340mm,搅拌器安装角为0°,搅拌转速为240r/min。     

多层桨搅拌槽内的微观混合特性

在直径0.476 m的多层桨搅拌槽内,采用平行竞争反应工作体系,就不同的多层桨型组合、进料时间、搅拌转速及进料位置对产物分布的影响规律进行了系统的实验研究,并采用涡旋卷吸模型就加料位置等操作条件对产物分布的影响进行了模拟计算,模拟值与实验值吻合. 结果表明,对于多层桨搅拌体系,在液面处加料时产物分布主要由上层桨的桨型决定,底层桨的排出流区加料时主要由底层桨的桨型及功率决定. 卷吸模型能够较好地描述搅拌槽内的微观混合过程.     

Scalar mixing in a turbulent stirred tank with pitched blade turbine: Role of impeller speed perturbation

Mixing of a passive scalar inside a pitched blade turbine (PBT) impeller stirred tank (STR) is studied using large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with the immersed boundary method (IBM) for resolving moving interfaces. Mixing time is calculated based on the 95% homogenization of the scalar over the entire tank volume. Growth rate of the unmixed tracer volume is observed in order to identify the effects of low frequency macroinstability (MI) oscillations. Mixing time is significantly reduced when the STR flow is perturbed using a step-change in the impeller speed with a specific MI frequency. The enhancement in turbulent kinetic energy and changes in mean flow field due to the perturbation is observed. The spatio-temporal behavior of the large-scale mixing structures for the fixed impeller-speed case and the perturbed case are compared. The mechanism of mixing enhancement is further explored by observing dynamic changes in the concentration distribution and the velocity field over a perturbation cycle. Penalty in power requirement due to perturbation is calculated.     

刚柔组合桨强化粉煤灰酸浸搅拌槽内固液混沌混合

传统粉煤灰提铝工艺中酸浸搅拌槽均采用刚性搅拌桨。因刚性桨卷吸能力有限，导致固体颗粒易沉槽、流体混沌混合效率低。提出刚柔组合桨强化酸浸搅拌槽中固液混沌混合行为。实验基于固含率为30%的粉煤灰-自来水体系，研究了刚柔组合酸浸搅拌槽内混沌混合特性及能量耗散规律。采用扭矩传感器采集扭矩时间序列信号，借助Matlab软件编译计算混合过程中最大Lyapunov指数和多尺度熵等混沌特性参数，以单位体积功耗表征搅拌反应器的功率特性。实验考察了搅拌桨安装离底高度、柔性片长度、柔性片宽度等因素对酸浸槽内粉煤灰混沌混合的影响，对比了刚性桨与刚柔组合桨体系的能耗差异。研究结果表明：刚柔组合桨通过柔性片的作用，能增大搅拌桨的卷吸力，进而减少固体颗粒沉槽现象，促进全槽混沌混合；在最优化条件（120 r/min，搅拌桨安装离底高度为T/4，柔性片长度为1.2H ₁、柔性片宽度为D/8）下，体系最大Lyapunov指数达到最大值0.0645，各尺度下的MSE均比其他条件更大，表明刚柔组合桨能够通过柔性片的多体运动，强化体系混沌混合，均化体系能量分布；刚性桨与刚柔组合桨的单位体积功耗随着转速的增加呈现指数规律增长。     

Non-invasive mixing time estimation in unbaffled stirred tank: An ultrasonic approach

Estimation of mixing time is an essential aspect in characterization of stirred tanks. In this work, we report a novel, non-invasive technique to estimate mixing time in an unbaffled stirred tank using a contact type ultrasonic sensor. Variation in speed of sound in stirred tank is measured by ultrasound and is used to determine the mixing time of solutions. A sensing time of 16.6 ms (~60 Hz) is achieved which leads to an estimation of the mixing process dynamics under forced vortex conditions. The method is validated against colorimetric technique using a dye. The technique is thereafter used to determine mixing time under different operating (impeller speed) and geometrical (impeller design, vessel diameter, and off-bottom clearance) conditions. Though the results presented are specific to unbaffled stirred tank, the method reported is general and can be used in any kind of stirred tank.     

CFD Investigation of the Mixing of Yield‐Pseudoplastic Fluids with Anchor Impellers

The study was carried out to simulate the 3D flow domain in the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids possessing yield stress with anchor impellers, using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package. The multiple reference frames (MRF) technique was employed to model the rotation of the impellers. The rheology of the fluid was approximated using the Herschel–Bulkley model. To validate the model, the CFD results for the power consumption were compared to the experimental data. After the flow fields were calculated, the simulations for tracer homogenization were performed to simulate the mixing time. The effects of impeller speed, fluid rheology, and impeller geometry on power consumption, mixing time, and flow pattern were explored. The optimum values of c/D (impeller clearance to tank diameter) and w/D (impeller blade width to tank diameter) ratios were determined on the basis of minimum mixing time.     

用CFD研究搅拌槽内的混合过程

在CFX软件的基础上开发了用于混合过程计算的程序,并在流动场计算的基础上对单层涡轮桨搅拌槽内的混合过程进行了初步的数值研究.对速度场和浓度场联立求解与单独求解两种处理方法分别进行了计算,计算得到的浓度响应曲线与文献数据趋势一致,两种方法计算的混合时间变化规律一致,联立求解计算得到的混合时间略小于单独求解,但是联立求解的计算量非常大.计算结果表明：混合过程与计算采用的流动场密切相关;混合时间大小不仅与监测点位置有关,还与加料位置有关,在搅拌桨附近加料混合时间最小,在槽底部加料混合时间最大.     

Numerical Simulation of Macroscopic Mixing in a Rushton Impeller Stirred Tank

The macroscopic mixing in a stirred tank with different tracer injection locations, impeller speeds and impeller positions is simulated numerically by solving the transport equation of the tracer based on the whole flow field in the baffled tank with a Rushton disk turbine numerically resolved using the improved inner-outer iterative procedure. Predicted mixing time is compared well with the literature correlations. The predicted residence time distribution of the stirred tank is very close to the present experimental results. The effect of the installation of a draft tube on the mixing time and residence time distributions is addressed.     

Influence of Floating Suspended Solids on the Homogenization of the Liquid Phase in a Mixing Vessel

The impact of floating suspended solids on the homogenization of the liquid phase in a stirred vessel was studied. The experiments were performed in a tank with an internal diameter of 0.32 m, equipped with a 45° pitched four-blade turbine (PTD) placed at varying positions in the vessel. Tap water was used as the liquid phase and polyethylene particles (PEHD) were used as the solid phase. The impeller speed was varied from N = 200–900 rpm. The mixing time of the suspended system was measured by a conductivity technique using a sodium chloride solution as the tracer, whereas power consumption was measured by the torque table. The influence of mean concentration of the suspended floating solids, average particle size, surface tension at the liquid/air interface and impeller diameter and its position on the mixing time and power consumption were analyzed.     

MIXING CHARACTERISTICS IN SLURRY STIRRED TANK REACTORS WITH MULTIPLE IMPELLERS

Hydrodynamic parameters such as power consumption, gas holdup, critical impeller speed for solid suspension and mixing time were measured in slurry stirred tank reactors with multiple impellers. The experiments were mainly conducted in a stirred tank of 0.2mi.d. with baffles. It contained two four-pitched blade downflow turbines for gas dispersion and one Pfaudler type impeller for solid suspension. As a part of scaling studies, additional experiments were also carried out in a larger stirred tank reactor (0,8m i.d.) geometrically similar to the smaller one. Glass beads and polymeric particles were used as a solid phase. Solid concentration was in the range of 0-20% (K/K). Tap water and methanol were used as a liquid phase

The power consumption decreased due to an introduction of gas and the presence of solids caused a decrease in the extent of reduction in power consumption. A correlation for power consumption in aerated slurry systems was proposed, It was found that the presence of solids is responsible for a decrease in gas holdup. A new correlation for gas holdup in gas-liquid-solid three-phase stirred tank reactors was developed. It fit the present experimental data reasonably. The critical impeller speed for solid suspensions increased with increasing gas flow rate. However, its increase was rather smaller as compared with the predictions of the correlations available in the literature. We proposed a correlation of the critical impeller speed for solid suspension in the presence of gas. The mixing time complicatedly increased or decreased depending on gas flow rate, impeller speed, solids type and concentration.